Style Scientific: iimpawu. iimpawu kweelwimi style zenzululwazi

iimpawu Scientific ngendlela efanele zokufunda ngenxa ngeelwimi, kuyinto isethi ubuchule intetho ethile, esetyenziswa ikakhulu endle lwenzululwazi, zobugcisa, ezenzululwazi nezaziwayo kokuvakaliswa kunye nokubulawa ezahlukeneyo umxholo ekuyiwa izimvo, yeengcinga, impumelelo.

uphawu ngokubanzi imibhalo yenzululwazi

umbhalo Scientific - oku ke yoko, okanye ngenxa ingxelo imisebenzi yophando, eyenziwe ngenxa iqela labantu abazingcali echaphazela imbono kunye novavanyo. Ukuze kube njengokuba ulwazi kangangoko kunokwenzeka, umbhali uye babhenele ukusetyenziswa kolwimi olusesikweni, iindlela ezizodwa kunye neendlela ntetho. Amaninzi umbhalo yenzululwazi - lishicilelwe okanye eyenzelwe umsebenzi yoshicilelo. Kwisicatshulwa kwesicwangciso yenzululwazi kwaye silungele ngokukodwa ngezinto belungiselela intetho yomlomo, umzekelo, ingxelo kwi nkomfa okanye iintetho zemfundo.

Iimpawu uphawu yesimbo lwezenzululwazi - tone cala, indlela njongo kwaye ulwazi, itekisi yakhiwe, ubukho lwesigama kunye neelwimi izixhobo ezithile, esithathwe phakathi oososayensi ukuba intshumayelo ubhalo kunye eyaneleyo.

Kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zesimbo zenzululwazi

Ubukho yefomu ebhaliweyo ubukho imisebenzi style zenzululwazi imisela ukusebenza, ukulungelelana, kukucaca komongo labo kunye noyilo.

Ukwahlulwa izicatshulwa lwenzululwazi iintlobo kunye neendidi sichazwe, kuqala, ngokomahluko bezinto ezichazwe yi kwiinkalo ezininzi, izazinzulu zophando umxholo, abaphulaphuli ulindelo ezinokwenzeka. Kukho iinkcukacha ezisisiseko ezincwadini zesayensi, leyo wohlula izicatshulwa lwenzululwazi nobugcisa, lwezenzululwazi, yobuntu, yenzululwazi kunye zendalo. Ngaba kuchongwa kwaye sublanguage ngakumbi ngqo ezikhoyo ngalinye zenzululwazi - algebra, Botany, inzululwazi kwezopolitiko, njl

M. P. Senkevich iintlobo isimbo zenzululwazi yakhiwe iqondo 'yenzululwazi' imveliso yokugqibela kwaye ichonge ezi ntlobo zilandelayo:

1. style ngokucophelela lwezenzululwazi (aka - Academic) okufana emsebenzini anikelwe isangqa imxinwa ziingcali kunye equlathe uphando ingqiqo umbhali - monographs, amanqaku, iingxelo zenzululwazi.

2. Ingxelo gabalala okanye nelifa yenzululwazi kulawulwe izinto eziziisekondari ulwazi (Izicatshulwa, amazwana) - ukuba wadalwa isimbo agqithiselwe obunzululwazi okanye ulwazi.

3. A mmandla wentengiso yenzululwazi kunye noshishino yentengiso eyahlukileyo ukubonisa iziphumo kunye neenzuzo iimveliso ezithile - Intuthuko entsha kwezobugcisa, elektroniki, imichiza, yezemithi, kunye nezinye iinkalo zokwazi isicelo.

4. iincwadi Uphando kunye reference (izintlu, ingqokelela, izichazi-magama, izintlu) ijonge ukubonelela i kakhulu ezimfutshane, oluchanekileyo, ngaphandle iinkcukacha, nje ukubonisa umfundi inyaniso.

5. A indawo ekhethekileyo isicelo uncwadi emfundo lwezenzululwazi, ibekwe ekuhleni ukuba nemigaqo yenzululwazi kunye necandelo yayisetyenziselwa kongezelelwa beengxenye enemfundiso nakwizixhobob phindo (iincwadi zokufundisa ukulungiselela amaziko emfundo ahlukeneyo).

6. iincwadi nesayensi Popular ezi iibhayografi abantu abaziwayo, imbali imvelaphi nesenzeko ezahlukeneyo, umlando iziganeko kunye ezifunyaniswe, kwaye iyafumaneka ngakubhalileyo ngokoluhlu olubanzi amaqela anomdla, ngenxa yemifanekiso, imizekelo, iingcaciso.

Ngeempawu zetekisi zesayensi

Umbhalo wadalwa style yenzululwazi, yinkqubo standardised elivaliweyo.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili style yenzululwazi - kokuthotyelwa ulwimi boncwadi, ukusetyenziswa amathuba standard kunye namazwi, ukusetyenziswa amathuba imiqondiso 'graphic "kunye neefomula yolwimi, ukusetyenziswa iimbekiselo esemazantsi. Umzekelo, eyamkelekileyo eluntwini ngenzululwazi clichés: siza kuqwalasela le ngxaki ... kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba ... ezifunyanwe phakathi kwezi zifundo kwakhokelela kwizigqibo ezilandelayo ..., dlulela ekuhlalutyeni ..., njl

Ukuze adlulisele izinto nolwazi lwezenzululwazi ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa ulwimi 'yokwenziwa' - yegrafu: 1) imizobo, imizobo, iibhloko, amanani, imizobo; 2) Le fomyula kunye neesimboli; 3) I-magama ezithile neempawu lungelelanisa ye stilya- lwenzululwazi umzekelo, amagama eziphathekayo, iisimboli zezibalo, njl

izixhobo Imihlathana (footnotes, izalathiso, footnotes) yakha ukumelwa echanileyo ngakumbi nomba kwaye intetho nokuphunyezwa kwe umbhalo yenzululwazi umgangatho, ukuchaneka kweekowuteshini kunye nemithombo zobungqina ezithembekileyo.

Ngoko ke, indlela yenzululwazi, nto leyo ingakumbi luphawulwa efanelekileyo imimiselo zolwimi boncwadi, nguye ukuchana, ukucaca conciseness ngokwemiqathango izimvo zophando. Kuba ingxelo lwezenzululwazi ifomu omnye luphawu, ingqiqo ibali edizwe gqolo, izigqibo yenzelwe epheleleyo kunye ebanzi ngengqiqo kweli binzana.

Isakhiwo lwesemantiki umbhalo zenzululwazi

Wonke umbhalo isimbo yayo yenzululwazi zokwakha ekuqiqeni, ezinye ifomu epheleleyo, imithetho efanelekileyo esakhiweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umphandi ibambelela scheme ilandelayo:

• intshayelelo ingxaki, kubekho ukugwetyelwa ukufaneleka kwayo, ukuba nentsusa kwento;
• ulwabiwo izifundo zokufunda (kwezinye iimeko, injongo);
• usukelo-setting, isigqibo ngethuba ekufezekiseni iinjongo ezithile;
• ngokutsha iincwadi zenzululwazi, nangayiphi na indlela kuchaphazele umxholo yesi sifundo, inkcazelo isakhiwo sethiyori methodological lo msebenzi; isigama elungile;
• ukubaluleka ithiyori and practical imisebenzi yesayensi;
• umxholo umsebenzi wophando;
• inkcazo nokuhlola, ukuba eliphethwe ngayo;
• iziphumo zophando, yakhiwe izigqibo ngeziphumo zalo.

neempawu zolwimi: Isigama

ithoni baphazanyiswa kunye nefomu ngokubanzi iimpawu lungelelanisa kwesimbo zenzululwazi:

1. Ukusetyenziswa kwamagama athile kumaxabiso zabo, amazwi ukwanda ixabiso abstract (lokunyusa ivolyum, permeability, ukumelana, impixano yokunqaphela Ukuveliswa, ibhibliyografi, njalo njalo).

2. Amazwi izinto zemihla ngemihla bathathe kwimeko yomsebenzi terminological lwenzululwazi okanye ixabiso jikelele. Oku kusebenza, umzekelo, isigama: coil clutch, njl ityhubhu.

3. Intsingiselo esisiseko kumbhalo yenzululwazi kuthwala imiqathango, kodwa inani labo akufani kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo iimveliso. La magama baziswa yasasazwa magama ezithile, ingcaciso echanekileyo ubhalo - a imeko ayimfuneko itekisi professional ebhaliweyo (ethnogenesis, gene wave sine).

4. Ngokuba imisebenzi sisimbo yenzululwazi luphawulwa nezishunqulelo kunye namagama slozhnosokraschennye: epapasha indlu, GOST, Gosplan, million, amaziko ophando.

iimpawu kweelwimi isimbo lwenzululwazi, ingakumbi kummandla isigama, zokuqhelaniswa ezisebenzayo: ngokubanzi uhlobo nje umbandela, izimvo injongo kunye nezigqibo ze umbhali, ukuchaneka naluphi na ulwazi thaca.

neempawu zolwimi: morphology

iimpawu Morphological style zenzululwazi:

1. Ngomhla kwinqanaba ntetho usebenzisa iintlobo ezithile amagama namabinzana, kunye nokwakhiwa yesindululo ukwenza ukutsalwa yesicatshulwa lwezenzululwazi: uthi ... kubonakala ukuba ..., njl

2. Izenzi kwimeko imibhalo yenzululwazi bafumane intsingiselo lixesha, ngokubanzi. Ngaphezu koko advantageously iindidi ixesha langoku nelidlulileyo ezisetyenzisiweyo. alternation yabo baqhoboshele nayiphi "yayingumfuziselo" okanye Dynamics yengxelo, ngokuchasene - nangona sebekhomba loo ipatheni nesenzeko ochazwe: yeenowuthsi umbhali, uveza ...; Oku kunegalelo injongo zokusombulula iingxaki, njl

3. Ezona Izenzi Ifom abangafezekanga (malunga nama-80%) nayo incamathele itekisi yenzululwazi ixabiso nolahlo ngokubanzi. Xa umoya ezinzile kusetyenziswa izenzi perfective: jonga ...; bonisa imizekelo njl Isetyenziswa njengeefomu elingenammiselo-lobuqu akabhekisi ngokundibamba isimiselo okanye nangokunyanzelwa: iimpawu ekubhekiswe ...; kufuneka bakwazi ...; asifanele silibale ngayo ...

4. Kwimeko ixabiso ukusetyenziswa isixando kwezenzi zochazo: libubungqina ...; ... wachaza ngokweenkcukacha; iingxaki luthathwa kunye nabanye. iimo zezenzi hlobo yenza kube lula ukunikela ingqalelo nenkcazelo zenkqubo, isakhiwo indlela. Ixabiso enye i participles elifutshane kwisixando: EFINITIONS D banikwa ...; rate kungenziwa buqondwe njl

5. Le intetho lobunzululwazi kusetyenziswa izichazi elifutshane afana: Isimo ekuso.

6. Into eqhelekileyo intetho lwezenzululwazi isimelabizo thina, iyasetyenziswa endaweni kum. Le ndlela uvelisa iimpawu ezifana lombhali titsongahata, ukungathathi icala, ububanzi: KwiziFundo zophando, safika kwisigqibo ... (kunokuba: mna ndize kwisigqibo ...).

neempawu zolwimi: kwezivakalisi

iimpawu kweelwimi isimbo yezenzululwazi ngokwemiqathango uqhagamshelwano lwesivakalisi ibhaqwe intetho kunye ngendlela ethile yokucinga ISAZINZULU: uyilo, esetyenziswa apha, yokuba kunye zomthonyama. Eyona udla ulwamkelo ucinezelo syntactic, ucinezelo lwenziwa xa inani lombhalo ngelixa sisenyusa nokuqulethileyo ulwazi ingqondo nenzaliseko. Oku kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa isakhiwo ezikhethekileyo amabinza nezivakalisi.

iimpawu Syntactic style zenzululwazi:

1. Ukusetyenziswa namabinzana attributive "isibizo + njengesibizo kwimeko genitive": nethe, indlela yokuhlawula amatyala weyunithi lwemali sikhangelene, njl

2. Iinkcazelo ngayo isiphawulo, esetyenziswa intsingiselo yegama elithi: reflex unconditioned, uphawu eziqinileyo, njl review zembali.

3. I-style yenzululwazi (iingcaciso, iingxoxo, izigqibo) iphawulwa njengesivisa edityanisiweyo wesiqhelo kunye yesibizo, ngokuqhelekileyo bewuhlisele isenzi lungu: Events - yinkqubo cognitive esisiseko ...; Ukutenxa Ukusetyenziswa ibhanile ulwimi - enye yezona zinto iphawulekayo kwintetho yomntwana. Enye "isivisa ifomyula" eqhelekileyo yikhompawundi kunye nesivisa ababezibiza elifutshane ixesha ebelidlula: ezinokusetyenziswa.

4. Izihlomelo iimeko bakhonza ukuba iimpawu umgangatho okanye iimpawu isenzeko uphando: ebalulekileyo, umdla obukholisayo, ngendlela entsha; zonke ezi zinto kunye nezinye iziganeko zibhalwa kakuhle kwiincwadi zembali ....

5. Ukuma syntactic lwezivakalisi bebonisa umxholo ingqiqo, ngoko ke umgangatho sokubhala yezifundo umnikelo complets uhlobo esibalisayo ngoqhagamshelo union phakathi kwezahlulo zenyama yalo, cala ngokwemiqathango style isiqulatho lungelelanisa kunye umyalelo olumisiweyo lamagama: ndimele ndithi zoopsychologists elide, nzima yaye azama ukufundisa i irobhothi (imfene) lwimi eziphambili sound. Phakathi isakhiwo isivakalisi esimbaxa esilawulwa a owayamileyo mnye: phakathi ingqondo kunye ulwimi inkqubo ngokunxibelelana zamabanga aphakathi, ekuthiwa isiseko esebenza zentetho.

6. Indima izivakalisi zogxininiso - ukutsala ingqalelo izinto elicacisiweyo, ukuvakalisa kokucingelwayo kwaye yeengcinga: Mhlawumbi nyani unako ulwimi lwezandla?

7. Ukuze ezikude, flow ngabom nje kolwazi isetyenziswa ngokubanzi iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezivakalisi bukathixo: nesimo ntlobo alinganayo ziquka liqabane (intetho ejulile, abalozayo, njalo njalo.) ... ngaloo sikwayyigxininisa kakhulu umnqweno wokuba yomphandi njongo, owenza egameni loluntu lwezenzululwazi ngokubanzi .

8. Ukuze ukuzoba ubudlelwane kobude phakathi ngezenzeko, ngolwimi lwezenzululwazi usebenzisa izivakalisi ezimbaxa kunye uqhagamshelwano coordinative kunye union subordinating. Kudla kukho izihlanganisi enzima:. Ngenxa yokuba, nangona, ngenxa yokuba, kuba, kodwa, kanti, lo gama, njl izivakalisi Egqugqisileyo ezimbaxa kunye izjasnitelnyh ezikhaphayo, attributive, ebangela, iimeko, ixesha uphando.

kuthetha zonxibelelwano kwisicatshulwa yenzululwazi

iimpawu isimbo Scientific kuzo kusetyenziso ethile kwezibonelelo zolwimi, uxhomekeke kuphela kwi-sikhokelo zolawulo zolwimi, kodwa kwi imithetho ekuqiqeni.

Ngoko ke, kusengqiqweni ukuba baveze iingcamango zabo, umphandi kufuneka usebenzise iimpawu morphological kwesimbo yenzululwazi kunye amathuba syntactical ukuba unxulumanise iindawo ngamnye ngamazwi akhe. Le njongo isetyenzelwa ezahlukeneyo izakhiwo syntactic, izivakalisi ezimbaxa kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo "magama-umboniso", icacisa kwakubandakanya, amabinzana ebelidlula ngomlomo kuluhlu kunye nabanye.

Nazi ezona ziphambili:

• Uthelekiso naziphi nesenzeko (njenge ... ...);
• ukusetyenziswa kokuxhuma izivakalisi eziqulathe ulwazi olongezelelweyo malunga wathi kwindawo engundoqo;
• amabinzana ebelidlula yomlomo ziqulathe ulwazi lwenzululwazi olongezelelweyo;
• Amazwi okuvula kunye namabinzana, izakhiwo bobuxoki zisetyenziselwa unxibelelwano phakathi kweeyunithi lwesemantiki phakathi isivakalisi esinye, kunye sendima;
• "ILizwi-umboniso '(umzekelo, ngendlela enjalo, ngoko ke Okwangoku, kwisiphelo, ngamanye amazwi, njengoko sele sibonile) zisetyenziselwa ukuseka i uxhulumaniso ubhalo phakathi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zetekisi;
• efanayo isivakalisi eziyimfuneko ukuze ukutshintshwa kweekhonsepthi enengqondo efanayo;
• ukusetyenziswa rhoqo isakhiwo beyenza, consistency conciseness isakhiwo syntactic.

Ngoko ke, indlela yenzululwazi, ingakumbi unxibelelwano esiye sayiqwalasela - kakhulu inkqubo oluzinzileyo, kunzima ukutshintsha. Nangona kukho amathuba okunzulu for kwinkqubo yomsebenzi yenzululwazi, zilawulwa yimithetho zezicatshulwa zenzululwazi kusinceda 'ukugcina imilo. "

Ulwimi nesimbo umbhalo ethandwayo inzululwazi

Ukuboniswa kwezinto lesayensi nezaziwayo uncwadi likufutshane cala, obscheliteraturnogo njengoko umfundi inika iinyaniso ekhethekileyo, imiba enomdla, iingceba emifanekisweni zembali. Ifom-ntetho lwe data ezinjalo kufuneka zifikeleleke kubantu non-iingcali, ngoko, ukhetho izinto, le nkqubo ubungqina kunye nemizekelo, nendlela ntetho zolwazi, kwakunye ulwimi nesimbo imisebenzi enxulumene uncwadi yenzululwazi kunye ezithandwayo, zahluke kancinane kwisicatshulwa yenzululwazi eyiyo.

Ukuba nomfanekiso iimpawu indlela ethandwa zenzululwazi kuthelekiswa kunye lwezenzululwazi, ungasebenzisa le theyibhile:

style zesayensi	style Scientific ziwayo-kakhulu
Umbhali kunye umfundi - abanolwazi ngokulinganayo ngalo mxholo utsho.	Umbhali lisebenza njenge umfundi ingcali - njenge "engumshumayeli".
Ngobuninzi isigama zenzululwazi jikelele kunye nesigama zidla imixube ezintsonkothileyo kunye nobungqina.	La magama achaza ifikeleleke ulwimi womfundi, iziphumo eziphambili ngaphandle iinkcukacha.
style cala.	ibinzana Present ngomlomo.

style Scientific-ethandwayo kubandakanya ezininzi imali akwi ulwimi lwesizwe, kodwa iimpawu ngokuphuma unika iimpawu olusebenzayo ukusetyenziswa kwezi mali, ingakumbi ezo nokucwangciswa kweetekisi yomsebenzi yesayensi

Ngoko ke, iimpawu kwesimbo ngenzululwazi ye lungelelanisa nelulwimi iindlela ezithile, formula syntactic ngalo okubhaliweyo kuba 'owomileyo "kwaye nezichanekileyo, kuyaqondakala ukuba isangqa elimxinwa lweengcali. style Scientific ziwayo-kakhulu iyilelwe ukwenza ibali malunga nayiphi na isenzeko zenzululwazi ifikeleleka isangqa ngokubanzi abafundi okanye abaphulaphuli ( "elula ukuya koko kuntsonkothileyo"), ngoko ke ukusondela iqondo sesichengeni imisebenzi yobugcisa kunye nesimbo journalistic.