Ubume, amacandelo, isakhiwo neempawu iqokobhe ngokwezelizwe umhlaba

Impumelelo entsimini ngezakhi usinike ulwazi olubanzi yoMhlaba kunye esicwangciswe ngayo sakhiwa. umaleko ngamnye iimpawu zawo, isakhiwo neempawu ezichaphazela iinkqubo zolawulo ezisisiseko ehlabathini. Ekwakhiweni, isakhiwo neempawu emiselwe iincindi zalo eziphambili iqokobhe ethile.

Umelo Umhlaba ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu baye bafuna ukuqonda ukusekwa kunye nokwakhiwa Umhlaba. Imibono yokuqala baba nje indalo ngohlobo yeentsomi okanye iintsomi zonqulo ebandakanya oothixo non-lwezenzululwazi. Ngeli xesha lidala kunye Ages Aphakathi kwakukho iithiyori ezininzi malunga ngemvelaphi planethi nokubunjwa kwayo efanelekileyo. Ithiyori omdala ke emhlabeni ngohlobo kwisigaba tyaba okanye ityhubhu. Sele BC ngenkulungwane yesi-6, zobulumko zamaGrike baqalisa ukuphikisana ukuba umhlaba ngokwenene ngeenxa kwaye ubunjwe izimbiwa kunye zesinyithi. Kwingcingane senziwa ngenkulungwane ye-16, Edmund Halley ukuba Earth iqulathe amacandelo concentric, yaye ngaphakathi lomntu lulilize. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, ezemigodi kunye nokuqaliswa kwenkqubo yezoshishino negalelo kuphuhliso ngokukhawuleza zenzululwazi zomhlaba. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba akheke emaweni zilungiswe ngokolandelelwano nokudaleka kwangethuba. Ngelo xesha, komhlaba kunye zemvelo baqala ukuqonda ukuba ubudala iifosili nga kumiselwa ukusuka kwindawo wejoloji umbono.

Uphando ukwakheka chemical kunye neznye

Isakhiwo neempawu iqokobhe ngokwezelizwe yohlukile kwezinye zomaleko nasekumeni imichiza kunye neznye, kwaye kukho umahluko omkhulu kwamaqondo obushushu kunye noxinzelelo. ukuqonda yangoku zenzululwazi lobume lwangaphakathi Earth ngokusekelwe intelekelelo ezenziwe ngokusebenzisa esweni zenyikima, kunye imilinganiselo Amasimi omxhuzulane kunye ngemagnethi. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, uphuhliso ukuthandana radiometric, nto leyo esetyenziselwa ukumisela kweminyaka izimbiwa kunye namatye, wenza kube lula ukufumana iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo ngakumbi ngoThixo oyinyaniso ubudala Umhlaba, nto leyo malunga 4-4.5 billion kwiminyaka. Uphuhliso iindlela zale mihla kwemigodi kunye amatye anqabileyo, kwakunye ekuqondeni okukhulayo ngokubaluleka izimbiwa kunye usasazo zendalo kwakhona negalelo ekukhuthazeni uphuhliso komhlaba mihla, kuquka nolwazi malunga apho Ingaphandle yinxalenye emvulophini eendawo yomhlaba.

Isakhiwo neempawu imvulophu ngokwezelizwe

Geosfera iquka kwehayidrosfere, idle malunga ezilishumi km kubunzulu ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, kunye noqweqwe yeegesi, uqhebeke ukuya kubude kweekhilomitha ezili-30. Umgama Iqokobhe kakhulu iyahluka ngeekhilomitha mane. Lo maleko lifumana ifuthe zombini iinkqubo ezisentlabathini wengozi. Izinto ezifumaneka States ezintathu emzimbeni, kwaye wakhiwe amasuntswana nezakhiwo ezincinane ezifana athom, ion kunye iimolekyuli kodwa ziquka izakhiwo multicomponent ezongezelelweyo abaninzi. Ubume iqokobhe ngokwezelizwe ngokuqhelekileyo ingqalelo njenge uluntu ngeziganeko zendalo kunye nezentlalo. Components Imvulophu zejografi zimelwe njengoko ematyeni komhlaba uqweqwe, umoya, amanzi, umhlaba kunye biogeocoenoses.

iimpawu uphawu le geosphere

Isakhiwo neempawu iqokobhe ngokwezelizwe kubonisa inani iimpawu ezibalulekileyo. Ezi zezi: ingqibelelo, umjikelo mba, isingqisho kunye nophuhliso rhoqo.

1. Le ingqibelelo ixhomekeke ngesiphumo ukutya oluqhubekayo kunye namandla, kwaye indibanisela onke amacandelo kokuxhuma nabo kwenye impahla isithuba, apho inguqu nayiphi na amakhonkco kungakhokelela ekubeni utshintsho ehlabathini lonke abanye.
2. shell abamnkela ubonakala ngokuba Kusasazwa umcimbi elibujikele, ezifana esesibhakabhakeni kunye olwandle ejikelezayo imisinga kumphezulu. iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zihamba utshintsho kumafa leempawu umba (umjikelo wamanzi). Ngamanye imijikelo babe inguqu chemical umba, okanye ngomjikelo ekuthiwa-eziphilayo.
3. Enye inkalo yeqokobhe yi isingqisho wayo, oko kukuthi, uphindaphindo ngexesha kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezimo. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ngokuthanda imikhosi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye neznye. Kukho izingqisho iiyure ezingama-24 (imini nobusuku), izingqisho wonyaka (amaxesha), izingqisho zisenzeka kangangenkulungwane (umzekelo, imijikelo unyaka-30 apho kukho yokwahluka kwemozulu, ezihambayo, amanqanaba edikeni kunye nomthamo imilambo). Kukho nkqu izingqisho ezenzeka kangangeenkulungwane (umzekelo, ukutshintsha izigaba kwimozulu epholileyo kufumile kunye kwisigaba eshushu neyomileyo, lwenzeke kanye kwiminyaka 1800-1900). izingqisho yokwakheka ungatsala ukusuka kwiminyaka 200 ukuya 240 million, njalo-njalo.
4. Isakhiwo neempawu iqokobhe ngokwezelizwe ezinxulumene ngqo kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekayo.

uphuhliso oluqhubekayo

Kukho ezinye iinkalo iziphumo kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekayo. Okokuqala, kukho iyantlukwano zendawo amazwekazi, iilwandle kunye olwandle. Kweli umahluko nempembelelo iindawo isakhiwo eendawo, kuquka zonation weendawo altitudinal. Okwesibini, kukho asymmetry polar esibonakaliswa ubukho umahluko kakhulu nezi ndawo Southern i zifaka. Oku kubonakaliswa, umzekelo, xa ukusasazwa amazwekazi neelwandle, nemozulu, ubume enezityalo iintlobo zezilo zomhlaba kunye nenkangeleko. Okwesithathu, uphuhliso kwi geosphere kuhlangene ukuba ukungafani kunye zendalo lwendawo. Ekugqibeleni Oku kukhokelela ekubeni kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo yokuzivelela singabonakala ngaxeshanye. Umzekelo, ubudala yamandulo ice kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi waqalisa ke yaphela ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Kwiindawo ezithile zemozulu yendalo uba kufumile ngakumbi, lo gama abanye kukho umfanekiso malunga ngokupheleleyo.

lithosfere

Ulwakhiwo iqokobhe yendawo iquka icandelo efana lithosfere. Kunzima, umphandle zomhlaba, uqhebeke ukuya kubunzulu ngumgama oziikhilomitha ezimalunga ne-100. Lo maleko iqulathe kuqweqwe ingubo eliphezulu. Umhlaba Umaleko eside kakhulu aqinileyo ezinxulumene sexesha ezifana umsebenzi ziitectonic plates. Le lithosfere wohlulwe 15 enkulu ziitectonic plates: i North American, kwiziqithi zeCaribbean, South American, Scottish, Antarctic, eYurophu, Isidanish, Afrika, eNdiya, bakwiiPhilippines, Australian, Pacific, uJuan de Fuca, i Nazca kunye Cocos. Ukwakhiwa Earth shell ngeendawo kwezo ndawo luphawulwa ubukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo nasemaweni lithosfere ingubo cortical. uqweqwe Lithospheric lubonakala ngokuba gabbro gneiss elizwekazi yolwandle. Ezantsi ukuze umda, kwi ingubo eliphezulu kwenzeka rocks peridotite ikakhulu kuba yezimbiwa Olivine kunye pyroxene.

impefumlelwano izakhi

Ukubunjwa yemvulophu eendawo kuquka geosphere ezine zendalo: i lithosfere, kwehayidrosfere, umoya kunye biosphere. Amanzi aphuma ngokomphushu evela ezilwandle, imimoya yisa umoya flow ilizwe, akhiwa khona, imvula iwela, leyo ubuyela elwandle ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Umjikelo eziphilayo zobukumkani emifuno kukuba ukuguqula inorganics ukuba imveliso zomgquba. Emva kokutshatyalaliswa eziphilayo, izinto zendalo phinda kolu qweqwe lomhlaba utshintshwe ezingaphiliyo.

Iimpawu zibalulekileyo

Iimpahla cover geographical:

1. Ukuba nokwenzeka yokugcina amandla kunye nokuguqulwa yokukhanya elanga.
2. Ubukho amandla free ezifunekayo ezahlukeneyo enkulu iinkqubo zendalo.
3. Ukukwazi elikhethekileyo ukuvelisa izinto eziphilayo kwaye akhonze yokuhlala zendalo ubomi.
4. Iipropati inshorensi geographical neendidi olukhulu imichiza.
5. Eneji zombini ukusuka isithuba kwaye izibilini ezinzulwini zomhlaba.

Ukohluka emvulophini geographical ukuba kudibana lithosfere, umoya kunye kwehayidrosfere ebomini organic. Kwaba apha kwaye kwakukho sisakhula kuluntu lonke abantu, esebenzisa izixhobo eziyimfuneko ukuze baziphilise. esingxotyeni abamnkela iquka ehlabathini lonke, ngoko ke kuthiwa ezintsonkothileyo langa eziquka amatye yabhalwa uqweqwe, umoya, amanzi, umhlaba kunye ukwahlukana okukhulu eziphilayo.