Le yaba isathelayithi yokuqala Earth orbit

Kwangoko ekuseni ekwindla ngo-1957, yaye ngakumbi ngqo ngo-Oktobha 3, kwi i Baikonur Cosmodrome sungula isithuthi yokuqala ehlabathini satellite ngumntu Umhlaba abekwe ngenyameko kwindawo othe nkqo. Indlela imiphumela yayo ubhalo umsebenzi omninzi ngamaqela amaninzi kuyo eSoviet Union. Sekunjalo waba iiyure ezingamashumi amane zeetshekhi, fixings kunye imincili, kodwa ukubonakala isiphekepheke sele wabethelela intembelo elithile kwimpumelelo elinzima kangaka. Bekumnandi. Imozulu frosty, yaye lonke rocket, kwamafutha imoto kaloliwe, bemi kufuphi, Bathiwe wambu iqabaka, eziqaqambe diamond uthuli.

PS-1 yokuqala isathelayithi eSoviet, kwaye ke sele isaphetha inqanawa leyo ezincinane (enobunzima ngaphantsi kwe 84 kg), ibhola-emile, ububanzi baso baba 580 mm. Ngaphakathi, kwindawo eyomileyo nitrogen emoyeni, kuba iyunithi elektroniki, nto leyo ngemilinganiselo kwempumelelo namhlanje zisenokubonakala elula kakhulu. Kodwa musa ukutsiba kwizigqibo - phezu kwesiseko ityhubhu element kunye algorithm ngokwanelisayo entsonkothileyo iye yaphunyezwa usebenzisa izixhobo mechanical oluzenzekelayo. Xa Isathelayithi yokuqala ahlukane yenethiwekhi yayo, baphuma eriyali pin ezine ngokubonelela eyayinethombo ezinzileyo isiginali radio kuwo onke amacala kuyo. Hlengisa indawo isixhobo kwisithuba, ngoko ukuba kukho umlinganiselo emitters ngaphambi kunye directionless isonjululwe ingxaki isilumkiso lweenkonzo komhlaba kwisistim kunye nendawo orbit.

Broadcast baba yanjalo-watt ezimbini samaza, emva demodulation kube ngumqondiso ephilileyo ngohlobo i "umgcana wentetho", yaye kwimeko ukuba umsebenzi kwezinye iindawo kuye kwaba ezingaqhelekanga, "beep" wayedla ngokunjalo. Eyamkelwe amateurs radio fowunela kwafuneka ukuba ubungqina ukuba isathelayithi yokuqala nendawo eyayisaya ngokwenene orbit.

Izixhobo ezifunekayo ukuze zihambelane kunye engqongqo mode mperaturnogo, kwaye inkxaso zilungisewe izifudumezi fan.

Isathelayithi yokuqala orbited isithuthi R-7, ngexesha ezintsha, lowo waba efihlakeleyo ikhowudi "amelane 8K71PS". Yaba wesihlanu kuphela lomphehlelelo enomjukujelwa, wadala KB, ikhokelwa ngu-SP Korolev. Eyona engundoqo kunye original injongo yayo - ukunikezelwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, injongo - kwilizwekazi American. Kodwa le nqubo lindi wafumana ukusetyenziswa enoxolo - ukuzisa isathelayithi yokuqala kufutshane-Earth isithuba.

UMyili jikelele kwakungelula ukubonisa ulawulo imfuneko vaakelani va, yaye xa engaphumelelanga, abeke nemihla ixinene kakhulu. Umsebenzi zezinkonzo ezahlukeneyo kunye namasebe lwenziwa ngexesha elinye, ngangoko ke ndingaziwa, kwaye iteknoloji iphuhlisiwe njengoko kuvela kunye nemingeni. Isathelayithi yokuqala wakwazi ukuseka kwishedyuli.

Ngelo 10:28 pm xesha eMoscow ngo-Oktobha 4, rocket kunyuke izithunywa zisiya emazulwini, yaye kungekudala TASS ubhengeze ukuphunyezwa iphupha-elide emi bonke abantu - yokuhamba iminyele ekude yaba ithuba yokwenene, likwazi practice.

High phezu kweentloko kubahlali planethi Yaphaphazela yeza inkwenkwezi nabantwana, isathelayithi yokuqala. USSR waba lakubo, izazinzulu, iinjineli kunye nabasebenzi - by kwabayili bayo, yaye kwakungekho isa- umda bonke abantu, va ukubandakanyeka yabo impumelelo.