Iimpawu chemical Tungsten. Iimpawu kunye izicelo ze Tungsten

Tungsten - yinto efunekayo yemichiza kwi lwezakhi, lalo Group VI. Indalo Tungsten kwenzeka umxube izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezintlanu. Ngendlela eqhelekileyo phantsi kweemeko eqhelekileyo, kuthiwe sisinyithi umbala yesilivere-hina esiqinileyo. Kwakhona ke yeyona eliyinjubaqa lwezinto ezenziwe ngesinyithi.

iimpawu ezisisiseko Tungsten

Tungsten - metal ukuba iipropati ezimangalisayo emzimbeni imichiza. Phantse onke amasebe imveliso mihla iyasetyenziswa Tungsten. Ifomula ngokuqhelekileyo libekwe njengoko izihionipho metal oxide - _utshelwe-3. Tungsten sisinyithi kakhulu eliyinjubaqa. Kuthathwa ukuba seaborgium kuphela kuba tugoplavok nangakumbi. Kodwa okoko nje loo nto ayikwazi kubethelelwe, njengoko seaborgium nje elifutshane lokuphila kakhulu.

Le metal uye iipropati ezithile zomzimba imichiza. Tungsten onokuxinana 19300 kg / m ^3, iqondo layo ukunyibilika yi 3410 ° C. Ngesi parameter ke wesibini kuphela carbon - mifanekiso okanye diamond. Indalo Tungsten kwenzeka njengoko ezineeathom ezintlanu izinzile. amanani zabo mass kuluhlu ukusuka 180 ukuya 186. Tungsten inalo Valence imizuzu 6, kwaye khompawundi kusenokuba 0, 2, 3, 4 no-5 intsimbi kwakhona ibe kwinqanaba ngokwaneleyo ophezulu conductivity thermal. Kuba Tungsten, eli nani 163 W / (m * deg). Ngokutsho kulo propati, wona lidlula iikhompawundi ezifana aluminium. Tungsten Mass ngenxa mninzi yalo leyo ilingana 19kg / m ^3. The degree of igcwala of Tungsten isusela ukusuka-phinde ngo 2 ukuya +6. metal ibe iipropati emuncu, kwaye kweso iqondo eliphezulu igcwala wayo - basic.

Ngaloo aluminiyamu of iikhompawundi Tungsten ephantsi zithathwa ezingazinzanga. I ukumelana uninzi iikhompawundi ukuba isidanga abathandathu. Bona ebonisa iimpawu ezininzi uphawu eekhemikhali sentsimbi. Tungsten ijonge ukwenza lula nezakhiwo. Kodwa Tungsten but is idla exhathisayo kakhulu. Iqala ukuba basebenzisane kunye mpilo kuphela xa amaqondo obushushu +400 ° C. Lokusebenzisa emkhusaneni of Tungsten unxulumene uhlobo cc-embindini umzimba.

Intsebenziswano kunye namanye amachiza

Ukuba Tungsten kuko fluorine eyomileyo, le ayimbumba ingafumaneka phantsi kwegama "hexafluoride", nto leyo linyibilike kubushushu ka-2,5 ° C nezilonda kwi 19,5 ° C. A impahla efana lufumaneka xa ambaxa Tungsten chlorine. Kodwa ke le indlela ifuna ubushushu kunokuba phezulu - malunga 600 ° C. Noko ke, into ngokulula, umelene amanyathelo lwamanzi nangokusebenzayo bazithobe ukutshintsha kule ngqele. Tungsten - metal, nto leyo ngaphandle oksijini reaction ivelisa zokuchithwa in alkalis. Noko ke, ngokulula ixutywe umxube HNO ₃ HF. Uninzi Imichiza enkulu Tungsten - na trioxide wayo utshelwe _3, H _{2 utshelwe-4} - tungstic acid kunye nezakhi zayo - tungstates iityuwa.

Umntu siqwalasele ezinye iimpawu eekhemikhali Tungsten evela kwizibalo basabela. Umzekelo, ifomula utshelwe ₃ + 3h ₂ = W + 3h ₂ O. kube kuyahlawulwa oxide Tungsten metal ubonisa impahla yayo ukusebenzisana kunye hydrogen. Le equation ibonakalisa inkqubo yokufumana ukususela Tungsten trioxide. Emva ifomula kubonisa propati njengoko Tungsten insolubility iluncedo asidi: W + 2HNO3 + 6HF = WF6 + 2NO + 4H2O. Enye izinto ongasoze ulityalwe eziqulathe Tungsten carbonyl ingqalelo. Aze ufumane ukufota ashinyeneyo enamathela of Tungsten ecocekileyo.

History of izovela

Tungsten - a sisinyithi ufumana igama layo ukusuka ulwimi Latin. Eguqulelwe lithetha "amagwebu ingcuka kaThixo". Eli gama engaqhelekanga wabonakala ngenxa yokuziphatha intsimbi. Ehambisana geni nsimbi inkcenkce, Tungsten, itoti oluphazamisa ukhetho. Ngenxa yako inkqubo ukunyibilikisa zeBlack ukusekwa kuphela. Lo wentsimbi wathi yena "utya tin njengengcuka ukutya izimvu." Abaninzi bayazibuza eyafumana ngayo element Tungsten michiza?

Le izinto zesayensi yenziwa ngaxeshanye kwiindawo ezimbini zizazinzulu ezahlukeneyo, ngokuzimeleyo kwelinye. Ngo-1781 i yemichiza Scheele yaseSweden ifumene ebizwa ngokuba "ilitye elinzima", ukuhlola kunye ne-nitric acid kunye scheelite. Ngowe-1783, abazalwana ekhemisi ukusuka igama Spain, Eluard ingxelo kokufunyanwa into entsha. Okunye ngqo, baye avuleka Tungsten oxide unyityilikiswa ammonia.

I-aluminiyamu nabanye ezimbiwa

Okwangoku umahluko single-lesigaba kunye aluminiyamu Tungsten multi-isigaba. Baya ziqulathe izinto enye okanye ngaphezulu kwamanye amazwe. Kakhulu eyaziwa compound - yinto intsila of Tungsten kunye molybdenum. Ukongeza molybdenum Tungsten anika amandla phantsi kwempixano. Kwakhona kudidi aluminiyamu Tungsten ezi-fanele iikhompawundi kunye titanium, ചിഹ്നം uphawu, zirconium. Le plasticity omkhulu Tungsten iqhotyoshelweyo oluLula. Noko ke, xa kusenziwa isicelo i ingxubevange - inkqubo ngokufanelekileyo ixesha elide, njengokuba oluLula kunzima kakhulu ukufumana.

Ekubeni Tungsten yenye yezinto ezininzi elinjubaqa, i efumana aluminiyamu Tungsten - kwakungelula. Xa olu wentsimbi ekuqaleni nje sethumba, abanye sele ihamba ukwimeko ulwelo okanye igesi. Kodwa izazinzulu mihla bayakwazi ukufumana aluminium usebenzisa electrolysis. Aluminiyamu eziqulathe Tungsten, nickel kunye ayibe, okusetyenziselwa isicelo umaleko yokhuselo kwizinto ethe-ethe.

Kushishino insimbi mihla nazo zilungisiwe aluminium usebenzisa powder Tungsten. Ukudala iimeko eziyimfuneko ezizodwa, kuquka kusekwe indawo cleaner. Ngenxa ezinye iinkalo Tungsten intsebenziswano kunye nezinye izinto steelmakers ukhetha aluminiyamu musani ukwenza iimpawu kwisigaba-mbini, nokusebenzisa iziqendu ezi-3, 4 okanye ngaphezulu. Ezi aluminiyamu eqinile ngakumbi, kodwa ifomula ukuthotyelwa ecacileyo. Kwi pesenti incinane ukuphambuka components ingxubevange ungalucima zaqina kunye Asinakusebenziseka.

Tungsten - element, esetyenziswa kwimizobo

Ukusuka olu wenza filament Iibhalbhu zesiqhelo. Kwakhona, X-ray ityhubhu izixhobo equka iziko ezincamathelayo ezakusetyenziswa xa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu. Steel, olubandakanya Tungsten has a inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu amandla. aluminiyamu ezinjalo asetyenziswa nokuveliswa izixhobo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo; ngokuba ukubhola, amayeza, zobunjineli.

Inzuzo ephambili imichiza, kunye Tungsten intsimbi - unxibe ukuxhathisa umonakalo unlikelihood. Esi sakhiwo idumileyo ingxubevange Tungsten ibizwa ngokuba "kuphumelela." Kwakhona esi sakhi lisetyenziswa kwishishini kwemichiza le. Nge Ukongeza wadala zombala yayo paint. Ingakumbi zazisetyenziswa kweli candelo wafumana Tungsten oxide 6. Isetyenziswa ekuveliseni carbides Tungsten kunye halides. Elinye igama ngenxa yale nto - trioxide Tungsten. 6 Tungsten oksayidi lisetyenziswa ngombala atyheli ipeyinti ngenxa iseramikhi kunye neemveliso neglasi.

Yintoni enzima?

Zonke aluminiyamu Tungsten-based apho kukho isalathisi ache, ebizwa enzima. Ziye ke wavelisa kuphela ngeendlela powder yokunyibilikisa isinyithi. Tungsten usoloko sisiseko ingxubevange enzima, apho umxholo ungaba kuze 98%. Kwakhona lo wentsimbi idityaniswe nesinyithi enzima nickel, nobhedu nesinyithi. Noko ke, ukuba bangene chrome, nesilivere, ayibe, molybdenum. Ukuthandwa mkhulu wazuza aluminium yethutyana yokuhlala (Tungsten - nickel - intsimbi) kunye XIP (Tungsten - nickel - zobhedu). A inqanaba eliphezulu mninzi ezi aluminiyamu ivumela ukuba ukufunxa radiation gamma yingozi. Kwezi flywheels zenziwe namavili, abafowunelwa zombane, rotors ukuze gyroscope.

Tungsten khabhayithi

Malunga nesiqingatha Tungsten esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa zesinyithi eziluqilima, khabhayithi ingakumbi Tungsten, eye lobushushu yokunyibilika a ka-2770 C. Tungsten khabhayithi yikhompawundi imichiza, equlethe inani elilinganayo athom carbon kunye Tungsten. Le ingxubevange iye iipropati imichiza ethile. Tungsten ulunika amandla onjalo ukuba ungaphezulu salathisi steel kabini.

Tungsten khabhayithi isetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino. Kuba yenziwa izinto nokuwasika nzima kakhulu ukuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu lingonakali. Kwakhona ngenxa lwesi sakhi wenziwe:

• iindawo Aircraft, iinjini imoto.
• Iinkcukacha for nangeziphekepheke.
• izixhobo zonyango kunye ngotyando, ezisetyenziswa kutyando esiswini. izixhobo ezifana zibiza imali eninzi intsimbi zonyango eqhelekileyo, kodwa zinemveliso ngakumbi.
• Ubucwebe, ingakumbi uthethathethwano amakhonkco. Ezo Tungsten ukuthandwa enxulumene yamandla ayo, ngokuba isibini esitshatileyo leyo efuzisela ulwalamano amandla, ngokunjalo imbonakalo. Iimpawu likhazimliswe Tungsten ngohlobo loo nto ixesha elide kakhulu kugcina esipilini, imbonakalo obukhanyayo.
• Iibhola for ball-indawo ezibayeni zodidi.

Win - Tungsten ingxubevange

Phantse kwisiqingatha sesibini 1920, amazwe amaninzi ndiqalile aluminium zaveliswa ngenxa ukusika izixhobo, nto leyo nabazimiseleyo ukusuka Tungsten khabhayithi kunye ayibe metal. E eJamani, i intsila onjalo ekuthiwa Vidya, eUnited States - Karbolit. ESoviet Union, i-intsila eso kuthiwa "kuphumelela." Ezi aluminiyamu yaba mihle ukuba unyango lweemveliso kwesinyithi. Win i intsila yodongwe-metal ne inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu labantu ukhuseleko. Yenziwe ngokohlobo Emacebeni azo iimilo kwaye abe nobukhulu obahlukeneyo.

inkqubo yokuvelisa Pobedita imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: thatha Tungsten khabhayithi lomgubo, ngumgubo ocoliweyo nickel okanye ayibe, yaye yonke into ephikisanayo kunye licinezelwe ngezibumbi ezizodwa. Ngaloo ndlela plate licinezelwe phantsi unyango olunye ubushushu. Oku kunika intsila nzima kakhulu. Ezi pleyiti azisetyenziswa kuphela nangokukrola kwesinyithi; kodwa ngenxa nokuveliswa kwezixhobo kombiwa kuyo. Macwecwe pobedita soldered kwi Isixhobo sokugrumba usebenzisa zezobhedu.

Ukuxhaphaka Tungsten endalweni

Le metal Isasazeka encinane kakhulu kokusingqongileyo. Emva kokuba zonke izinto 57 elenzeka kuyo ibali nento ekhoyo Clark Tungsten. Kwakhona, lo but is izimbiwa - scheelite kunye wolframite. Tungsten ithuthela zibe aphantsi komhlaba okanye njengoko ion ungumnikazi okanye ngohlobo iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa, ukufumaneka inkulu ayinamsebenzi in komhlaba. It is a hundredths ezimbalwa mg / l nangokusebenzayo ayitshintshi iipropati yemizimba yethu. Tungsten nayo akhululwe emizimbeni yamanzi yendalo kwizityalo amdaka kunye neefektri.

Ifuthe emzimbeni womntu

Tungsten ngenkankulu iza adibane ngamanzi okanye ukutya. Kusenokuba kukho ingozi inhalation kwamasuntswana Tungsten kunye emoyeni emsebenzini. Noko ke, nakuba besive kudidi zesinyithi enzima, Tungsten is non-ityhefu. Tungsten eziyityhefu kwenzeka kuphela abo onxulumene imveliso Tungsten. The degree of ukusebenza ezintsimbini umzimba kunokuba ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, Tungsten umgubo, Tungsten khabhayithi, yaye into efana tungstic acid anhydrite, kunokubangela umonakalo semiphunga. eziphambili iimpawu zayo - oluthile, nomkhuhlane. kuvela Iimpawu ezibalaseleyo kakhulu zesi sifo xa ityhefu aluminiyamu Tungsten. Oku kwenzeka ngokuthi inhalation aluminiyamu uthuli kwaye ikhokelela iphika, abanesigulo miphungeni.

Tungsten sisinyithi, ewela ngaphakathi emzimbeni womntu, nto wendele ethunjini yaye ngokuthe ngcembe ziboniswa. Ngamana bamele khompawundi ingozi Tungsten enkulu ngoweqela ayaphela. Bona ifakwe kwi udakada, amathambo nolusu. ukuzibeka elide iikhompawundi Tungsten kuyenzeka iimpawu ezifana nezikhonkwane nkum isikhumba bechuba, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo dermatitis.

Noninzi lwezinto Tungsten kumazwe ahlukeneyo

Imithombo inkulu Tungsten e eRashiya, Canada kunye neTshayina. Izazinzulu ukuqikelela ukuba kwintsimi lwasekhaya ibekwe malunga 943 kweetoni eziliwaka olu. Ukuba sikholelwa kolu qikelelo, uninzi loovimba ibekwe Southern eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude. ingako eyaziwayo izibonelelo iqhezu - kuba 7 malunga% kuphela.

Xa inani iidiphozithi engqiniweyo Tungsten iRussia yesibini kuphela eTshayina. Inkoliso yabo zifumaneka kwiindawo Kabardino-Balkaria kunye Buryatia. Kodwa ke kula macandelo hayi wavelisa Tungsten nyulu kunye esikrwada zaso equlethe molybdenum, igolide, bismuth, tellurium, scandium, kunye nezinye izinto. ezimbini kwezintathu ivolyum Tungsten onesiphumo eziphicothwe imithombo ingavalelwa sisimbiwa elinjubaqa, apho volframosoderzhaschim izimbiwa eyinhloko scheelite. Isabelo legkoobogatimyh akhawunti ekrwada nje kwisithathu kwimveliso. Iimpawu Tungsten eveliswa eRashiya lingaphantsi kwe amazwe. Ores ibe ipesenti enkulu trioxide Tungsten. , E Russia iidipozithi metal nezikhukhula ezimbalwa kakhulu. ngwane Tungsten nawo mgangathweni a lot of oxides.

Tungsten kuqoqosho

imveliso Tungsten Global baqalisa ukuba kukhule kusuka malunga 2009, xa ndaqalisa kwakhona kushishino Asia. Umlimi inkulu Tungsten yi China. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2013 isabelo mveliso kweli lizwe accounted for 81% lonikezelo yehlabathi. Malunga ne-12% ye nemfuno Tungsten enxulumene nemveliso ngezinto ukukhanyisa. Ngokutsho kweengcali, ukusetyenziswa Tungsten kule ndawo iya kuncitshiswa ngexesha unyango kunye nezibane LED kunye ezibengezelayo kwindawo basekhaya emsebenzini.

Bakholelwa ukuba kuza kubakho imfuno ekhulayo Tungsten ekuveliseni izixhobo ze-elektroniki. ukuguga High ukungawi Tungsten kunye nobuchule ukugcina umbane ukwenza oku intsimbi ifanelekileyo ukuze imveliso nabalawuli ombane. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwemiqathango imfuno zisencinci kakhulu, kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba ngo-2018 kuya kukhula yi% 2 kuphela. Noko ke, njengoko Izazinzulu ukuqikelela ukuba kwixa elizayo kufuneka kwenzeke imfuno okwandileyo khabhayithi waqinisa. Oku kungenxa ekukhuleni kwemveliso ngomatshini kwi-US, China, eYurophu, kunye nokwanda kushishino lwezimbiwa. Kukholelwa ukuba ngo-2018, imfuno Tungsten uya kunyuka nge 3.6%.