Komhlaba etoneleni. Metropolitan of eMoscow

Classic itonela komhlaba eMoscow zakhiwa ngaphandle isicwangciso ekhoyo ngaphandle ukucwangcisa olunye uphuhliso lweendlela. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho umbhodamo ethile ekudalweni lwenkqubo yezithuthi, apho unanamhla. Okwangoku kulawulwa imithetho eqhelekileyo, ngokutsho uxwebhu isniphu 32-02-2003.

Lwenza inkqubo yothutho phantsi komhlaba?

Lo msele engaphantsi yokuqala, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukuqalisa ukwakha ngo-1931. Yenza iiprojekthi ngokwesiseko data zejoloji. Izinto zokwakha zokwakha ngexesha zikhethwe eziphathekayo, ukuba abaseleyo ukususela ngoko.

ehamba msele wemba ebudeni bonyaka, malunga 2 million cubic metres ngenqanawa kulwenziwo emigodini elide. Malunga 88 amawaka iitoni ngentsimbi ndayichitha ukupheyiva iindlela kunye nokomeleza zonke ezimnyama. Izakhiwo zokuqala eziqulethwe isakhiwo ngomthi kwaye axhotyiswe ngezinto usambathisa okukhulu.

Subway Itonela kwaba iprojekthi anqabileyo, kwathabatha engange ngaphezulu kwama-800 ezigidi. Okuye kwabethelelwa neengqameko eziphathekayo kamva indawo yimiwewe, kodwa ke ngelo xesha ukusebenzisa ngokukuko uguqulelo wokuqala weso sakhiwo. neengqameko izidanga saqiniswa zokutyubhisha yentsimbi, izixhobo amanzi ekhethiweyo izinto nophahla, asphalt, ibhitumene tape.

Uyilo zifuna ulondolozo ngenyameko kunye rhoqo, nto leyo abizayo ngaphantsi emva kokuqala le into. Metropolitan of eMoscow nenxitywa ukutyhubela iminyaka yaye kwakufuneka ngokutsha, ezifana neendleko wahombisa umsele omtsha. Ngoko ke, iiprojekthi ezintsha sele eziqulathe iinketho for recovery kwi eminyaka embalwa nokubandakanya yotshintsho lwezakhiwo.

Nezinto esihamba ekuqaleni

ukwakhiwa msele ngakumbi iibhulorho, nekufakwe kuzo oomaleko zangaphandle zegrabile, ukubunjwa umhlaba wenziwe. Uphahla amanqugwala ukunika amandla aphezulu kunye nokuthembeka izakhiwo. Kwiindawo evulekile indlela ngokufihlakeleyo eyenziwa Uphahla flat. Ngenxa yokungabikho indlela komthamo ezisentlabathini lwenziwa ngendlela yoxande.

Itonela kuqhubeka njalo. EMoscow olukhulayo, kunye neemfuneko zezithuthi zokuthutha linyukile. ukwakhiwa ekuqaleni Materials akayigcina isantya zangoku okhaliswa intshukumo yeemoto. Kodwa ke imilo elijekelezayo lwe imigudu isagciniwe nangoku kule mini. Esi sakhiwo kulula kwaye zithembeke ezininzi uyazimela amanzi aqukuqela phezu kweentloko zabemi ngexesha uhambo kwindlela engaphantsi.

Metropolitan of eMoscow onomlinganiselo eziliqela nokubeka phantsi komhlaba. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuze aphephe imigca ukunqumla. Isakhiwo ngokwayo iqulathe abakhweli ngqo odwa zone kunye zokuhamba imigudu. Onke amasebe idityaniswe shintsha eliququzelela intshukumo phezu imigama emide bakwenza ngendlela entsonkothileyo.

Le isixhobo esihamba

izitishi engaphantsi uphuma ukuba arc ezimilise Iingqameko imigudu efanayo. ayengenazixhobo Apho kunye njengeqonga zamabhoda kunye kwale abakhweli, eyasekwa ukuxhasa imihlathi. Wazithwala kwakhona phandle i ephezulu inxalenye arcuate ngendlela.

Sizama ukubeka iqonga phakathi lengoma lula Ukuqaliswa kunye disembarkation zabakhweli. Noko ke, ezinye izikhululo isekhona amaqonga icala, izinto ezinjalo Station "Comintern". Ngokwawo, iqonga ngokufuthi ibekwe isithuba ofisi, ubuncinane umvumela nabo inxalenye intsimbi, apho kukho kwinqanaba nzulu ngokubekwa yemizila.

Subway imigudu kuphela amasebe isiphelo kwabafileyo, apho ezaqanjwa ziphuhlisiwe intshukumo kwicala elahlukileyo. Kukho kwakhona replacement lamatanki izilonda olungachananga ukugcina iimoto. Kwezinye iindlela nakwiingxingongo zakhelwe kwi oololiwe-nemigama yaphakathi. Ezi umendo ngoku ziyafumaneka kwi kwisikhululo "Komsomolskaya", oko ibekwe kumbindi wesixeko. Lo mqathango kuyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe intshukumo kakhulu ngakumbi koololiwe.

iimpawu

indlela ehamba phantsi komhlaba akubekwe kumanqanba ngamanqanaba, nto leyo eza kunceda ukuba alungiselele inkqubo umzila olusebenzayo. Limi ngaphakathi ukuhamba umgama omnye komnye. Ubunzulu balo buyahluka ngaphakathi kwemida zilandelayo:

• imigudu Deep - ubungakanani ebalwa ukusuka kwinqanaba yesitalato iqonga komhlaba kunye sostalyaet ukusuka neemitha ezili-16 ukuya kuma-35.
• imigudu Surface zibekwe kubunzulu yeemitha-7 ukuya ku-9.
• Imigudu avareji ubunzulu zilungiswe kwinqanaba phakathi 9 no-16 eemitha.

Ubude izikhululo amisiweyo, eyenzelwe iimoto-8. A ububanzi yakhona ukusuka kwiimitha ezili-10 ukuya ku-21, kuxhomekeke ubunzulu imigudu. igumbi ngalinye lixhotyiswe kukho izibane likaxakeka kwi likaxakeka. UNorma Izibane efanayo kwizikhululo ilungiswe ngokwezi umgangatho, ebonisa imfuneko 100 spiderman.

Umgama phakathi izikhululo aguquguquka ukusuka eemitha 500 ukuya 1400. Imigudu kunye iilifti, ochazwa ngokuba escalators, nabavumayo kwi-engile degrees 30 ukuya tye. Ukufudumeza ilungiselelwa imigudu moya linabela kwizikhululo ukuze ukuvala amathuba amakhondo okupholisa.

igumbi umhombiso

Ezinye izikhululo kuba ilifa bokwakha. Ngamnye kubo ngendlela nje engaqhelekanga. Ukugqiba izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ngaphambili ezifana lenyengane naziiperile. Imihlathi bafaniswe umphezulu zizaliswe, iindonga, nezingqameko. Wakhanya ngenxa imidlalo izibane omkhulu.

imigudu Railway na lendlela lweengoma ezifana metro. Ukuba oyifunayo, imoto zingenakukwazi ngokukhuselekileyo ukulandela amasebe komhlaba. iindlela engaphantsi New badla kuvela ekhoyo iindlela w / e, eyenza kube lula kwanokuphucula emgodini nokuvulwa bamasebe ezintsha.

Ukulayitwa imigudu imini nobusuku. Ukuba asuse ukusilela ebonisa izibane kokuba uphawu ebomvu kwaye eluhlaza efakwe kwi engaphantsi. Ethintela umqhubi ukukhanya asikwazi ukoyisa. Inika inkqubo auto-lock xa iziqhoboshi zisebenze ngokuzimeleyo nokukhubeka kwi azisebenzisele buyo okhethekileyo.

isilawuli esizisebenzelayo

itonela zothutho isakhiwo imbaxa, baxhotyiswa kunye neenkqubo ukuhlela, iindlela zokuzikhusela ezilawula izixhobo. Xa ngohlangothi imigca zonikezelo itonela ukuzolula ne DC ombane aphezulu 825 volts. Khupha ixabiso efunekayo ye-sub-isikhululo ezizodwa, ibekwe nzulu ngaphantsi komhlaba.

Le buyo phambili 4 lixhotyiswe yinjini 150 kW. Iziqhoboshi imoto nganye kwi ngomoya ne electric drive. inkqubo ukufunyanwa okuzenzekelayo inikeza ngololiwe zendlela eqhelekileyo phindwa lokuphumla imizuzu 1,75. Isantya lukaloliwe nganye kuqikelelwa ngesantya kweekhilomitha ezili-40 ngeyure nganye. Elona nani liphezulu linokufikelelwa imoto ngamnye km 75 ngeyure nganye. oololiwe Modern ingalandela ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, kodwa ke ifuna ukwakha umgca uhambo.

Iinketho iindlela kwanokuphucula

Ukuze landise izakhono zokusebenza imigudu zifuna kweliso wayegqiba ingaphakathi rhoqo. Oku inxaxheba kwimibutho eziqinisekisiweyo anolwazi ekuqhubeni umsebenzi onjalo. Ngenxa yoko, ukomelezwa nasemagumbini namatonela ethwele iindawo.

Ukuphucula ukumelana kwamanzi isiseko kunye kokugqiba izinto. Ukususwa kokufuma amaninzi ngezikhuni eqhelekileyo. Ukutshintsha iimpawu zomhlaba ezikufutshane. Ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezonakeleyo kunxitywe of ufakelo lwesamente. Ukulungiselela le njongo inaliti kwezisombululo ukuya lweHo- kwakhiwa, izinto ezintsha amanzi, kunye ubumanzi-proof ngeso lenyama.

ulawulo karhulumente

Ukuthintela iingozi uhlala ikomiti esweni njani oko ngexesha ukubona mgodini kwi nasemagumbini, iintanda umthwalo-ethwele iinxalenye iindonga kunye nesiseko. yamva nje Instrumentation uncedo ukuchonga iinkqubo incinane okokuqala eziphathekayo, iindawo zesinyithi.

Kuba nakwiingqameko imigudu kubalulekile ukuba uyeke kususwe umhlaba equka udonga zokuzifaka apha olungaphandle. Ukunciphisa iimpembelelo ezingalunganga indlela inaliti esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi. kuqamba ulwelo ashinyeneyo into lesitofu kwisithuba kwakhiwa, ukutshintsha iimpawu zomhlaba. Ngaxeshanye, imiphezulu engaphakathi processing wathwala izinto vlagozaderzhivayuschimi.