Russia wajoyina i-WTO: nobubi. Xa iRussia wajoyina i-WTO (umhla, unyaka)?

WTO - liziko yamazwe ngamazwe isebenza ekuziseni kwesiVumelwano Jikelele ngomhla lwamaxabiso kunye noRhwebo (GATT). Le yokugqibela esayinwe 1947. Bekucingelwa ukuba okwethutyana yaye kungekudala uya kutshintshwa kuze kufakwe omnye umbutho yinxalenye. Nangona kunjalo, i GATT yaba isivumelwano engundoqo ngokulawula urhwebo lwangaphandle phantse kwiminyaka engama-50. ESoviet Union wayefuna ukuba azibandakanye naye, kodwa musa ukunika; ngoko ke imbali domestic yentsebenziswano nale nto iqala kuphela ukususela ekudalweni xa Russia wajoyina i-WTO. Olu daba enikelwe nqaku yanamhlanje. Kwakhona, uya kuhlalutywa iziphumo oko Russia akumanyileyo i-WTO, iingenelo neengozi ngesi sigqibo. Sijonga le nkqubo, iimeko kunye neenjongo ukulawula ukuya World Trade Organisation, umngeni imibuzo kuba Russian Federation.

Russia bajoyine i-WTO?

I-Russian Federation ulandela ngokusemthethweni USSR. Xa sincokola ngayo xa eRashiya wajoyina i-WTO, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba eli ziko yaba sisebenza kuphela ngo-1995. Umbutho omtsha kufuneka ihlole uluhlu olubanzi kakhulu kwemiba. I-USSR sangenisa isicelo ngokusesikweni ngabakhi-mkhanyo kwi Uruguay Round ngo-1986 ngenjongo yokuba ukulawula kwakhona kwesiVumelwano Jikelele ngomhla lwamaxabiso kunye noRhwebo. Kodwa United States bawucekisile. Isizathu yaba uqoqosho acwangcisiweyo waseUSSR, ekube esihambisanayo nale ngcamango yorhwebo free. ESoviet Union yanikwa ngabakhi-mkhanyo ngo-1990. Emva ukuzimela Russia ngoko nangoko ukuba isicelo Ukuvuma i GATT. Kungekudala isiVumelwano Jikelele waye similise umbutho yinxalenye. Nangona kunjalo, i-entry ngqo kwi-Russian Federation kwi GATT / WTO uye phantse-20 iminyaka. imibuzo emininzi kakhulu efuna nolungelelaniso.

Inkqubo Ukuvuma-WTO

NaseRussia geqe ekuqaleni Ukuvuma the World Trade Organization ngo-1993. Ukususela ngelo xesha ndiya ndaqalisa ngokuthelekisa urhulumente yorhwebo-bezopolotiko belizwe kunye nemigangatho WTO. Emva koko saqala thethwano zokubonisana xa eRashiya wenza isiphakamiso kwayo okokuqala kwinqanaba inkxaso kwezolimo kunye nokufikelela kwiimalike zehlabathi. Le mibuzo mibini zenza isiseko thethwano de ukuvunywa isivumelwano ngo-2012. Ngowe-2006, phakathi-sikhokelo yoMgaqo-Asia-Pacific Forum, eRashiya kunye US yasayinwa eRashiya eqale protocol kwi-WTO. Noko ke, ingxaki zemali ehlabathini jikelele kunye thethwano malunga nokuphunyezwa izigaba ngakumbi yokufumana ubulungu entlanganweni inqunyanyisiwe. Yena wadlala indima kwaye ungquzulwano kunye eGeorgia kuMzantsi Ossetia kunye Abkhazia. Isivumelwano kunye kweli lizwe yaba linyathelo lokugqibela endleleni eya eRashiya WTO ukulawula. Kuye kwasayinwa ngo-2011 e-Switzerland.

Union amasiko

Xa ucinga umbuzo, xa iRussia wajoyina i-WTO, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ukususela ngoJanuwari 2010, i-Russian Federation angathanda ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kule nkqubo ukulawula kwi-Customs Union. Le Vladimir Putin wenza ingxelo kwintlanganiso yebhunga EurAsEC ngoJuni 2009. I-Customs Union ibandakanya, ukongezelela eRashiya, Belarus kunye Kazakhstan. Yasungulwa ngo-Oktobha 2007. Amalungu WTO ngeke kuphela lizwe kodwa imibutho uhlanganiso. Noko ke, iinkokheli rhinestones World Trade Organisation walumkisa abasemagunyeni Russian ukuba imfuneko esinjalo, angalibali kanobom inkqubo lilungu. Ngo-Oktobha 2009, iRashiya wavakalisa declaration lwalo awushiye uqhubekeko thethwano abambiseneyo. Kazakhstan wajoyina i-World Trade Organization ngo-2015, yaye Belarus Nangoku ilungu eli ziko ngamazwe.

Xa iRussia wajoyina i-WTO: Umhla, Unyaka

Kut- kwezingxoxo zokubonisana kuye lula kakhulu inkqubo Ukuvuma the World Trade Organisation for the Russian Federation. NgoDisemba 2010, yonke imiba iye yasonjululwa. Kwi-Brussels summit, zisayinwe nememorandam ahambelanayo. August 22, 2012 - umhla xa iRashiya ujoyine WTO. Umhla kwaphawula ukuvunywa Protocol of ukulawula le-Russian Federation, eyasayinwa ngomhla ngoDisemba 16 ka-2011, kwaye bangene amandla isenzo yolawulo ezifanelekileyo.

iimeko entry

Inkqubo Ukuvuma i-WTO yi kunokuba nzima. It iqulathe izigaba ezininzi kwaye kuthatha ubuncinane iminyaka 5-7. umbuso wokuqala ukuba isicelo kubulungu. Emva koko kukho ukuqwalaselwa kurhwebo-kwezopolitiko lolawulo lizwe kwinqanaba amaqela asebenza ngenjongo yokukhawulelana nemeko yethutyana. Kule yesibini eqongeni, uthetha-thethwano kunye nokudibana imiqathango ubulungu umfaki-sicelo kwi-WTO. Bakwazi ukuba naliphi na ilizwe elo. Okokuqala zonke iingxoxo eziphathelele ukufikelela kwiimarike kunye nexesha ukusungulwa utshintsho. iimeko ukufikelela oqulunqwe la maxwebhu alandelayo:

• ingxelo Group Working. Ubeka uluhlu onke amalungelo nezibophelelo eziye azithathele eli lizwe.
• Uluhlu iminyinyiva lweerhafu kwintsimi yorhwebo kwaye yanika kungenzeka ngenkxasomali kwicandelo lezolimo.
• Uluhlu izibophelelo ezithile kwiinkonzo.
• Uluhlu ukuxolelwa MFN.
• amalungiselelo zoMthetho kumgangatho ngamacala amabini namaninzi.
• Protocol of ukulawula.

Ngelo xesha lokugqibela, ukuvunywa iphakheji kwamaxwebhu, leyo kwavunyelwana ngaphakathi sikhokelo amaqela asebenza ngenjongo yokukhawulelana nemeko yethutyana. Emva ukuba lube yinxalenye yalo mthetho yesizwe sicelo kaRhulumente kunye ilizwe umgqatswa iba ilungu World Trade Organisation.

Iinjongo Iinjongo

Xa iRussia wajoyina i-WTO ngo-2012, yakwenza oko njengenxalenye yesicwangciso sophuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, urhulumente akakwazi ukwakha uqoqosho lwesizwe olusebenzayo, ngaphandle kokuba ilungu lalo mbutho. Russia awayezenza eqale kwayo WTO ezi njongo zilandelayo:

• Yokufumana ufikelelo olukhulu kumazwe angaphandle iimveliso zasekhaya ngokusebenzisa MFN, ebhengezwe nguloo mbutho.
• Ukudala ebeyifuna investment imozulu ngokuzisa ngumthetho kazwelonke ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe.
• Ukuphucula ukhuphiswano impahla zasekhaya.
• amathuba Ukwanda ukuba oosomashishini Russian kunye nabatyali amazwe.
• Ithuba ukuphembelela ukuyilwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe entsimini borhwebo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno zabo wesizwe.
• Ukuphucula umfanekiso lizwe emehlweni uluvo loluntu jikelele.

Ezo iintetho ukufikelela elide - ubungqina umnqweno ukufikelela iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu zobulungu Russian.

utshintsho wemali

Enye miqobo eziphambili ubulungu Russian lwe-WTO iye yaba kudityaniso nkqubo ukufikelela emarikeni yayo iimpahla angaphandle. I-avareji angina elizweni bemfuno lancipha. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ulahlulo inxaxheba amazwe kwicandelo inshorensi ziye zanda. Emva kokuphumelela kweli thuba lokulungiselela utshintsho, imisebenzi elizweni izixhobo zombane zasekhaya, amayeza kunye nezixhobo zonyango iya kuncitshiswa. kwiinkonzo - Ngaphakathi-sikhokelo ukulawula 57 lezivumelwano kwi ufikelelo kwimarike yasekhaya yempahla kunye-30 zaye zenziwa kwi-WTO.

kwimiba yezolimo

Ngaphandle kokuxoxa minyinyiva lweerhafu kwi-thethwano uphethe indawo ebalulekileyo ukukhusela kwicandelo lezolimo eRashiya. Russian Federation bafuna ukunciphisa isixa-mali kufuneka licuthwe. imisebenzi Amasiko on iimveliso zezolimo ziye zaba 11.275% endaweni 15,178%. Kuba amaqela imveliso ngamnye kwehle nge-10-15%. Emva Russia wajoyina i-WTO kunyaka xa zaqala ukuncipha yeengxaki zemali ehlabathini jikelele, icandelo lezolimo lwasekhaya wachaswa ukhuphiswano enkulu kakhulu kwiimarike basekhaya angaphandle.

Ezirheshayo Russian Federation

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho iincwadi ezininzi kunye namanqaku abazinikele kuvavanyo eRashiya Ukuvuma i-World Trade Organisation. Iingcali ezininzi zithi impembelelo ezintle kule nkqubo kuqoqosho. Ngoko ke yintoni unyaka Russia wajoyina i-WTO? Ngo-2012. Yintoni itshintshile? Eqale wathabatha iminyaka eli-18 yokusebenza nzima. Le nkqubo ithathe ixesha elide kunokuba bekucingwa. Ngoko ke, lo nemiphumo emihle zingavela kuphela kwixesha elizayo esikude. Njengoko iingcali ezininzi kwangaphambili, ngexeshana elifutshane likhulu kunokuba alahlekelwe bubulungu-WTO ngaphezu okona. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iingenelo qhinga ukoyiswa ezithile. Ngenxa yoko, Ukuvuma i-WTO - oku ngokuqinisekileyo linyathelo, ngaphandle apho uphuhliso ngakumbi lizwe bekuya kuba nzima.

Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo ubulungu

Emva Russia wajoyina i-WTO ngo-2012, abaphengululi zomthetho kunye noqoqosho sidinwe ukupapasha amanqaku amatsha ukuhlalutya amathemba kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nale siganeko. imibono ezintathu lungohlulwa lube:

1. Cala. Ngokomzekelo, uNjingalwazi Alexander Portansky ikholelwa ukuba ajoyine i-WTO akayi lingazisa nayiphi na inzuzo okanye okubi.
2. Ebalulekileyo. Umhlaziyi Alexei Kozlov wathi ubulungu WTO ayiniki Russia naziphi na izinto ezicacileyo kwixesha elifutshane. Nangona kunjalo, lo mcimbi kuluncedo ukuba amanye amalungu ombutho. Amathuba kwithuba elide iRashiya Kozlov alizithathi.
3. Ongafanele. yezoqoqosho oyiNtloko kwi Deutsche Bank eRashiya Yaroslav Lisovik ukholelwa ukuba WTO eqale ezinokuchaphazela kakubi uqoqosho kweli lizwe, ingakumbi kwishishini lokuvelisa, ngenxa ukuncitshiswa imisebenzi yokungenisa.

Noko ke, iingcali ezininzi bayavuma ukuba iinzuzo iRashiya kubulungu kwi World Trade Organisation zizakuboniswa, wasinika umgaqo-nkqubo ofanelekileyo basekhaya angaphandle kuphela kwixesha elide.