John Kenneth Galbraith: Ideas Basic

John Kenneth Galbraith - Canadian (kamva American) Economist, umkhonzi yoluntu, uzowenza lweli liberalism yaseMelika. iincwadi zakhe ziye athengisa ukususela 1950 ukuya kowama-2000. Omnye wabo - "The Great Crash ka-1929". Dzhon Kennet Gelbreyt waya izintlu yathengiswa ababhali kwakhona ngo-2008, emva kokuqhambuka lombhodamo kwiimalike zemali. Ngo-2010, emininzi imisebenzi nzulu ziye yakhutshwa phantsi editorship loNyana wakhe.

Le mboniselo njengezenziwe ngezoqoqosho Galbraith kakhulu negalelo ngezimvo Trosteyna Veblen noYohane Maynard Keynes. Scientist phantse ubomi bakhe bonke (50) wayesebenzela kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard. Uye ebhaliweyo malunga iincwadi 50 amawaka izihloko ngezihloko ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi yayo idumileyo trilogy yemisebenzi loqoqosho: "American capitalism" (1952), "abami Society" (1958), "The New IQumrhu State" (1967).

Dzhon Kennet Gelbreyt: biography

Future ngezoqoqosho ezaziwayo-kakuhle owazalwa usapho baseCanada nokwehla Scottish. Kwakufuneka oodade ababini yaye omnye umzalwana. Uyise waba ngumlimi kunye nomama utitshala wesikolo - ngumama. Wafa xa Galbraith wayeneminyaka eli-14 kuphela ubudala. Ngowe-1931, wafumana Bachelor of Agriculture, ngoko - Master of Science and Ph.D. kwintsimi enye. Ukususela 1934 ukuya 1939 wasebenza njengoko uprofesa e yesibini (kunye breaks) kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard ukususela ngowe-1939 ukuya 1940-th - yasePrinceton. Ngowe-1937 waba ngummi eMelika kunye yokuya ku eCambridge. Apho waqhelana iingcamango kaYohane Maynard Keynes. umsebenzi Galbraith ezopolitiko yaqala umsebenzi njengomcebisi kulawulo Roosevelt. Ngowe-1949 wamiselwa unjingalwazi ngezoqoqosho kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard.

Gelbreyt Dzhon Kenneth, okanye uKen nje (ayengathandi igama lakho elipheleleyo), waba ngokwemeko yezopolitiko esebenzayo, likwaxhase Democratic Party kwaye abalungiselelayo zolawulo ka Roosevelt, Truman, Kennedy kunye Johnson. Kwakhona ngokufutshane waba inxusa India. Idla ngokuba ngezoqoqosho edume kakhulu kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX.

Njengoko Njengomhlaziyi of institutionalism

John uKenneth Galbraith waba lweli Determinism ekuthiwa technocratic. Ukusebenza kulawulo Kennedy, wayedlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwenkqubo "New Frontier". Ngenxa yeemeko kubugcisa nakuqoqosho kwemveliso ngaphandle iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: emarikeni kunye nezicwangciso. Iqela lokuqala luquka izigidi amashishini amancinci ezisebenza amashishini ezahlukeneyo. Inkqubo yesicwangciso ubunjwe amawaka beenkampani ezinkulu avelisa uninzi iimpahla kunye neenkonzo. Zakutshanje kutshintshe iifem ezincinane, yaye yasiwa inxalenye ebalulekileyo iindleko amashishini amakhulu. Eyona nto ephambili kwinkqubo yokucwangcisa Galbraith wayekholelwa ekuthiwa-corporation "ukuqola". Ngobume bayo, kufuneka technostructure, nesidibanisa izazinzulu, iinjineli, kunye neengcali kummandla korhwebo kunye nobudlelwane noluntu, amagqwetha, iiarhente, abaphathi, abalawuli, kunye nezinye iingcali kwanokukhangela ulondolozo kunye nokomelezwa indawo mbutho emarikeni.

On the US kuqoqosho

Ngowe-1952 John Kenneth Galbraith waqalisa trilogy yakhe edumileyo. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi "capitalism American: isigama countervailing amandla," uphethe, ukuba uqoqosho ilawulwa yi ngeenzame emanyeneyo ishishini enkulu, eziphambili imibutho yabasebenzi kunye norhulumente. Kwaye le miba, ngokutsho ingcali yenzululwazi, waba lifana eUnited States akusoloko kunjalo. Abachaseneyo amandla wabiza izenzo amaqela baququzelele shishino kunye nemibutho. Ukuba ukuxinezeleka ka 1930-1932. amashishini amakhulu kunye yenkululeko ukulawula uqoqosho. Nomsebenzi "The Great Crash ka-1929", uchaza edume drop kwisabelo amanani Wall Street kunye nendlela marike ngokuthe lweMedia abakuso ngexesha ngumyinge boom. Kwincwadi ethi "The Society nezinhanha", nayo eyaba ethengwa, Galbraith uthi ukuba ukuze ube kwimeko uphumelele emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, eUnited States kufuneka imali ukwakhiwa kweendlela kunye nemfundo, esebenzisa imali efunyenwe berhafu. Akazange ingqalelo ukwanda kwemveliso kwempahla ebonisa impilo uqoqosho kunye noluntu. Looks Isazinzulu nempembelelo kakhulu imigaqo-nkqubo Kennedy kunye Johnson ulawulo.

Ingcamango eluntwini entsha mveliso

Ngowe-1996, Galbraith wamenyelwa unomathotholo. Iinkqubo ezintandathu kwakufuneka isixelela ntoni imveliso uqoqosho kunye nefuthe beenkampani ezinkulu sikarhulumente. Incwadi ethi "The New Industrial State uYohane" Kennet Gelbreyt ngo-1967 Released ngokusekelwe kwezi nkqubo. Kuyo, watyhila indlela yakhe analysis aphikisane kutheni ucinga ukuba ukhuphiswano ngokugqibeleleyo efanelekileyo kuphela inani elincinane amacandelo US kuqoqosho.

On amadlu zemali

umsebenzi Galbraith kaThixo zanikelwa ukuba imiba eyahlukeneyo. In "Imbali Emfutshane imincili-mali," zibhaliwe ngo-1994, yena uphonononga ukuvela amaqamza kwerandi kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela. Ukholelwa ukuba imveliso yenkqubo kwimarike simahla, nto leyo esekelwe kwi "psychology ubunzima" yaye "umdla self-okhonza impazamo." Galbraith babekholelwa ukuba "... ezweni ezezimali uzakhe Aguqulele phezu ngokuphindaphindiweyo, wayedla ayizinzanga ngaphezu inguquko yangaphambili." Loo nto inika umdla ehlabathini nengxaki ka-2008 ngonyaka, nto leyo kumangaliswa noosozoqoqosho ezininzi, iye yaqinisekisa abaninzi iimbono zakhe.

lemveli

Dzhon Kennet Gelbreyt uhlalutyo kuqoqosho ingqalelo njengesixhobo ezongezelelweyo, kukholelwa ukuba imifuziselo neoclassical badla musa ukubonakalisa eyona meko. Yonke imibono ezinkulu zenzululwazi enxulumene impembelelo beenkampani ezinkulu ezivenkileni. Gebreyt babekholelwa ukuba okuqingqa amaxabiso, kunokuba abathengi. Wakhuthaza ulawulo lukarhulumente, apho kuyimfuneko. In "Le Society abazizityebi" Galbraith uthi iindlela kwethiyori lakudala zoqoqosho olusebenzayo kuphela kwixesha elidlulileyo, i "ubudala ubuhlwempu." Wayedlala zokunciphisa yokufakelwa kwe kwempahla ethile ngenkqubo zobalo. Galbraith isindululo inkqubo 'Ukutyala imali abantu ".

mibono ukugxekwa

John Kenneth Galbraith, iingcamango ezingundoqo ukuba uyicacisile enkulu US kuqoqosho, eyayingafuni ukuba imifuziselo lula neoclassical echaza iinkqubo zoqoqosho. Nobel Prize Milton Friedman azenzile ukugxekwa yemibono nzulu. Waqiqa ngelithi Galbraith abakholwayo ukongama abasebukhosini namandla paternalistic kwaye uphike abathengi ilungelo lokuzikhethela elula. Paul Krugman akazange acinge ukuba sisazinzulu. Wathi ukuba uKen ubhala imisebenzi non-fiction ukuba banike iimpendulo zilula imibuzo enzima. Krugman wacinga Galbraith "umntu media" hayi ngezoqoqosho kakhulu.

Dzhon Kennet Gelbreyt (ukulinganisa):

• "Mna amanyathelo nesebenzayo. Ukuba imarike kusebenza, ngoko mna yona. Ukuba abadinga ungenelelo ngoncedo kurhulumente, nam zokukuxhasa oku. Mna eyayenza kakhulu abo bathi, ngenxa uthengiso kunye nempahla karhulumente. Ndisoloko inkxaso into esebenza kule meko. "
• "Ukufunda imali, ngaphezulu kunawo onke amanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho, esebenzisa entsonkothileyo kufihlwa inyaniso okanye ngoyaba elubala, kwaye awunakho ukwenza ngolunye uhlobo. Le yinkqubo apho iibhanki ukudala imali kunjalo elula ukuba ingqondo nje angagqali. Kubonakala ukuba ukuyilwa into ebaluleke gqitha ukuba mfihlakalo enkulu. "
• "Politics ayikho ubugcisa enokwenzeka. It is a ukhetho phakathi ezoyikekayo kunye ezingemnandi. "
• "Akukho mathandabuzo kwinto yokuba ngoku ombutho wathabatha phezu inkqubo engundoqo yolawulo."
• "Bavela phambi kokuba sikhethe phakathi utshintsho uluvo kunye ukufuna izizathu ukuba enze njalo, phantse wonke umntu eyeka ukuba wesibini."