Indlela ukubhala isomers kunye homologues? Indlela ukuba isomers of alkanes?

Ngaphambi kokuba siqwalasele ukuvelisa indlela isomers of hydrocarbon ifumile ukutyhila iinkalo iklasi kwezinto eziphilayo.

hydrocarbon elizele

Iiklasi ezininzi CxHy bumi organic chemistry. Wonke umntu ifomula jikelele, series homologous, reactions ubunjani, isicelo. Kuba kugcwale iklasi ezizizembiwa alkane olunye (sigma) udibaniso ekuso. Le ndlela yokubala jikelele kule klasi kwezinto eziphilayo CnH2n + 2. Oku kuchaza iimpawu ezingundoqo kwemichiza: ukubana, ukutsha, igcwala. Kuba paraffins aziqhelekanga ukudibanisa, ekubeni unxibelelwano phakathi molecule ezi hydrocarbon elinye.

isomerism

Le mba we isomerism ucacisa iindidi kwezinto eziphilayo. Phantsi isomerism ngokuqhelekileyo kakuhle ngumkhuba apho kukho ezininzi oganikhi khompawundi ukuba inani elifanayo lamalungu (inani athom kwi molecule), kodwa lungiselelo eyahlukileyo kwabo molecule. Le zezinto ezithile eziziphumo kuthiwa isomers. Iiplastiki abameli kwiiklasi ezininzi hydrocarbon, kunye neempawu imichiza ke ezahlukeneyo. Ingxubevange compound molecule alkanes athom simenza isomerism noshowo. Indlela ukuba isomers of alkanes? Kukho algorithm ethile, njengoko apho angamelwa isomers noshowo oku iklasi kwezinto eziphilayo. Kukho ithuba elinjalo kunye athom carbon ezine kuphela, okt, molecule butane C4H10.

uhlobo isomeric

Ukuze siqonde indlela yokubhala ifomula le isomers, kubalulekile ukuba ukuqonda iifom zawo. Xa ubukho atom ezifanayo phakathi molecule ngamanani alinganayo, apho ibekwe isithuba ngendlela eyahlukileyo, libhekisela isomerism lomhlaba. Kungenjalo, ibizwa ngokuba stereoisomerism. Kulo meko, ukusetyenziswa omnye kuphela olungumgubo noshowo akwanelanga, kufuneka ukusebenzisa nayiphi ekhethekileyo okanye iifomyula lomhlaba. hydrocarbon kugcwale ukuqala H3C-CH3 (methane), kufuneka sisimo ezininzi ezibanzi. Oku kungenxa ukujikeleza phakathi molecule yi C-C bond. Kuyinto elula σ-bond kudala conformational (rotary) isomers ezinokwenzeka.

isomers Structural paraffins

Makhe sithethe ngendlela abanokwenza ngayo isomers alkane. Iklasi uba isomer lwesakhiwo, ngamanye amazwi, yenza nomxokelelwane eyahlukileyo carbon atom. Kungenjalo, ukuba kungenzeka ukutshintsha indawo ezikwi-athom carbon ngamathambo carbon ebizwa isomerism.

isomers of heptane

Ngoko ke, masithi, siyeka isomers ukwimo ukuba nokwakheka C7H16? Kuba Okokuqala, ungahlela zonke athom carbon kwenye umtya elide, ukongeza ngamnye inani elithile athom C. kangakanani? Thathela ingqalelo ukuba Valence le carbon ilingana ezine, xa atom kakhulu ukuya athom ezintathu hydrogen kwaye embilwini - ezimbini. Le molecule ngenxa na isakhiwo yomgama, a ezizizembiwa ebizwa n - heptane. Le leta "n" ithetha amathambo carbon ngqo kwi hydrocarbon.

Ngoku tshintsha indawo athom carbon, "kuphungulwe" kule meko kwikhonkco carbon ngqo kwi C7H16. Yenza isomers lube ngokohlobo eyandisiweyo okanye iyanqanyulwa zesakhiwo. Ngoku cinga lwalo yesibini. Okokuqala enye C atom amalungiselelo imethyl olukhulu kwi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.

Active heptane isomer, unalo igama yemichiza zilandelayo: 2-methylhexane. Ngoku "siqhubela i" carbon atom olukhulu ukuya elilandelayo. Le hydrocarbon ifumile nto leyo ebizwa-3-methylhexane.

Ukuba siqhubeka ukuba inani iza kuqalisa kwicala lasekunene (kufutshane phezulu i ezizizembiwa ezinkulu), oko kukuthi, sifumana le isomer, leyo kakade. Ngoko ke, ndicinga ukuba ukwenza njani na formula isomers umbandela ukuqala, uya kuzama ukwenza amathambo nokuba "mfutshane".

Aba babini eseleyo le carbon kunokuba khona ngohlobo radicals ezimbini free - methyl.

Okokuqala ukuzihlela kwi carbons ezahlukeneyo zifakiwe kwi kwikhonkco engundoqo. Esiyibiza kubangela isomer -2,3 dimethylpentane.

Ngoku ushiye ezinkulu kwindawo enye, yaye kuya kwenza ukuba le yesibini carbon atom elandelayo chain engundoqo. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba 2,4 dimethylpentane.

Ngoku ukuhlela radicals ezizizembiwa enye carbon atom. Ekuqaleni, lo ungowesibini, ukufumana 2,2 dimethylpentane. Emva koko, lo wesithathu ezifumana dimethylpentane 3.3.

Ngoku kusalisa kwikhonkco engundoqo athom carbon abane, abanye abathathu ukusetyenziswa njengoko radicals methyl. We ukuzihlela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ezimbini C atom yesibini, omnye - le carbon wesithathu. Sicela isomer wafumana: 2,2, 3 trimethylbutane.

In Umzekelo heptane siye saxubusha indlela yokwenza isomers of hydrocarbon kwizinyibilikisi. Kulo mfanekiso imizekelo isomers zolwakhiwo zimelwe ngenxa butena6 avela kulo chlorine.

alkenes

Olu udidi kwezinto eziphilayo unalo ifomula jikelele CnH2n. Ukongeza imixokelelwane ifumile C-C kule klasi, kukho kwakhona ibhondi kabini. Inika iimpawu ezingundoqo kolu ngcelele. Makhe sithethe Umalunga nokulayisha indlela isomers of alkenes. Makhe phendla iiyantlukwano zabo hydrocarbon kwizinyibilikisi. Ukongeza isomerism chain engundoqo (formula noshowo) ukwenzela abameli kule klasi organic hydrocarbon linophawu iintlobo ezintathu isomers, zejometri (kaKishe kunye neefom kwelentshona), indawo iqhina ezininzi kunye ezahlukeneyo isomer (cycloalkanes).

isomers of C6H12

Zama ukufumanisa ukuba ubhale indlela c6h12 isomers, ucinga into yokuba into wokubala angaba ngqo iiklasi ezimbini oganikhi khompawundi: alkenes, cycloalkanes.

Okokuqala, cinga indlela isomers of alkenes, ukuba kukho iqhina kabini kwi molecule. Beka chain carbon ngqo, wabeka bond ezininzi emva kokuba atom carbon yokuqala. Sizama nje kuphela ukwenza isomers s6n12, kodwa kwakhona ukuba igama kweziyobisi. Le nto - hexene - 1 Amanani zibonisa indawo kwi molecule ibhondi kabini. Xa intshukumo yawo ahambelana nokuhanjiswa carbon, hexene ukufumana hexene -2 kunye - 3

Ngoku sicinge ukuba ukwenza njani isomers le formula, ukutshintsha inani athom kwi kwikhonkco engundoqo.

Ukunqumlela carbon atom isiqalo carbon skeleton enye, oko kuthathwa njenge methyl olukhulu. bond Phinda emva kokuba ikhefu yokuqala atom S. kufuna isomer of nokuhlelwa yenkqubo iya kuba igama ilandelayo: 2 methylpentene - 1. Ngoku yisa iqela hydrocarbyl i phezu chain engundoqo, eshiya ayitshintshanga ukuma iqhina kabini. Le hydrocarbon unsaturated sisigqeba branched ebizwa 3 methylpentene-1.

Kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokutshintsha indawo chain ongundoqo omnye isomer iqhina kabini: 4 methylpentene-1.

Kuba C6H12 ukwakheka ungazama ukususa iqhina kabini ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya kwindawo yesibini ngaphandle ukuguquka kwikhonkco engundoqo. Olukhulu ngaloo kushukunyiswa ecaleni amathambo carbon, ekubeni atom S. yesibini Le isomer unalo igama 2 methylpentene-2. Ngaphezu koko, unako ukubeka ezinkulu CH3 wesithathu atom carbon kanjalo i-3-methylpentene 2

Xa zibekwe kwintsalela sesine chain carbon atom ezikhandelwa enye into, ezizizembiwa entsha unsaturated kunye carbon skeleton jiko - 4 methylpentene-2.

Kunye nokwehlisa yenani le C kwi kwikhonkco engundoqo, ungakwazi ukufumana isomer enye.

Iqhina kabini iza kuhamba emva atom carbon yokuqala, yaye ezimbini ezinkulu ndiwanikela C atom wesithathu chain engundoqo, dimetiluten ukufumana 3,3-1.

Ngoku sibeka radicals kwi athom carbon osecaleni, ngaphandle kokutshintsha indawo iqhina kabini afumane 2,3-dimethylbutyl 1. Zama ngaphandle kokutshintsha ubungakanani umxokelelwane engundoqo, i kabini bond ukuya kwindawo yesibini. Le radicals Ngaloo ndlela siya kubonelela atom-2 okanye ezi-3 kuphela C, ukuba 2,3 dimethylbut-2.

Okunye isomers zezakhiwo ukuba alkene abazinikwanga, naziphi na iinzame ukuza kunye theory iya kukhokelela ukuphazamiseka ubume kwezinto eziphilayo A. M. Butlerova.

isomers Spatial C6H12

Ngoku ufumanise ukuba aveze indlela isomers kunye homologs yalo ngokwembono isomerism lomhlaba. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba kaKishe kunye alkenes olun kuphela ukuba kwisikhundla iqhina kabini ka-2 no-3.

Xa moya mnye radicals ezizizembiwa kwakhiwa kaKishe - kulinganiswa -2-hexene, yaye radicals lungiselelo moya ezahlukeneyo, uhlobo yothutho-hexene - 2.

Ezahlukeneyo isomers C6H12

Bazindla ukuba ukwenza njani isomers kunye homologues asingekhe silibale ngale ngobuwena njengoko ezahlukeneyo isomerism. Kuba unsaturated hydrocarbon inani ethylene, ukuba ifomula jikelele CnH2n loo isomers ezi cycloalkanes. Olona phawu yale yeklasi hydrocarbon ke kukho (closed-loop) isakhiwo elibujikele kwi yentswela ifumile single phakathi atom carbon. Unako ukudala formula cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, dimethylcyclobutane, trimetiltsiklopropana.

isiphelo

neyezinto eziphilayo ezininzi, qembu. Ubungakanani nezinto eziphilayo lidlula amakhulukhulu amaxesha inani iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo. Le nyaniso ngokulula wacaciswa ubukho into ekhethekileyo ezifana isomers. Ukuba kuthotho homologous zicwangciswe efanayo isakhiwo neempawu kwezinto, ukutshintsha imeko athom kwekhabhoni umxokelelwane, ukuba iikhompawundi ezintsha ogama isomers. Kuphela emva kokuba imfundiso lwesakhiwo lwemichiza oganikhi khompawundi ziye zahlelwa zonke hydrocarbon ukuqonda izinto ezichaphazela ngayo kwiklasi nganye. Enye imimiselo yalo mbono, ezinxulumene ngqo kwizinto ezenzeka ngayo isomerism. Le usomachiza enkulu Russian, wakwazi ukuqonda, ukucacisa, ukubonisa ukuba indawo ye-athom carbon zixhomekeke kwiimpawu eekhemikhali iziyobisi, umsebenzi wayo reaktsionanya, isicelo practical. Ukuba sithelekisa inani isomers benziwa alkanes ebekiwe unsaturated kunye alkenes, ehamba ngokuqinisekileyo alkenes. Isizathu kukuba kukho iqhina kabini kwi molecule. Ukuba uvumela le udidi mba ephilayo ukwenza kuphela alkenes yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo, kodwa ukuthetha isomers meklassovoy kunye cycloalkanes.