Petersburg Academy of Arts: imbali, abasunguli, izifundiswa

Umhombiso enye manzi St. Petersburg na isakhiwo, apho bathe SPHINX ezimbini ukuphumla, nayo kanye ukusuka eYiputa kude. Kuyo obekwe Petersburg Academy of Arts, ebizwa namhlanje yi-Institute of Umzobo, Umfanekiso Architecture. Oku kucingwa ukuba nelaye lasisiseko zobugcisa Russian, unalo igama ebalaseleyo ehlabathini.

Ukuzalwa of the Academy

Academy of Arts Fine eSt Petersburg yasekwa yintandane uKumkanikazi Elizabeth, a laseburhulumenteni owaziwayo Russian kunye abakhusela kwinkulungwane XVIII Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov (1727-1797). Photo obonisa umhlola kwakhe kweli nqaku. U fanele ukuba Iwakho onke amaxesha, elo udidi abantu bazama ukusebenzisa isikhundla sakhe esiphakamileyo nobutyebi ukuze kuzuze Russia. Ukuba ngo-1755 ngunozala kwiYunivesithi Moscow, enxibe mihla igama University, kwiminyaka emibini kamva, wathabatha inyathelo ukwenza iziko lemfundo eyenzelwe ukuqeqesha amagcisa zobuciko esiqhelekileyo.

Petersburg Academy of Arts, nto leyo iqhele ekuqaleni endlwini yakhe phezu Sadovaya Street, waqalisa ukusebenza ngo-1758. Uninzi lweemali abonelelwa mali zobuqu Shuvalov njengoko kubuncwane yesiqulatho imali yayo zaneleyo sele yabelwe. A van'wankumi unesisa, hayi nje kuphela imali odolwa phesheya, lo titshala, kodwa thaca i Academy wadala ingqokelela mizobo bobakhe, ukubeka utsho kwasekuqalekeni kwendalo myuziyam kunye elayibrari.

Umphathi yokuqala yale Akhademi

Ukususela kwixesha ekuqaleni yokusebenza Academy of Arts, kwakunye nokwakhiwa yokwakha yayo zangoku ezinxulumene kunye negama lomnye umntu owashiya uphawu ebalulekileyo kwimbali nenkcubeko Russian. Le wezakhiwo obalaseleyo Russian Alexander Filippovich Kokorinov (1726-1772). Developed ngokudibene ne uNjingalwazi JB Vallenom M. de la Mothe iprojekthi yokwakha, apho Academy wafudukela nandawo yakuhlala Shuvalov kaThixo, wayithabatha naye kwisikhundla sokuba ngumlawuli, ngoko unjingalwazi onguMphathi. Iimeko yokufa kwakhe wamnika ukunyuka ukuya kwenye ntsomi ezininzi St. Petersburg, eyaziwa ngokuba "Phantom of the Academy of Arts Fine." Isibakala sokuba data evela kwi Ngqonyela Abasindileyo the Academy, engafanga ngenxa isifo kwamanzi, njengoko kubonisiwe kule obituary esemthethweni, wabaxhoma eliphezulu yakhe.

Izinto ezibangela azibulale kuthiwa ezimbini. Ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, isizathu yaba izityholo unsubstantiated ngokweba impahla karhulumente, oko kukuthi urhwaphilizo. Ngokuba ngaloo mihla kucingwe ihlazo kunye nehlazo, mayingabi natyala leyo Alexander Filippovich aluphumelelanga, wakhetha kufa. Xa enye inguqulo ye umfutho eli nyathelo wakhonza khalimela wayeyinikwe uKumkanikazi uCatherine II, watyelela sisakhiwo Academy ukufumana dress engcolile eludongeni esandula vali. Ukususela ngoko ithi ishawa ukuzibulala ngaphandle kokuba Vyshny ihlabathi olungenasiphelo, wena unyashiweyo ngonaphakade abhadule wadala kanye iindonga. umfanekiso wakhe uvezwa kweli nqaku.

Abafazi ifakiwe kwimbali Academy kaThixo

Xa ixesha yomfazi academician Catherine lokuqala i Petersburg Academy of Arts. Waba umfundi nomkroli French Etena Falkone - Marie-Anna Kollo, wadala kunye notitshala wakhe, edume "Ibronzi umgadi". Yaba yena lowo wayenza intloko kakumkani, eyaba ngomnye portraits wakhe oqingqiweyo.

Ifune umsebenzi wakhe uKumkanikazi wayalela ukuba aqeshe Collot ebomini pension ze wabele erenkini omkhulu onje. Okwangoku, phakathi inani abaphandi namhlanje noluvo lokuba, echasene inguqulelo emisiweyo Marie-Anna Kollo - umfazi academician le Petersburg Academy of Arts, nguye umbhali hayi nje intloko, "The Bronze abamahashe", kodwa yonke nani yokumkani, lo gama utitshala wakhe oqingqiweyo ihashe. Noko ke, oku akuthethi imke yokufaneleka kwalo.

Ekuweleni, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba isihloko ophezulu yekhethelo efunyenwe eRashiya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, omnye igcisa, owayevela eFransi omnye lo mfanekiso ngabapeyinti kakuhle njani ixesha lakhe - Vigee Lebrun. Academician le Petersburg Academy of Arts - isihloko, nto leyo inikwa kuphela bafundi. Lebrun wafumana akukho isihloko ngaphantsi grand kumhlobo Wawongwa freestyle, ezibe akanikwa manqaku ngelo xesha artists abadumileyo abo ofundileyo amazwe.

Umyalelo aqeqeshwa ngenkulungwane XVIII

Petersburg Academy of Arts ukususela ekuqalweni yayo idlale indima engundoqo ekuphuhlisweni inkcubeko Russian. Malunga koko, kunzulu kangakanani yafakwa umsebenzi wakhe uya kuba kubonisa into yokuba ngenkulungwane XVIII, uqeqesho sahlala iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, yaye abafundi best zathunyelwa ngeendleko zikarhulumente for internship aphesheya. Phakathi izihloko zobugcisa, wafundiswa akhademi zaye ukupeyinta, umzobo, ukukrola kunye bokwakha.

yonke ikhosi yezifundo, ebonelela abafundi yayo kunye Academy of Arts, yahlulwa ibe iiklasi ezintlanu, okanye amacandelo, apho yesine neyesihlanu baba kwanala babizwa isikolo emfundo. Amukela amakhwenkwe abaye bafikelela iminyaka emihlanu-emithandathu ubudala, apho bafunda ukufunda bafumane izakhono ezisisiseko, inxaxheba kwezihombo ukupeyinta uze ukope imifanekiso ukulungele. Kwimeko nganye kwezi zoqeqesho ezimbini eyathatha iminyaka emithathu kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi. Ngenxa yoko, indlela isikolo emfundo lweminyaka emithandathu.

Amacandelo ukusuka kwisithathu ukuya lokuqala ngaphezulu, babesithi, enyanisweni, i Academy of Arts. Baya ke abafundi, abaqeqeshwe ngaphambili njengeqela, yahlulwe yaba kwiiklasi ngokwendlela ezikhethiweyo elizayo - ukupeyinta, ngentlabo, ukukrola okanye bokwakha. Kwimeko nganye kwezi amacandelo amathathu eliphezulu ukufunda iminyaka emithathu, okubangela ngqo kuqeqesho Academy ubukho kangangeminyaka esithoba, yaye iminyaka emithandathu awayichitha kwisikolo emfundo, owawuyiyo kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ubudala. Kuphela kakhulu kamva, ngenkulungwane XIX, emva 1843 ivaliwe isikolo emfundo, uhle kakhulu ixesha uqeqesho.

kwezinye iinkalo zezifundo

Academy of Arts Fine e St. Petersburg, xa imodeli kwamaziko ezifanayo yaseYurophu ikhululwe evela kweendonga zayo iingcali abaqeqeshwe kungekuphela kwiinkalo ngeenkalo zobugcisa, kodwa ke abantu abafunde ngokubanzi. Ngaphandle iinkalo ezisisiseko kwikharityhulam nazo ziquka iilwimi zasemzini, imbali, ukuma, intsomi kunye neenkwenkwezi.

Kwinkulungwane entsha

Petersburg Academy of Arts ngenkulungwane ye-19 wafumana uphuhliso yayo engaphezulu. Ngubani eyakhokelela umxhasi wakhe osisityebi Russian Bala uAleksandr Sergeevich Stroganov yabamba uthotho iinguqu, nto leyo yakhokelela ekubuyiselweni zidaliwe kwaye iiklasi imbasa, ngokunjalo neemeko ezithile bamkelwa yokufunda inqaba. Kwibakala ebalulekileyo kubomi Academy of ixesha wokuqala transfer yayo kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMfundo yeSizwe, kwaye ke ngoko - i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weNkundla Imperial. Oku kube negalelo kakhulu ekufumaneni inkxaso-mali eyongezelelweyo wavumela abaphumelele ukuya kwamanye amazwe.

Kumandla classicism

Phantse kuyo yonke leminyaka XIX isimbo kuphela ubugcisa, ingqalelo yi-akhademi, waba Classicism. Ngomhla ephambili yokufundisa ngelo xesha gqitha iimfundiso ekuthiwa yabasemagunyeni neentlobo - eyamkelwe Paris Academy of Fine Arts kwenkqubo kwisahlulo ngeentlobo zobugcisa entle ngohlobo ukubaluleka kwabo, indlela engundoqo egqalwa umzobo zembali. Lo mgaqo yayikhona kuze ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX.

Ngokungqinelana noku, abafundi kwafuneka ukupeyinta kwi izifundo ezithathwe kwi iZibhalo okanye imisebenzi ababhali bamandulo - .. kaHomer, uOvid, Theocritus, njl Old Russian isihloko naye uvumelekile, kodwa kuphela ngokwemeko imisebenzi yezembali Lomonosov and Shcherbatov kunye kwaye Synopsys - ingqokelela imisebenzi eyenziwa chroniclers yamandulo. Ngenxa classicism, washumayela St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts, ekugqibeleni kuphela ubuqambi kwabafundi, atsho ibe ekupheleni ongephi kwiimfundiso moribund.

Amagcisa abavukeli bamdumisa zobugcisa Russian

Inkululeko ngcembe ukusuka izimiso esekwe yaqala nesibakala sokuba ngoNovemba 1863 abafundi-14 ezona unesiphiwo ifakiwe inani labathathi-nxaxheba kwi ukhuphiswano ngenxa imbasa yegolide, wala ukupeyinta kuzo iyelenqe lithile kwiintsomi kubaphangi, befuna ilungelo lokukhetha nesihloko. Ukuba saliwe, bona demonstratively washiya akhademi, imibutho yoluntu, nto leyo yaba isiseko Association kamva adumileyo Ukuhamba Art Imiboniso. Esi siganeko waya ezantsi imbali yezobugcisa Russian njenge imvukelo elinesine.

Alumni kunye academicians ye-St Petersburg Academy of Arts baba ngabapeyinti abaziwayo ezifana MA Vrubel, V. A. Serov, V. I. Surikov, vd Polenov, VM Vasnetsov, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Xa umoya efanayo kunye nabo kufuneka zikhankanyiwe; kunye kwabeMi ootitshala brilliant, phakathi kwabo V. E. Makovsky, I. I. Shishkin, A. I. Kuindzhi and I. E. Repin.

Academy ngenkulungwane XX

Petersburg Academy of Arts baqhubeka nemisebenzi yayo ukuya ku-Oktobha 1917, kwabhukuqwa AFP. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu emva kokuba iiBolsheviks weza isigqibo amandla CPC uyekwa, noseko lwalo Kwamiswa kwaye athile ukuguqula amagama abo kwizikolo zobugcisa ezahlukeneyo, ezenzelwe ukulungiselela iinkosi ezintsha zobugcisa yobusoshiyali. Ngowe-1944, oko ndafakwa ezindongeni Institute of Umzobo, Umfanekiso Architecture yathiywa emva I. E. Repina, yena uthwala unanamhla. Ngokwabo wabaseki Academy of Arts - ithenwa ye-Imperial weNkundla I. I. Shuvalov kunye ezibalaseleyo Russian umyili A. F. Kokorinov, wangena ngonaphakade imbali yezobugcisa Russian.