Parish - yintoni na le nto? Igama elithi "kukuliphi"

Kumaxesha amandulo, kwinkulungwane XIII, ilizwe Russian, njengoko kummandla karhulumente, lahlulwe ezweni, ilokishi, mmandla, uze emva koko uye okwilizwe, kwiphondo.

kukuliphi

Umhlaba kuhlelwa phantsi kweliso izixeko zorhwebo of Russia. Imbali uyazi of Kiev, Chernigov, Pereyaslavskaya kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi. Parish - a ulawulo, apho rhoqo ngemihla yamandulo kunye nokwabelana redividing. Ngamaxesha Kievan Rus, kwenziwa imigudu ukudibanisa ezi oozilawuli zibe bengatshatanga.

Yintoni kukuliphi? Yeyona unit ezincinane zolawulo lomhlaba kwelo candelo, nto leyo eyayikho ngemihla yamandulo. Waye ixabiso efanayo naleyo lo mmandla. Town okanye ummandla maxa wambi ehambelana nemida belizwe, ukuba ilizwe osezandleni omnye yesibhovubhovu. Kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo Parish eyayiyinxalenye yomhlaba. Umzekelo, umhlaba Kiev waba kukuliphi eyahlukileyo, ebizwa njengesixeko encinane.

E Church Slavonic Parish ukuba maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba abasemagunyeni. Igama "amandla" yaba ingqiqo kwezopolitiko, nto leyo ithetha ilungelo lobunini. A ingqiqo kwakuthetha intsimi Parish. Le ndawo ufana elithi "obvlast" kwaye lithetha ilizwe apho eli gunya abelwa. la amagama amanani zilandelayo: amandla kwisithuba kobunini, kwaye ndawo - ilungelo lobunini. Njani, umzekelo, okhankanywe yeVangeli kaYohane - "kubanika ummandla ngumntwana kaThixo, ukuba abe yedwa." Parish ukususela 1861 asekelwe zonke iintlobo zamafama, ngoko ukuthetha.

lot

Xa Rus yaMandulo onke amazwe ziye zohlulwa counties, bayisile ematyeni, kunye nabo ke - endleleni, ilokishi, amakhulu, njalo-njalo. Ezindaweni udla ngokubizwa ngokuba ilizwe, nto leyo kwabelwana phakathi kwabantwana. Ilifa - ukusuka igama anikwe (share). Uyise ababenakho nokuxhobisa abantwana babo. Le zinkulu, nto leyo abangafumani yindlalifa nganye.

Ilifa, ke, yahlulwe izithili. County wabiza District yolawulo yezeeJaji. Counties kungekhona nje ezixekweni kodwa kwiidolophana, ukuba ulawulo yenkundla waba kule lali. Ngamanye, eqondakalayo, wathi okwilizwe ekuthiwa abasemagunyeni neenkundla kwakunye nolawulo kwi zokuhlala. Ke kamva yabizwa ngokuba kwisithili County isixeko okanye idolophu. Ngamafutshane, isithili - lwesithili. Kule ndawo, izihlandlo ezithathu ngomnyaka ukuqokelela umlawuli bayilize. Oku kwenziwa kukuliphi kananjalo (okuthetha ukuqokelela irhafu).

inkosi

Lonke ilizwe Russian yahlulwa Little Russia neRashiya Great. Amagama abo sisiphumo babhukuqwa eyenzeka kwi-XII-XIII iinkulungwane ngokunxulumene kubemi Russian. Icala lasekunene iphela Dnieper yaziwa ngokuba Little Rus ', nangasekhohlo kunye iVolga - Big Russ. Amandla ephakamileyo yaba izihloko ezinjalo - Prince, Grand Duke, Grand INkosana All Russia, umlawuli-ukumkani. Prince uvela amagama German konung, Kuning, lo gama kuthiwa ummeli ngamandla uphakamileyo kumazwe Slavic. Prince of Kiev ebizwa ngokuba Duke Grand. Ngapha koko ke, ezizizikhulu izixeko zengingqi ezahlukeneyo. akwa eMoscow Bazithabatha egameni kwesihloko yokumkani. Eli gama livela anegama yegama elithi "Cesar." Kulwenze ukopa "Cesar" e-Old Slavonic.

Phantsi ukumkani kakuhle amandla amandla ephakamileyo nabalawuli basekuhlaleni. Ngexesha sokusebenzisa Rus Tatar hlokondiba ookumkani ekuthiwa abalawuli ukubola, yaye emva koko, emva kokuwa kwezi emphaya aseByzantium yamaRoma, abalawuli Russia wabathabatha sisibizo efanayo - ukumkani.

Isihloko yokumkani ngoko bendiqonda umlawuli waseRoma. Phantsi ukumkani waqonda umnini elizimeleyo belizwe, apho mntu uhlawule irhafu, akazange anikezele ingxelo nto. Ngamanye amazwi - le nguzwilakhe, akaxhomekekanga amandla angaphandle.

izihloko

Ukuze ayilungise inkqubo amandla eRashiya, kunokwenzeka ukuba siqwalasele izihloko ezinjalo ukuba amandla kakhulu. Prince kuthiwa inkokeli yeqela bexhobile, elimgcinayo Rus yaye bafumana umvuzo - ukutya. Esi sikhundla, enyanisweni, eqeshiweyo. Kodwa Grand Duke of Kiev, kuba akukho mntu elide ayiqeshileyo, yaye limele sodidi, esithatha ilizwe. Ekugqibeleni, lo mlawuli-ukumkani - umnini-mhlaba Russian, kunye ummeli aphezulu onke akwa Russia, kunye nomlawuli ephakamileyo.

udinga

Kumaxesha amandulo ukuze kwenzeka ukuba umbutho kwisithili solawulo abalimi, ukuba ekubhataleni irhafu ezinkulu, wathabatha indawo ngokusekelwe irhafu karhulumente. Lo ngumongo umba wokuba kukuliphi.

Abemi simunye ematyeni kunye kukuliphi. Le mibutho ilawulwa amabamba volosteli ababe emhlabeni ngoorhulumente bakazwelonke. Kodwa ke, ukongezelela, endaweni ngasinye ukuba imizimba yazo ulawulo wempangelo. ubunkokheli wempangelo lwaqhutywa nge amabandla kunye namabhunga. ibhunga Parish nganye usodolophu okanye amadindala ukuya kumsebenzi salaried, ngubani ukuzigcina iindleko ezilungileyo iirhafu kunye nemisebenzi. nkampani urhulumente yehlabathi inxaxheba kwimicimbi yelizwe-lolawulo kumarhamente nganye okanye lokusila. It Luxanduva ngusibonda lendawo kuquka esweni impilo ukuhlawula irhafu kunye nemisebenzi, ukuqeshwa komhlaba simahla kwabemi ezintsha, uxwebhu lwezikhalazo kurhulumente kazwelonke eemfuno kumarhamente wakhe, ukuba umnike iinzuzo amafama ukwabelana phakathi yonke irhafu abo ke bengenanto yokuhlawula, okanye abayeke Parish. Kwaye kwafuneka ukuba abuyisele emuva kubalo entsha bebonke.

ezinzima

Into enjengale kukuliphi, ngokuthe ngcembe, kunye nophuhliso lomiwo mhlaba, baqala ukufa. Abanye abantu iklasi saqala ukucela umlawuli ezahlukeneyo benefits. Abanakukwazi ukuba bagwetywe ngaphandle amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kakhulu, kwaye kubagweba abalimi zabo. Ukuphatha wesakhiwo, kunye nasemagxamesini ayo ukuba secede ukusuka elokishini. Ezi counties kunye izithili ziye ozakuthathwa kwisithili ezizodwa neenkundla kwakunye nolawulo. Noko ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na yokuhlala ngokuba mabandla, kubalulekile ukuba umbutho ezilokishini amatye okusila isenzeka ngokwesiseko zokuqokelelwa irhafu ezahlukeneyo irhafu. Izikhundla likhethiwe okanye lonyuliwe weza usodolophu okanye namanye amagosa, baza benza, ubukhulu becala, irhafu ukubhaliswa abaluki, kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo bona kunye nenkundla, kunye nezinye iimeko kummandla wayinikela kubo.

amaxesha Peter I

Kakade ngexesha zamazwe Peter I zaye zohlulwa amaphondo, amaphondo - ukuya izithili kunye counties sele - ibe ezilokishini, isakhiwo kakhulu ebumbene lolawulo. Kuba okokuqala eRashiya ngelo xesha kwasekwa inkqubo efanayo kwisiphaluka-County-phondo. Kwaye kwimeko abalimi owafuza abanini, indawo iilokishi ilawulwa nempahla ezi ngabanini '. Parish kwabunjwa ukusuka kwiindawo ezikufutshane ezilalini. Ubude oko iikhilomitha kungekho ngaphezulu kwama-20. uluntu lwasemaphandleni naye urhulumente wabo. Abanyulwe intloko lali, mqokeleli werhafu, yena nako kothethwa ngako yinkundla kule mimandla.

owaziwa

Enye edume bhanya-bhanya "Ivan Vasilyevich Utshintsho Occupation" yaba Kemskaya Parish. Kulo umboniso, wathi kukumkani Swedish wayefuna ukufumana Ivan ngabangcangcazelisi le dolophu. Le ibekwe kwi Kem River sokuhlambela, elunxwemeni loLwandle White. iziko Parish yaba kwidolophu Kem. Xa Kemskaya dolophu yaba lilifa Marfy Boretskoy, leyo ingqalelo umfazi usodolophu Novgorod Enkulu. Emva koko wanika kumarhamente i Solovetsky weemonki. Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, i eFinland kunye balwa wenza behlasela emibi edolophini. Ukanti woonongendi Solovetsky, akuba bawuthimbe, wakwazi ngoko ukwakha kwintolongo enkulu ngexesha yaye kwangaxeshanye wayenza inqaba, leyo wabafihla abemi phambi uhlaselo iintshaba.

Ukuba azihlanganisele zonke ukuba siye sakufunda kweli nqaku - ezizezi, intsingiselo yegama elithi 'kumarhamente ", singatsho nesazela ngokucacileyo ukuba ukwahlulwa lizwe ukuba zibe kwiindawo zolawulo kwabangelwa kwindawo yokuqala, ubunini ilizwe, yaye okwesibini, i yokuba la mazwe kwafuneka ukuqokelela irhafu kunye nerhafu. Ngoko ke, ukuze kube lula lo msebenzi, kwaye Balahlula ilizwe kumarhamente ezahlukeneyo. Kuzo, njengoko kwiyunithi lincinane zolawulo zaqhutywa kwi amafama irhafu ukubanjwa. Parish - ke, enyanisweni, ukuba ubunye zoluntu ekuhlaleni lomahluko bendawo.