Laser okuqinileyo: Imigaqo yokusebenza, isicelo

Eli nqaku libonisa oko imithombo kwimitha monochromatic kwaye yintoni iingenelo a laser eqinileyo-karhulumente phezu kwezinye iintlobo. Apha sixelelwa ukuba kukho isizukulwana radiation inonamathelwano, kutheni isixhobo ukubetha enamandla ngakumbi, yintoni efunekayo mfanekiso. Kukho kwakhona ingqalelo ezintathu ezifunekayo laser element kwaye isebenza njani.

theory band

Ngaphambi kokuba sithethe malunga nendlela asebenza ngayo laser (zikarhulumente eziqinileyo, umzekelo), kufuneka ucinge ezinye imodeli emzimbeni. Ukususela izifundo zesikolo omnye ukhumbula ukuba electron ehlabathini ngumongo zilungiswe kwindawo yazo ezithile okanye kumanqanaba amandla. Ukuba esinayo na atom mnye, kunye kakhulu, oko kukuthi, sicinga naliphi na iqumrhu-ntathu, kukho ingxaki enye.

Ngokutsho kwe uPauli siseko, apha kulo mzimba omnye kwaye amandla inye enye kuphela electron. Ngoko nokuba ukhozo lincinane iqulethe inani elikhulu-athom. Nature ifumene kulo mzekelo yokuphuma bendawo kakhulu - amandla amandla ngamnye electron ezahlukeneyo ukusuka osecaleni ukuya imali encinci kakhulu, phantse indiscernible. Kulo mzekelo zonke electron zenqanaba enye "licinezelwe" ibe band amandla enye. Indawo ekukho kuyo kakhulu zikude evela elektroni ezingundoqo, ebizwa Valence. Landela indawo yakhe energy ephakamileyo. It elektroni ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo, yaye ibizwa ngokuba Uhanjiso band.

Mhlobo kunye nokufunxwa

Nayiphi laser (eziqinileyo-karhulumente, igesi, lwekhemikhali) isebenza phezu kwemimiselo electron yenguqu ukusuka kummandla ukuya komnye. Ukuba umzimba wakho ubethwa nokukhanya, photon ukuya ovela unika amandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukwimeko energy ephakamileyo. Kwelinye icala, xa electron ophezulu ukusuka Uhanjiso band ukuya Valence, ikhala ngendlela photon. Ukuba ebonakalayo semiconductor okanye yokwambathisa, le Valence kunye Uhanjiso band ezahlulwa kwekhefu apho kungekho inqanaba. Ngako oko, akuyi kukha kubekho electron unako. Le lokuphumla kuthiwa umsantsa band. Ukuba photon anamandla aneleyo, electron xhuma lwisana lekhefu.

esizukulwaneni

Umgaqo yokusebenza ye-laser eqinileyo-karhulumente isekelwe kwinto yokuba iziyobisi kummandla esalelweyo idaliwe into ebizwa ngokuba yi-umaleko zocaphulo. Electron ukuphila kweli nqanaba liphezulu ngaphezu ngoxa yakhe Uhanjiso band. Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha elithile phezu kwaso "yande" electron. Oku kubizwa ngokuba inversion labemi. Xa oku izinga elektroni echokoziweyo, lo photon Kudlula kwamaza olufunayo, ibangela isizukulwana ngaxeshanye inani elikhulu ubude ezifanayo kunye isigaba amaza okukhanya. Oko kukuthi, electron ezi udaka zonke ngaxeshanye kwi imeko yomhlaba, adala msebe photons monochromatic amandla ngokwaneleyo phezulu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ingxaki ephambili yophuhliso laser wokuqala ukufumana indibaniselwano enjalo kwezinto apho wayeza kuba inversion labemi kunokwenzeka omnye amanqanaba. I isardiyo kuqala ukusebenza ngentsimbi ingxubevange eliphakathi.

Ukubunjwa laser

laser Solid-karhulumente kwi iinkalo eziphambili yahlukile kwezinye iintlobo. Kulwelo ukusebenza, apho inversion labantu omnye amanqanaba, ekwezi kumthombo wokukhanya. Ibizwa ngokuba sokumpompa amanzi. kunjalo nje ibe eewathi isibane eqhelekileyo okanye ityhubhu obhobhozayo igesi. Ezimbini parallel ngokwandisa ekupheleni yokusebenza ulwelo (eziqinileyo-karhulumente laser crystal luthatha, igesi - into elapha emoyeni) ukwakha inkqubo yezibuko, okanye resonator optical. It uqokelela kwi umqadi kuphela ezo photons ukuba eyayingqalene iplagi. Impontshelwa laser okuqinileyo-karhulumente ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka nge izibane flash.

Iintlobo laser eqinileyo akarhulumente

Kuxhomekeka indlela imveliso laser umqadi bahlule laser rhoqo idaleka. Ngamnye kubo kusetyenziswa yaye uneempawu zawo. Umahluko ophambili - idaleka laser eziqinileyo-state nomthamo ephakamileyo. Ukusukela ukuba ngalinye ziluhlaza wadubula efana "kwenye", ngoko omnye ukubetha unako ukuhlangula amandla ngaphezulu oscillation ngokuqhubekayo ukwenzela ngexesha elifanayo. Ezincane ukubetha ithatha, namandla kakhulu nganye "shot". Okwangoku, kusenokwenzeka yobuchwepheshe ukwakha laser femtosecond. Enye ukubetha kwentliziyo yayo ithatha imizuzwana malunga 10 ^-15. Uxhomekeko olunjalo ezinxulumene into yokuba abemi iinkqubo umva njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla ihlala kakhulu ezincinane kakhulu. Okukhona imfuneko ulinde phambi kwakho "ihlumelo" laser, electron ngaphezulu ixesha ushiye izinga zocaphulo. Ngako oko, imadlana yoxinaniso kunye photon amandla umqadi yemveliso.

laser mfanekiso

Ipatheni phezu kwamanzi ngenkcenkce neglasi izinto ezihonjiswe ngobomi bomntu ngemihla. Inokusebenziseka ngomatshini, iikhemikhali okanye laser. Indlela yokugqibela yeyona mihla. izinto zawo phezu kwezinye iindlela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Kuba nefuthe ngqo phezu wobuso akakho, kuba nzima ukuba umonakalo into kwi inkqubo isicelo ipatheni okanye mazwi. I-laser umqadi ukutsha nzulu kakhulu groove: umphezulu akrolwa iintsalela ezigudileyo yaye, ke ngoko, loo nto ayikho yonakele kwaye iza kuhlala ixesha elide. Kwimeko metal laser umqadi utshintsha kanye isakheko mba, kwaye amazwi akayi kubuna iminyaka emininzi. Ukuba into esetyenzisiweyo ngobunono, musa hlala kuwo acid okanye ukugqabhuza, ngoko izizukulwana ezininzi ipateni ngokuchanekileyo igcinwe. Laser umbhalo kuhle ukuba ukhethe eqinileyo-karhulumente isenza i ngenxa yezizathu ezibini: iinkqubo eziqinileyo lula ukulawula, yaye kangangoko ukuba umlinganiselo kwemveliso kunye namaxabiso.

ukufakwa

Ngentlabo, kukho ufakelo okhethekileyo. Ukongezelela laser ngqo, baya kuba sisikhokelo ngomatshini, apho laser zithuthwa, kunye nezixhobo esweni (computer). umatshini laser isetyenziswa kumacandelo ezininzi zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Ngaphezu sathetha ngayo nihombisa izinto zemihla ngemihla. Ebhalisiweyo zokutya, lighters, iiglasi, ujongo ixesha elide liya kuhlala entsatsheni kwaye ziya bakhunjuzwe mathuba sonwabe.

Noko ke, hayi nje kuphela iimpahla zasekhaya kodwa mveliso zifuna laser mfanekiso. izityalo ezinkulu, ezifana izithuthi, kwakhululwa iinkcukacha amanani amakhulu: amakhulu amawaka okanye izigidi. into nganye kufuneka iphawulwe - nini yaye ngubani ukudalile oko. indlela engcono kunokuba laser ngentlabo, ukufumana non, ixesha ukukhululwa, ubomi nkonzo iza kuba elide nkqu ezihambayo, nelenyuse ingozi lingonakali. umatshini laser, kule meko kufuneka kubalulwa amandla aphezulu kunye nokhuseleko. Ngapha koko, ukuba nokukrola ubuncinane iqhezu inguqu ekhulwini iimpawu iinxalenye yesinyithi, oko kungaba asabela eyahlukileyo kwizinto ngaphandle. Umzekelo, waqhawula kwindawo isicelo lo mbhalo. Noko ke, ifanele ukusetyenziswa ekhaya lula kunye nofakelo enganeno.