Phi kwaye zikhule njani amakhiwane?

Amakhiwane - isityalo endala yetropika esinobunzima iipropati ezizodwa kunye luncedo, leyo kakubi bengaxatyiswanga kakhulu. Kwigama lesiLatini inkcubeko besive sodidi Ficus (Ficus सङ्गीत uMculo). Plants kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo ekuthiwa komkhiwane, amakhiwane okanye komkhiwane. Udumo Wide sele efunyenwe kumaxesha amandulo. Ngokutsho kwezinye utoliko yeTestamente eNdala, ezizezi amakhiwane ndangcamla uAdam noEva kwisiqhamo esalelweyo.

Abaninzi igama iziqhamo uyiqhelile, kodwa bambalwa bayazi malunga iipropati yingenelo kunye nezinye iimpawu izityalo zindala kwimiyezo, kuquka apho, ukukhula amakhiwane. Amafoto kunye nenkcazo emfutshane ngezantsi oko akuyi kutyhila zonke iinkcukacha umdla nebalulekileyo.

izakhiwo eziluncedo

Amakhiwane, enkosi iipropati eyingenelo equlethwe kuwo, igqalwa omnye kwiziqhamo kakhulu okunesondlo. Yena engenabungozi kwimpilo, kodwa kukho ezinye Izimo ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo, umzekelo, abantu sifo kunye nezifo ze iphecana zesisu le siqhamo akakwazi. amaqunube omile akukhuthazwa ukuba kakubi ngexa lokukhulelwa, isifo seswekile sinwenwa. Izinga ngemihla onempilo - 3-4 amaqunube.

Makhiwane luncedo kwifomu entsha kwaye yomile ngenxa ekuthinteleni izifo ezininzi nokukhuthaza impilo entle. Xa amayeza, iziqhamo umthi womkhiwane lisetyenziswa njengendlela:

• antibacterial;
• inxeba ukuphiliswa;
• antiparasitic;
• ezempilo;
• protivoonkologicheskogo.

Amakhiwane kunye nokulahlekelwa ubunzima kuphekwe ekhaya

amakhiwane womile, ngaphandle nantoni na eyenye, kuyaphumelela ukunciphisa umzimba, ekubeni oku kushiya imvakalelo kuhluthe ixesha elide kwaye kunempembelelo kancinane isisu. Kwakhona izinto ezixabisekileyo, amaqunube kufuneka Ubumandi eliphezulu. Kodwa ke, nangona ubumnandi bayo caloric yeziqhamo kwindawo ephantsi kakhulu (49 kcal 100 grams ngamnye). Iziqhamo wasebenzisa fresh, ezomisiweyo kunye nefomu okugcinwe. Inika a kakhulu jam, iilekese, ijusi kunye newayini, ngoko amakhiwane bafumana elinye igama "umkhiwane".

Amagqabi omthi umkhiwane eIndiya zisetyenziswa isondlo semfuyo, kwaye eFransi njenge ekrwada ekuveliseni amakha ezintsha amakha eziphathekayo. Isazobe latex okubandakanya: malic acid, irabha, renin, nentlaka, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Emva wadibana latex incindi kwi isikhumba sakho ukuba akukho kwangoko icinyiwe, unako nyangatseka.

Njani ukuba zikhule?

Le ityholwana enkulu (8-10 m) kunye kweengqimba zamafu kwaye smooth isithsaba ebanzi. Stem bepali ifikelela kwi-18 cm, inkqubo ingcambu ebanzi - 15 m, ubunzulu-6 m iEkron. Amagqabi amakhulu umkhiwane nzima amazinyo ezimagqagala kunye kungqameko ezimnyama-luhlaza kuse-green umbala. Ubude iphepha 15 cm ububanzi - 12 cm.

Kuhle ukwazi: yonke imithi Ficus zahlulwe zibe abangamadoda nabantu ababhinqileyo kunye noonomeva zabo ukuhlakanipha black blastofagi. Ezi noonomeva ukwenza kakuhle umsebenzi wabo, ukuze le ubungqina - izivuno eziphezulu.

Le inflorescences omthi kukho umngxuma omncinane ngaphezulu ngalo apho uvuvuzelo eyenzekayo. Yaye ngoko umthi olukhulayo makhiwane, kuxhomekeke, iziqhamo enokutyiwa okanye akunjalo, ezi iimazi kuphela, apho iintyatyambo musa ifuna uvuvuzelo.

Amakhiwane, eliphakathi kwe-ezimile akhule ukuya kwi-10 cm ubude, futhi limnandi omthubi noluhlaza okanye emnyama purple. Le isitya umngxuma kunye ezikalini ezincinane yaso ngokungaphelelanga avaliweyo. Ubungakanani kunye nombala kwisiqhamo kuxhomekeke eyahlukahlukeneyo. Avamise kakhulu zithathwa ukuba babe obhulowu bumnyama, mthubi omthubi noluhlaza.

amaqunube ezimuncu makangayidli, kuba ziqulathe latex ngobubi bawo. Kuxhomekeka ezahlukeneyo ngamakhiwane abaqolileyo anokuqulatha ukusuka 30 ukuya 1600 iimbewu ezinkulu nezincinane. Ukuze ukhule iimeko zivuma, umkhiwane nithwale isiqhamo iminyaka 200. Nentyatyambo nomthi izihlandlo eziliqela kule minyaka, kodwa thelo nto zibambene nayo ekupheleni kwexesha efudumeleyo, ukususela ihlobo ekwindla.

Apho ikhula?

Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali abaninzi, umkhiwane indoda yasekhaya izityalo yokuqala, apho kulinywa umhla umva kwiminyaka 5000 eyadlulayo. Ficus ezweni kwimbali Saudi Arabia, apho isityalo sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukutya kunye namashishini zonyango. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo mmandla apho ikhula amakhiwane, kwafikela eYurophu elikwiiCanary Islands.

Emva ngo-1530 neentlahlela ficus wazama eNgilani, apho imbewu ngaphandle eMzantsi Afrika, Australia, iJapan, China ne India. Imbali amakhiwane American iqala ngo 1560, ngoko ke waqalisa ukukhula eMexico imbewu.

Kwingingqi Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), kwaye kunxweme loLwandle abamnyama Russia (Abkhazia, South emdeni eCrimea) ficus khula ixesha elide. Apho amakhiwane eRashiya kwimozulu zasendle lifudumele neyomileyo. iindawo ezinkulu ehlathini ibekwe elingummelwane Turkey, Greece kunye Italy, kunye Portugal.

EVenezuela, le siqhamo namhlanje omnye ethandwa kakhulu. inkqubo karhulumente wadalwa 1960, enkosi eyaqala uphuhliso kakhulu zemveliso mveliso yale yesityalo. E Colombia, kuba ixesha elide ingqalelo amakhiwane zodidi. Namhlanje sengqondo ukuya isiqhamo utshintshile, ngokuba kukho ukukhula makhiwane kwigadi zonke. iimeko intle kakhulu, kodwa uthando berry sele ninganciphi.

Climate and nomhlaba

Kwimimandla efudumeleyo kunye efudumeleyo zamakhiwane ekhula kwi esentabeni kwi 800-1800 m ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. isityalo ukungafuni futhi aqine, ubushushu enganyangekiyo ukuya ku 20 ° C. kwimozulu eyomileyo - iimeko ezifanele ukulinywa iziqhamo. Xa ukufuma iziqhamo ukuqala ukuqhekeza yaye zimbi ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, imozulu overdried kakhulu kuchaphazela umgangatho fruiting, iziqhamo aqale iwe, akukho ixesha zivuthwe.

Ukuze kulinywe ilungele phantse nawuphi na umhlaba, ukuba kukho inkqubo yonkcenkceshelo eyenzelwe kakuhle efanelekileyo:

• rich obambe;
• ubumba enzima;
• Isanti ukukhanya;
• lekalika;
• umhlaba asidi.

Amakhiwane zikhule kakuhle ecaleni kwezinye iinkcubeko, kwi flat ezisemagqagaleni, nelamaxandeka, namatye entlabathi.ame. Imithi phantse na izifo, kunye amakhalane abachaphazelekayo.

Apho iziqhamo exotic ezikhulayo eRashiya?

Kubonakala kungenakwenzeka, kodwa ukuba balime izityalo asabutropikhi kunokuba kakhulu nempumelelo kwimozulu yethu emantla kwaye nangona kuneqabaka kakhulu ebusika iya kuzisa isivuno esihle. Kufuneka nje iindlela ezifanelekileyo zolimo.

Apho amakhiwane ezikhulela endle, kunye umlinganiselo lobushushu ngemihla ka +10 ° C lonke amaqondo obushushu ngexesha lokukhula sum uza +4000 ° C. Kwezi amazinga uvelise umvumbi kwaye bezinzile. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba le meko efanayo ngaphandle enyamekela ukulinywa inkcubeko, usebenzisa indlela esemseleni wawakhotha.

Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, kunye ikhusi baphiwe ekulinyweni ubusika umthi womkhiwane banokuba eRussia. Ngoxa eCaucasus kunye eCrimea oko kwenzeka ngendlela zasendle-likhula. Kwingingqi Krasnodar ngo-Oktobha-Novemba, nemikhiwane ifuna iimeko ezizodwa hothouse ukuze sisinde ubusika. Kwiindawo apho inkcubeko imozulu kakhulu kumazwekazi Yaphathana conservatories kunye zokugcina. Neentyantyambo makhiwane ngonyaka 2-3 emva kokutyala. isivuno High kubangela iminyaka 7-9. Culture ezityalwe imbewu, izithole kunye Ukufikisa.

Indlela yokutyala amakhiwane ekhaya?

Ngokuba ukutyala ekhaya ezikhethiweyo iintlobo ezincinanana. Izithole Ndidla ngokuhlala kwindawo izitya okanye iibhokisi, ukuba kube lula ukwenza esitratweni okanye ibhalkhoni. Lo mzi-mveliso kufuneka kufumana isabelo sawo kwelanga, yaye iinyanga ezimbalwa ngonyaka. Oku kwenziwa xa sele lusekiwe imozulu efudumeleyo kwaye ebusuku ngokuqinisekileyo akayi ngumkhenkce. ukutyala Capacity ekhethiweyo elide ukumelana umhlaba kakuhle-ngovo ubunzima kwisityalo.

Umhlaba ezixutywe zesi-2: 1: 2 ngesanti umgquba. Ukwenza buti ngumthi omnye xa ukuphakama 0.5 m uwathandabuze kwincam. ngonyaka ngamnye, umthamo kufuneka itshintshwe, ngokunjalo umhlaba, ngenxa yokuba amakhiwane ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye iingcambu zawo kufuneka indawo. Emthini bhokisi ukuvelisa iziqhamo ukuya amaxesha 3 ngonyaka: entwasahlobo, kwehlobo kwaye ukuwa emva kwexesha. Kubalulekile ukunika ubushushu ezongezelelweyo kunye nokukhanya ukuze imifuno fruiting zifunwaEzokugqibela zidweliselwe ukuba ukuwa phambi kwexesha.

Iimpawu kulinywe

begadi Abaninzi baxhalatyiswa kokunqunyaniswa ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nokuchitha amagqabi kwixesha elithile nokuba ulungiselelo lokhathalelo efanelekileyo. Amava akuyomfuneko kuba amakhiwane akhulayo efudumeleyo uthathwa umthi onamagqabi avuthulukayo, nto leyo eye ixesha lokuphumla. Ngeli xesha umthi ibekwe kwindawo epholileyo, yaye oko kufuneka uqale ifidi eyimpumelelo namanzi.

Amakhiwane elinywa ekhaya, badla ngokukwazi ukuvelisa iziqhamo nokubonelela esimnandi, eliphambili kwaye zisempilweni iziqhamo, leyo ngeempawu wayo bengengabo isasetyenziswa ngaphantsi emyezweni ebusika. Tree uphila kakuhle kule ndawo, ingakumbi xa imozulu ezifudumeleyo. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba zikhule njani namakhiwane athathele ingqalelo ukuba iingcambu, ezo zibekwe umkhiwane phantse emhlabeni, yaye ufumana zonke izondlo, kuquka ioksijini zibaluleke kangaka.

Ngoko ke, Abalimi abanamava ngononophelo kwaye rhoqo azikhulule emhlabeni kufuphi buti. Kwiindawo apho imozulu kome kakhulu ngendlela elula kakhulu nesebenzayo ukukhula kwi kufutshane umphanda isangqa kwengca kunye ingca kuyo. ficus abaninzi etyalwe njengoko isityalo zokuhomba kuba amagqabi abe yayiyinzwakazi encamisileyo - ezinkulu gingxi.

Ngaba amakhiwane ezikhulayo eCrimea?

ECrimea, amakhiwane athwale kabini iziqhamo, ubize le siqhamo nje ngoko akukho makhiwane, namakhiwane. Ixesha lokuqala emuncu ehlotyeni, okwesibini - ukususela ngo-Agasti ukuya kuSeptemba. Ukubandakanya ntlobo ukungeniswa, kwi eCrimea, kukho malunga 280 iintlobo zezityalo. Amava lokutyala le isityalo okongezeleke enkulu, nangona imveliso yorhwebo nangoku ekufikelelwa kuyo. Amakhiwane kukhula eCrimea, bashiya iziza, kuloo nto, ivele zasendle nje, kodwa zithi shwaka.

Academician Pallas P. S. wayekholelwa ukuba imithi endala uyakhula usingasiqithi iCrimea, wahlala ukususela amaxesha yamandulo eGrisi kwaye ubungqina zikhe ezolimo inkcubeko amandulo kula mazwe. Noko ke, kwinkulungwane XVIII, uphuhliso kwimiyezo uwile kwamazinyo.

Nikita Botanical Garden

Ukususela ekuqalekeni makhiwane elandelayo kwinkulungwane ozibandakanye nzulu kunye izazinzulu ye Nikitsky Botanical Garden, apho waqalisa ukufunda kuphela izityalo, kodwa kwakhona ukubonisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo sele 110. Namhlanje ngo-1904, kubandakanywa ukhetho yokungenisa le, ukuqokelelwa umyezo iquka iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-200 lamakhiwane. Egadini ngezityalo, unako ukuthenga izithole kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa apha naphaya kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo Russia.

Amaninzi, imithi zifumaneka kunxweme olusemazantsi, apho ubona i berry purple namhlophe, ezomisiweyo, ezomisiweyo kwaye okunkonkxiweyo kwiimarike. Apho amakhiwane eCrimea ezikhulayo, unako ukuthenga iziqhamo emaXhoseni amazwe ezishelfini ingafumaneka kunqabile kakhulu. Ngendlela entsha, bafika kuthi nje musa ukufikelela, kuba akakulandeli uluthiyile izithuthi elide. Ukuba wenza uyakwazi ukufumana iziphumo ezinjalo, kubalulekile ukuba ukhethe ngononophelo. Kufuneka bakhululeke umonakalo, ashinyeneyo, kodwa licinezelwe kunye iqhosha encinane.

Like ukudla amakhiwane?

Zamakhiwane - isiqhamo ekhethekileyo, oko luncedo naluphi na uhlobo okanye zidibene nezinye iimveliso. iziqhamo rip ngqo emthini udle ngathi i-apile, oko agcwele kunye elimnandi kakhulu. Kuba uhlobo, ungenza ixesha kunye cream, cream ezimuncu, ham, utywala okanye nuts. berry Dry idityaniswe salads okanye iikeyiki, nayo indibaniselwano emnandi kunye nezinye iziqhamo ezomisiweyo okanye iziqhamo candied. makhiwane Fresh ezigugayo, ngoko ukugcina ayikhuthazwa ngcono ukuba adle ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Bobude ukuba nakubalwa - iintsuku ezi-3 efrijini.

Kuye kwathethwa malunga iipropati yingenelo kwaye ukukhula namakhiwane ngayo. Amafoto ziyakuphunyezwa ayonto ngempumelelo iziqhamo, abaninzi, ngasendleleni, Andiyithandi ukuba ikhangeleka njani, kodwa ke incasa kunye kakhulu ezixabisekileyo iimpahla zazo musani kuba ngaphantsi.

Yiyiphi enye sinandiphe iziqhamo umthi womkhiwane?

amakhiwane womile - i "ikiti lokuqala zoncedo" yokwenene, le yeQela elungileyo, normalizes kwegazi, ubanikayo amandla kwandisa okuphila. oluyilo for njengomkhuhlane - iziqhamo omileyo yaphekwa ubisi eselwayo. uncedo ezilungileyo bronchitis kunye tonsils. Ngokutsho umxholo amakhiwane ifayibha isenokuba ingxelo yokwenene, potassium kunye ngaphezulu kuphela walnuts, intsimbi ngaphezu-apile. Ngoko ke, kucetyiswa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kubantu abanengxaki ayoni anemia.