Russian Aviation ixesha losuku ngembali yaso

A kancinane kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu eyadlulayo, uNicholas II eligunyazisiweyo ukudaleka butho-moya, "ilya Muromets". ngoko wazalwa elide-uluhlu Aviation kwilizwe lethu. Malunga zadibana kwimbali yawo uza kufunda kulo mbandela.

Kodwa kuqala, simele ahlawule irhafu kubantu ababelapho intloko kweli sebe. Ngoobani aba agadwe Aviation ixesha elide? Makhe zibhale:

• PV Androsov.
• AE Golovanov.
• P. S. Deynekin.
• AD Zhiharev.
• IM Kalugin.
• AA Novikov, owathi kamva waba yalelani.
• M. M. Oparin.
• B. Reshetnikov.

Ezi bamabutho baye benza lukhulu ukuphucula izakhono sisigcina-lizwe lethu.

"Muromets kulya": ukuba kwaqala njani konke

Ekupheleni kuka-1914, lo umyalelo liphezulu wadalwa kwadingeka "Muromtsev" ekhokelwa Mihail Shidlovsky wavuswa. Kuba ngqa ehlabathini kwabakho yikhompawundi elikhulu ekuhlaseleni injini-emine nokuzeka kade uluhlu yezokubhabha wazalwa ngolo hlobo. Enyanisweni, i "uyisemkhulu" wokuqala wayo wema iphiko ngoDisemba 23, 1913.

"Muromets", indawo eyaziwa ngokuba C-22, wadala Sikorsky mveliso edume Russo-Balt. Kuba ngexesha layo, kwaba umatshini Amazing Motors ukuba kuphakamisa kakuhle emoyeni kangangoko iitoni ezintlanu mass. Le ndiza amaqonga nje gun ezimbini, nto ezo maxesha naye ngobugcisa jikelele, ngezoqoqosho.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I

Isimanga, butho aba moya yafakwa kunye entle, nto leyo ngaloo minyaka kwaba ngaphandle elithozamisayo umkhosi Russian. Kwiminyaka emine ukususela ngo-1914 ukuya 1918, lo moya ezigqityiweyo nokuhlasela abangaphezu kwamakhulu amane. Iilahleko yaba moya nje omnye.

Ngo-1917, Sikorski ncakasana inguqulelo entsha sadalwa, "udidi F". izicwangciso Total ukwakha kwiinqwelomoya 120, kodwa emva koko kwafika revolution. Zimoto utshiswe, ngoko ke akuyi kuwa ezandleni German, yaye ezinye ngexesha elithile zisetyenziswa yokufundisa kunye nezithuthi.

Le era Tupolev

Kodwa kuphela ekuqaleni. Ukuya kwinqanaba ngokomgangatho elitsha ixesha elide yezokubhabha ye-USSR weza xa TB-3 moya zadalwa. Ophethe yokuyila KB Andrei Tupolev. Uphuhliso machine yaqalwa ngo-1926. Kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu, hayi kuphela imveliso omkhulu-scale sele iqaliswe, kodwa ekubumbeni umzimba ekuhlaseleni enzima kwabo minyaka bekuya kuba lee kulo naliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini.

Kulo efanayo 1934 moya TB-4 yadalwa leyo wahlala embalini phantsi kwegama "Mxim Gorky". Yaba umatshini profile ebanzi, ezinokusetyenziswa phantse zonke iinjongo.

Uhambo lokuqala lwenzeka ngo-1934, apho eqeqesha uMikhail Gromov. Lo matshini iye zimisele iirekhodi zehlabathi ezimbini: ekuthwaleni eetoni ezilishumi elinesihlanu ukuya kubude iikhilomitha ezintlanu. Yeyona "krakra" labhabha umbhali edume Antuan De Saint-Exupery. Kodwa ke ubudala ndiza siphila ixesha elifutshane, njengoko kubonakele iziphako ezintsha kunye neentsilelo kuyilo yayo. Kodwa imbali ixesha uluhlu mboni iye yaqhubeka.

uluhlu New kwamarekhodi

Sele ngowe-1932, i-Tupolev efanayo liphuhlise-moya ngokwesiseko omtsha zonke-metal fuselage, imbovane-25. Imoto kwancamisa, zaba ngabaqhubi wakhe omkhulu ngaloo minyaka baye zimisele iirekhodi ihlabathi eziliqela. Ngoko ke, Chkalov ngenqwelo kuye ukusuka eMoscow ukuya eMpuma Ekude, ezifikelela kumgama ozikilometa 9375. June 18, 1937 zonke Chkalov efanayo wamwisela umthetho crew eyenziwa ukubhabha eUnited States.

Nje inyanga - irekhodi entsha. Nangona eli xesha, nabaqhubi Soviet wabuyela eMelika, kodwa injongo wokugcina California, hayi eWashington. Ngeli hambo ndibethwa (!) Iirekhodi World nje emibini. Okokuqala, iqela ndeyisayo 10 148 km kumgca othe tye, yaye wakwazi ukubhabha iikhilomitha 11,500, ehamba phezu kumgca eyaphukileyo elunxwemeni.

Edume Ilyushin

Ngowe-1933, iinkokheli zelizwe oselula bagqiba ukuqokelela zonke abathungi moya ethembisa kwindawo enye, njengokuba ngokukhawuleza kwakufuneka indiza entsha ehlala ihleli, baxhotyiswa kunye nemishini ephambili, ethembisayo. Nje ngoko ke wazalwa CDB odumileyo, leyo bema intloko Sergei Ilyushin. kwiminyaka nje emibini kamva ke iqela uqonda kudala bomber omtsha elide-uluhlu DB-3. Uchithe elide tyeshelo wendiza Vladimir Kokkinaki. Sele ngowe-1936, waqalisa lo moya ukufika endle yi nomkhosi.

Kwaphuhliswa umfuziselo eziphuculweyo imoto enye, owayebonakele kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ogama IL-4. Wafumana iinjini ezinamandla kunye nezixhobo ezintsha. Ngaphambi kwemfazwe, phakathi ku-1940, DB-3 liyasuswa yokuthutha, yaye indawo yayo iya kuthathwa yi-IL-4. lizwe lilonke zavelisa 1528 iimoto DB-3 intsapho, leyo inxaxheba kuzo zombini i-Finnish kunye Enkulu Patriotic War.

Uhlaselo lokuqala yiSoviet naye yenzelwe Ilyushin. Lakhe IL-2 iye yazisa udumo kule kokwakha. Namhlanje edume IL-76 yengundoqo i moya zothutho zomkhosi kwilizwe lethu, ufanelwe iqhubheka umsebenzi mkhulu.

Le IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, indima Aviation

Sele 22 Juni 1941 moya Uluhlu baqala ukwenza yokulwa namagqiza yayo yokuqala. Ngosuku lwesibini imfazwe (!), Baye kwabangela "somusa utyelelo" amaNazi ATM yi iDanzig, Königsberg, kwakunye ezinye izixeko ePoland Hungary.

oomatshini Basic baba: Pe-8, PI-3, IL-4 kunye PE-2. Ngumqolo we elide-uluhlu ulwalathiso lomoya echazwe ngentla yaba IL-4. Kuyo yonke iminyaka imfazwe azenzileyo amawaka nokuhlasela, ugcwalise inani elingu lemisebenzi. Kufuneka ke ukuba Aviation ehlala ihleli kwixesha le "wamzalela" kakhulu amaqhawe Soviet. Iyonke 269 zangasese kunye namagosa zifumene le liphezulu, yaye ezintandathu usifumene kabini.

Kodwa ke ixabiso iphezulu: emva airmen kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Second wahlala phantse "kwi iimbotyi ', baphulukene inkoliso kwizithuthi moya. Kwaye akukhona kuphela ngokwemigaqo ubuninzi: moya 1,800, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi mihla, ifanele zokusombulula iingxaki ezibalulekileyo yeemoto kweshumi ezintathu kuphela wahlala. Kungenxa yoko le nto isigqibo ukukopa i-American B-29, senziwa kwisiseko moya yayo entsha.

Sele 1947 oko yasungulwa ukuveliswa enzima Tu-4. Akukho xesha umsebenzi omkhulu ejolise ngokuhlenga-moya phantsi kweemeko basekhaya kwezikhali, le abayili bakwazi ukuphucula kakhulu kuye kwenziwe ukuthembeka koomatshini. Ngowe-1951, aba moya yaba abathwali zazingenela kwezixhobo zenyukliya.

Umsebenzi post-imfazwe

Ngeminyaka yee-1950, inqwelo-moya entsha uluhlu, kwangaphambili uphuhliso mboni eminyaka ezayo. Yaba ngeli xesha waphuhliswa kwaye wafumana ibonwe wayalela Tu-95 "Bear", nto leyo sisemi kwimigca yokhuselo welizwe lethu, kwakunye namanye iimatshini.

Ngenxa yoko, i-Tu-16, nto leyo igama elithi "Badger" yaba monoplane lokuqala kunye enamaphiko kutshayelwa. Lo matshini yokuqala ndawonye ibandla ngo-1953. neqela lakhe ngabantu ezintandathu okanye ngaphezulu. Eyona isixhobo esingundoqo self-yokuzikhusela waba ngeempumlo umpu oluzenzekelayo turrets DB-88 ezintathu umpu, remote. Kamva, indiza esixhenxe AM-23 imipu, ukuvuleka leyo 23 iimilimitha.

"Sezikhumba" kunye nabaqhubi zabo Aviation elide-uluhlu yathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo "Six Day War" ka-1967, phantse zonke ezinye ungquzulwano Arabhu-Israeli ngexesha yaye bakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kweli phulo Afghanistan.

Tu-95, Russian "Bear"

I kuvavanywa kulo moya omkhulu ngo-1952. Le sredneplan-metal bonke abane iinjini turboprop, leyo kwafakelwa ngqo emaphikweni kutshayelwa. "Bonisa" laKhe nje enye kwaye iinjini NK-12, nto leyo zisekho i turboprop iinjini ubogqitha bonke eklasini yakhe.

Lo moya ziyakwazi ukuthwala umthwalo xa kuhlaselwa seetoni elinambini. Ngaphezu koko, kwi bay iibhombu nga mayixhonywe zibhombu ukukhathaza ukuya kwiitoni ezilishumi. Ngo-2010, ukuba umise irekhodi entsha: 43 iiyure ekuhlaseleni Yaphaphazela ngeekhilomitha 30,000. Le peculiarity yalo mcimbi kukuba ihambo yalo kusetyenziswa oomatshini yemveliso oluqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke ukuba Russian elide-uluhlu eyama nokuba intsebenzo turboprop nangoku imele amandla ukuloyisa.

bomber ZM

Lo matshini kwenziwa kwiminyaka 1956-1960. moya osemqoka yaba izixhobo inkqubo "lomqolo" entsha leyo esikhethekileyo D-5 enomjukujelwa, nto leyo ngokuzithemba hit zombini zaselwandle kunye neethagethi ilizwe-based. siqhele ukubaleka yonke kweekhilomitha 280, kwaye isantya waba ngaphezu kwesantya of isandi izihlandlo ezithathu. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba ezi enomjukujelwa sele kudala kwasekwa ngumqolo Yendlela Air Umyalelo kwiMpuma Ekude.

Namhlanje, emva kwexesha elide yezokubhabha ye-Russian Federation zimelwe oomatshini eziliqela, kuquka Tu-95 kunye Tu-160, kodwa ZM "omdala" zaye umhlala kutshanje. ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nokuba kukho okwangoku babe moya kule mizalwane, apho ungafumana emoyeni, akukho.

IMfazwe kunye Aviation ixesha elide

Emva woyiswa eJamani, kwisigaba eziphembelela ehlabathini jikelele ziye ezizotywe ngokutsha ukusuka ekuqaleni. NATO kunye nembumba uMbumbi amazwe Warsaw Pact, yeyiphi na ukondla ezinye uthando ngalunye olulodwa. Namhlanje, ababhali-mbali kunye nomkhosi ngokwabo bakholelwa ukuba kuphela ummangaliso ngelo xesha singaqalisi iMfazwe Yehlabathi III.

Akumangalisi ngaloo minyaka kwaba Aviation qhinga wayengomnye guarantors uxolo ehlabathini, ukuxhasa ikhaka inqaba zenyukliya eli lizwe. Kude kube 1961, lo moya baba indlela ezibalulekileyo lokuhambisa enyukliya kumdlali welinye icala kungenzeka. Hi ndlela leyi, umyalelo, lo moya wema nentloko yeli Candelo Division yokuqala Soviet ngezikhali.

Ukutshintsha indlela yophuhliso

Emva kwemfazwe kuye kwacaca ukuba lifikile ixesha lokuba kudlulwe kwi moya yamandulo turboprop ukuya injini jet. Enyanisweni, i-jet yokuqala Il-28 Wabonakala esiphelweni 1940. Kakade ke, lo ndiza ngeendlela ezithile idabi, kodwa kwi kuyilo efunekayo umsebenzi omninzi.

Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kuka-1970 (ngokususela omdala kakhulu TU-22) umjukujelwa omtsha wadalwa K-22. Ukongeza, kukho ezinye iinguqulelo lo moya. Sithetha koomatshini Tu-22M2 kunye Tu-22M3. Bona luphawulwa yokuba kuyilo labo kunye nokuveliswa kobugcisa ezintsha kunye nezinto zazisetyenziswa ezininzi, nto leyo bengafumananga unangoku isicelo kuphela kwinkqubo emajukujukwini.

Ekugqibeleni kwafika ixesha kwindawo entle "White Swan", i-Tu-160. Waba ngomnye iisimboli lonke IMfazwe. Yaba moya yehlabathi yokuqala yale ubungakanani kunye variable iphiko geometry, ekwakhiweni apho amawaka kwezisombululo eziphambili zobugcisa isetyenzisiwe, uninzi lwazo ekhethekileyo unanamhla. Isnike ekufezekisweni imfuneko ukuphuhlisa into efana nale ubukrelekrele kuba, eyachaza kwasekuqalekeni kwendalo lo moya B-1.

Eyokuqala "White Swan" amhluba ukusuka isikhululo seenqwelo-moya "Ramenskoye". Kwathi ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1981. Ngowe-1984, i-Kazan eyama izityalo waqalisa ngobuninzi oomatshini ezizodwa.

Phakathi ku-2003, aba moya yabhabha phezu Indian Ocean, ukunqumla elibala amazwe amaninzi. De mzuzu, moya okude Russian (ifoto leyo kweli nqaku) moya ubude Yayingenziwa umgaqo. Septemba ophelileyo, ezimbini Tu-160 waya eVenezuela, ekuqiniseni ubudlelane encedisayo phakathi kwamazwe amabini.

Singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba uphuhliso Strategic Air Command - isitshixo liphakamisa nokhuseleko lizwe lethu ngoqhanqalazo kwiminyaka ezayo.