Nkqubo angaphandle eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17: engundoqo imiyalelo, iinjongo, iziphumo

Kwimbali yelizwe lethu lwekhulu XVII ngayo sisiganeko kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba ngelo xesha kwakukho iziganeko ezininzi ziye zaba nempembelelo uphuhliso elandelayo karhulumente. Ingakumbi obalulekileyo umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle of Russia ngenkulungwane ye-17, ukususela ngelo xesha kwakunzima kakhulu ukuba atshitshise iintshaba ezininzi ngexesha elinye ukugcina amandla umsebenzi zasekhaya.

Yintoni wazimisela sengqondo kwezopolitiko?

Ngokubanzi, iimfuno zenkcubeko emkhosini, ezoqoqosho kunye wazimisela uphuhliso kweziveliso ze-lizwe lethu kwezo eminyaka. Ngako oko, le nkqubo angaphandle eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17 wayexhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwi-mngeni ejongene amagosa karhulumente ngaloo maxesha anzima.

imisebenzi ephambili

Okokuqala, kwakufuneka ukubuyisela zonke zamazwe ezilahlekileyo ngenxa iiNkathazo. Okwesibini, phambi kwabalawuli eli lizwe ukuba lo msebenzi ukudibanisa umva yonke imimandla ukuba nifudula yinxalenye omnye Kyivan Rus. Kakade ke, ngeendlela ezininzi ijikwa akukho ndlela kuphela iingcamango kwenzeke nabantu ababesaya kuba bahlukana, kodwa umnqweno ukunyusa umlinganiselo umhlaba olimekayo kunye nenani berhafu. Ngamafutshane, le nkqubo Russian angaphandle kwenkulungwane ye-17 yayijoliswe wokubuyisela ingqibelelo eli lizwe.

Isifo Kunzima kakhulu kuthi kweli lizwe: yobuncwane lalize, abalimi abaninzi abahlwempuzekileyo kangangokuba zingekho nje akunakwenzeka ukuba werhafu. Ukufumana umhlaba omtsha, hayi bathinjwe zizo izibonda, belinokukwazi ukuvumela nje ukubuyisela iwonga kwezopolitiko eRashiya, kodwa nizalise mali zawo. Ngokubanzi, kwaba-nkqubo ephambili Russian angaphandle ngenkulungwane ye-17. Table (10 iklasi yesikolo kufuneka uyazi kakuhle), enikwe kamva kweli nqaku, ibonisa eyona yehlabathi injongo yayo.

Ukufikelela kwi elwandle

ukuphunyezwa kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukuba babe eKFC iBlack kunye eBaltic Seas. Okokuqala, ubukho le mizila iza kuvumela ngaphandle iingxaki lokuqinisa amatyathanga kwezoqoqosho kunye eYurophu, ukumisela nokuziswa iimpahla nje kuphela inqabile; kodwa ubuchwepheshe, uncwadi kunye nezinye izinto eziya kukunceda ukuphelisa ukusilela kwicandelo amashishini eli lizwe.

Ekugqibeleni, kwafika ixesha lokuba isigqibo into kunye iCrimea khan: ilizwe elikhulu umgqutsuba ngexesha ukuqaqanjelwa ukuhlaselwa naziphi babehlangene umbusi Turkish "melkotravchatomu". Noko ke, musa ukulibala isimbonono endala malunga iphepha yomkhosi kunye ezingxingweni ... Ngale ndlela sahlutha nobunzima.

ngasempumalanga

Asimele silibale ukuba le nkqubo angaphandle eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17 ubukhulu becala yamsukela umgomo wokwandisa ukuya eMpuma yelizwe ngenjongo phambili uphuhliso kunye nokuxhatshazwa lizwe.

Ngokukodwa, kuba kumazwe kwakufuneka isixa esikhulu uboya Sable, eyasetyenziswa ehlabathini ebango emangalisayo. ingxaki kuphela ukuba ezi zilwanyana ezixabisekileyo baba iminyaka eyadlulayo kwinxalenye yaseYurophu yelizwe povybity. Ekugqibeleni, kufuneka kakhulu ukufikelela i-Pacific Ocean wenza kuyo umda. Nenye. Eli lizwe naniswele "iintloko ugonyamelo", uluhlu lomnqweno yimfumba ukuba lusizi. Kwagqitywa abantu abaninzi esebenzayo, kodwa ukhathazekile ukuthumela eSiberia.

Oku usombulula iingxaki ezimbini kwaoko: kwiziko likarhulumente Lahla "izigelekeqe", yaye umda engaphantsi egadiwe. Nantso ke into nkqubo angaphandle eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17 loo. Le theyibhile iya kubonisa ukuba imisebenzi ezisisiseko ke ngelo xesha ukuba isigqibo.

Complex Yayiyinkqubo angaphandle eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17. Le tafile ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ningenzi nto yobu elishumi olunye, impumelelo kunye karhulumente wethu akusoloko ngaphandle iimfazwe.

Yeyiphi nqanda ekucombululeni iingxaki ezinkulu?

Lowo eliyinhloko azazi imisebenzi "abahlobo engunaphakade" xa kobuso UK kunye neFransi, nakwinkqubo bayo zobugcisa. EYurophu ebudeni ezayo, iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, Imfazwe, wakwazi ukuba uhlaziye ngokupheleleyo imfundiso kwezikhali kunye intlangano imikhosi kwi edabini, kwakunye Amaqhinga isicelo sabo. Ngoko ke, lo kogwayimbo amandla ephambili uphinde elihamba, leyo ukususela ekupheleni uBukhosi baseRoma iindima likhoboka. Iindlela yokuqinisa oko yaqala ukuba ngokuzimisela ngaloo mihla zokudubula regimental.

Backwardness kwimicimbi zomkhosi

Kwaye apha uyekile nkqubo angaphandle eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17. Table (Grade 7 kufuneka azi indawo yayo esisiseko) yale ibonisa abakwazi, kodwa ke umkhosi ndandibuthathaka kakhulu. Inyaniso kukuba kwilizwe lethu esiyintsika yale imikhosi exhobileyo kude kube ngoku mabutho yeengcungcu. Ukujongana yokutyiwa anayo someleleyo kabanga ngempumelelo, kodwa kwintlanganiso kunye nomkhosi i France efanayo bekuya kuba kukorwe silindele ilahleko enkulu.

Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo eRashiya angaphandle ngenkulungwane ye-17 (a wabatyhilela emfutshane) Ubukhulu becala ejoliswe ekusekweni wamajoni oqhelekileyo, urhwebo kunye nezixhobo zolawulo ozakuzo.

Kwimiba izikhali

Ilizwe omkhulu uxhomekeke kakhulu yokungenisa kwezixhobo. Backwardness kwi amaqhinga kunye nezixhobo izicwangciso ukuphelisa izikhali yokungenisa olunzulu aseYurophu silwenza, kwakunye inxaxheba lwamagosa kule nkonzo. Konke oku kuphumela nje kuphela uxhomekeko imibuso emikhulu ngelo xesha, kodwa imali eninzi kakhulu ngenxa lizwe.

Ngoko ke, umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17 (imiyalelo engundoqo iyileyo wachaza) yasekwa nge imangalisayo, kwelinye icala, akukho mntu waphila imfuneko imfazwe baseYurophu. On the enye - ukuba kufuneka ukuthenga izixhobo zexabiso kunye neembumbulu ukuba kwandiswe amandla omkhosi kunye noqoqosho namandla World Old, kodwa buthathaka kakhulu eRashiya, sele Iinkathazo ezingaphiliyo.

Ngoko ke, ngosuku olwandulela kwetafile ekubhekiswe kuyo emfazweni Russian-Polish kwafuneka ukuba bahlawule imali eninzi yegolide. ENetherlands naseSweden, oko yathengwa muskets ezingama-40 000 no-20 amawaka buziikhilogram ukhetho kwazo. Esi sixa ayikho ngaphantsi kwe 2/3 ngezikrweqe elihamba. Ngelo xesha luyaqhubeka ukwandisa ingcinezelo kwicala yaseSweden, ejongana kungafikeleleki nje kuLwandle eBaltic, kodwa uqhubeka ibango inxalenye enkulu kumazwe Russian.

Sengqondo kweli lizwe phaya kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele

Kakhulu kakubi kukuba kwi-West, eRashiya ibonwa kuphela nje umva ngokugqithisileyo, ilizwe "zobukrwada", ogama intsimi kuxhomekeke yokwanda ayisosinyanzelo kwaye labemi kwacetywa ngenxenye ukuyifunda. Elokugqiba, yonke into yalungiselelwa ukuba bayahlelwa elibuhlungu amaNdiya North America.

Ngoko ke, kubaluleke ngakumbi kunanini kwakukho nkqubo eziqinileyo Russian angaphandle ngenkulungwane ye-17. Lo msebenzi eyintloko lwalujoliswe "Cutting ngefestile", awayenzayo kamva uPetros. backwardness Economic and empi ubukhulu becala ngenxa exclusion banal ndawo mayela nokusekwa eziqhelekileyo kumi umqobo enamandla Turkish-Polish-Swedish.

Musa ukulibala malunga oliqhophololo rhoqo yabathengisi IsiNgesi, abangazange isoya kufumana okhuphisana enamandla kwimibandela zorhwebo. Zonke ezi ukuphikisana nga zisonjululwe, kodwa kuphela ngokudala ngumkhosi onamandla ligqobha urhwebo kunye ukuqapha kwezoqoqosho.

Nazi-nkqubo ezingundoqo amazwe eRussia ngenkulungwane ye-17. Ngokufutshane, lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo walala kwi West, apho yonke into ziviwa ngokucacileyo isisongelo semfazwe.

Imfazwe kwicala lasentshona

Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ngo-1632, ngokukhawuleza emva kokufa kuka eyathatha III, kwi- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth imfazwe isibonelelo sokuqwalaselwa Deulino zivumelwano. Le umphambanisi lizwe lethu kwenze. Ngelishwa, imikhosi Kuyacaca ukungalingani. Ngokubanzi, umgaqo eRashiya angaphandle ngenkulungwane ye-17 (isishwankathelo apho sele sithetha ngayo) ubukhulu becala ngenxa ukungafezeki egqithiseleyo angaphathi zolawulo, yomkhosi ozakuzo.

Nanku ke umzekelo kakhulu ezicacileyo kunye ikudika. Ngenxa okubi kakhulu sezozakuzo Polish uKumkani Vladislav wakwazi ukuseka uqhagamshelwano kunye iCrimea nangezinto. umkhosi Slow Russian, nto leyo okhokelwa M. Shein, ibe abantu servicemen. Xa bafunda ukuba AmaTatar baqalisa okuthile rhoqo kwelo lizwe, baye nje waphuma umkhosi, uza ukukhusela imihlaba zabo. Konke oku yaphela nehlabathi Polyanovskiy kokusayina.

EPoland kwafuneka babuyele lonke ilizwe oyiswa ekuqaleni kwemfazwe, kodwa Korol Vladislav sazilahla ngokupheleleyo naliphi na ibango ukuya etroneni Russian, kunye nomhlaba. Ekubulaleni irhuluneli yathi unetyala M. Shein kunye A. Izmailov, kamva intloko. Ngoko ke, lo mgaqo-Russian angaphandle kwi phezulu ngenkulungwane ye-17 hayi indlela ingakumbi omhle.

Ummandla namhlanje-Ukraine

Ngelo xesha ayaphula intshukumo yenkululeko yesizwe kummandla yanamhlanje-Ukraine. Ngowe-1648, abekwezo ndawo waphula omnye mvukelo, nto leyo ngenxa kweemeko ezinganyamezelekiyo zobuninzi Orthodox, abahlala kummandla we-Commonwealth.

Izinto zaba Zaporozhye Cossacks. Ngokubanzi, baba ubomi entle kunene: ukukhusela ngaphaya Poland ukusuka iyangena efanayo iCrimea AmaTatar, bafumana umvuzo endilisekileyo (zamadoda amaxhoba emfazwe). Kodwa izibonda akazange ayithande kakhulu into yokuba Cossacks wathabatha naliphi na ikhoboka obalekayo zibe kwayo kwaye zange wamngcatshayo emqolo. Oku kwaqala azimiseleyo "wokulwa", sokunciphisa wabanumzana Cossack. Babephila imvukelo kwavuka nangoko melly Khmelnitsky.

Impumelelo kunye nokusilela ki

NgoDisemba 1648 imikhosi yakhe ahlala Kiev. Ngo-Agasti wonyaka olandelayo sisayinwe kwisivumelwano ngoku kungentla. Bafundisa ukuba ukwanda kwenani Cossacks "igosa", apho abasemagunyeni akukho zikhalazo, kodwa kuluhlu kwempumelelo yaphela.

Khmelnitsky waqonda ukuba okungekho sikweni akayi kuba nako ukulungisa oko ngaphandle uncedo ngaphandle. Umviwa kuphela Alliance Russia, kodwa amandla ayo akakuthandi kakhulu ukuba silwe, njengoko kwakufuneka ixesha elithathiweyo ukugqiba ezo yohlaziyo yomkhosi. Ngelo xesha, izibonda akazange akuvumele uxolo ubugqwirha; kakade ngo 1653 abo bavukeli ziphantsi kwesoyikiso yokutshabalala.

Russia wawungenako ukuvumela oku. NgoDisemba 1653 ukuba utyikitye isivumelwano kwi begazi zala mazwe Ukrainian ne-Russia. Kakade ke, ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ilizwe erhuqelwe ibe impi entsha, kodwa iziphumo zibe ngcono kakhulu endala.

Yiloo nto eyenzeka nkqubo angaphandle eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17. Eyona ndlela iphambili, iinjongo, iziphumo zayo ingafumaneka kweli nqaku.