Izindlela zokufundisa: iimpawu, udidi kunye neengcebiso

Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokufundisa (kubandakanywa nolwimi) zivumela ootitshala ukuba baqeqeshe uqeqesho olusebenzayo kunye nolunempumelelo lwabafundi besikolo nabafundi. Imigangatho yemfundo yesibini yesizwe ibandakanya isigaba kule ngxaki.

Amaphepha eMbali

Ngethuba lokuhlala kweYiputa yaseYiputa, iGrisi, iRoma, iSiriya, kwakukho urhwebo olukhuthazayo phakathi kwamazwe, kwakukho ubudlelwane beenkcubeko, yingakho iindlela zokuqala zokufundisa ulwimi lwangaphandle zivele zivele. Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa ngolwimi lwesiLatini, olwenziwe ngeenkulungwane ezilishumi elinesihlanu lusekelwe kwisithethe seYurophu. I-Possession yayicatshulwa njengomqondiso wezemfundo yabantu. Ukufundisa olu lwimi basebenzisa indlela yokuguqulela, eyayiboleka ekufundeni isiJamani, isiFrentshi, isiNgesi. Indlela yendalo yokufundisa ixazulule umsebenzi osebenzayo wokufundisa izakhono zobungqingili.

Ziziphi iindlela zokufundisa

Indlela yokufundisa yinkalo ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yemfundo. Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwamacandelo athile kunye nobuchule, akunakwenzeka ukufezekisa iinjongo ezibekiweyo, yenza inkqubo inentsingiselo kunye nekhwalithi.

Kwi-home teaching, igama elithi "indlela yokufundisa" akubhekiseli kwimfundo jikelele, kodwa ikwasebenza ekuqwalaselweni kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo - ingcamango kunye nokusebenza.

Iindlela zamhlanje zokufundisa ziyimpawu ezininzi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphantsi kwabo, kuyisiko ukuchaza iindlela zokufikelela ekujoliswe kuyo, isethi yemisebenzi kunye nobuchule bokufunda okanye ukuyiqonda ngokwenene, isisombululo semisebenzi ethile ngokuxhomekeke ekufundiseni izifundo.

Indlela yokufundisa yinkqubo yezenzo zenjongo zotitshala, eququzelela umsebenzi osebenzayo kunye nengqiqo yomfundi, oqinisekisa ukugqithiswa komxholo wemfundo.

Ukubaluleka kweendlela zokuthetha

Kubulela kwiindlela nezindlela zokufundisa zokusebenzisana phakathi komfundi kunye notitshala, imisebenzi yemfundo eyahlukeneyo nemfundo ixazululwa .

Iingcali ezininzi zaseRashiya ziqinisekile ukuba indlela yokufundisa ekufundiseni kwanoma yiyiphi imfundo yokufundisa isixhobo esisisiseko somsebenzi wobugcisa titshala. Akukuthi nje kuphela umbutho womsebenzi wokufundisa utitshala kunye nomsebenzi wezemfundo nokuqonda kwengqondo yabantwana besikolo, kodwa kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwabo, kunye nemisebenzi enenjongo yokufezekisa iinjongo zemfundo, zophuhliso, iimfundo zemfundo.

Ukuze kusebenze umsebenzi wokuqonda kwengqondo yabantwana, utitshala usebenza njengomcebisi, ngoncedo apho umfundi ephuma ekungazini ukuya kolwazi, ekubeni engenalo ulwazi olupheleleyo kwisiseko esomeleleyo.

Ukususela kwicala lokubambisana, iindlela zokufundisa esikolweni ziziindlela ezifanelekileyo zokufunda abafundi ukuba bazi kakuhle izakhono, ulwazi, izakhono. Okwangoku, banokuqwalaselwa njengendlela yokuhamba, ukuphunyezwa kwimixholo yemfundo.

Ukwahlula

Ngokumalunga nokuvela kweendidi zamagama, iindlela zokufundisa ezifanelekileyo kufuneka zihlulwe kwiimpawu ezithile kunye nezixhobo. Phakathi kwezinto eziphambili ezizahlukana ngazo ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, ukwahlula:

1. Ubuninzi (ukungabikho) ekuqeqesheni isisimbo sokuqala solwazi. Eli qela libhekiselele ekusebenziseni iindlela ezidibeneyo, ukuguqulela, ukufundisa ngokuthe ngqo.
2. Ulungelelwano lweengcamango kunye nokusebenza kokwenza izakhono zokuthetha. Kule qela, ukuthelekisa ngokuqaphela, iindlela zokufundisa ezisetyenziswayo.
3. Ukusetyenziswa kweengxelo ezithile zeengqondo zabafundi, ukufunda nayiphi na imfundo. Ithatha ukusebenzisa ukuphumla, ukuqeqesha ngokuzenzekelayo, ukulala.
4. Okunye (ukucebisa) kunye nobugcisa bendabuko (obuqhelekileyo) bokufundisa izifundo.

Ukongezelela, iindlela kunye nezindlela zokufundisa ulwimi lwangaphandle zihlulwe ngokweendlela apho umsebenzi wezemfundo uhlelwe ngamaqela amabini. Ulawulo lomsebenzi wengqondo lunokwenziwa ngutitshala okanye abafundi ngokwabo.

Iindlela zokufundisa ezisisiseko

Kwii-didactics, iindlela zokufundisa kwimisebenzi ethile yabantwana kunye nootitshala ziyabonakala. Ezi zi:

• Sebenza ngeencwadi zemfundo;
• Ibali;
• Izibonakaliso zokubonisa;
• Briefings;
• Ingxoxo;
• Ukuzivocavoca;
• I zifundo.

Ngokutsho komthombo wokufumana ulwazi

Isizukulwana sesibini sesi-GEF sivumela utitshala ukuba asebenzise naluphi na uqeqesho lwezemfundo zobungqina bokubona, ukuthetha ngomlomo.

Ngokomzekelo, ekuhlolisweni kwekhemistri, ukusetyenziswa kokuhlanganiswa kokucaca kunye nokuhlolwa kwebhubhoratri kuya kulungelelanisa. Ngenxa yoqeqesho lwengxaki, ukukhuthazwa komdla wokwazi ukufunda le nzu lulwazi kodwa inzululwazi yenziwa.

Kwizifundo zengingqi, utitshala usebenzisa itafile ezibonakalayo, kwaye kwimbali unikeza abantwana ividiyo echaza iziganeko zembali ukwenzela ukwakha ikhonkco elungileyo kunye nabafundi.

Ngombulelo kwimiba engxaki kwizifundo zezenhlalakahle, abantwana bafumana ulwazi malunga nobudlelwane boluntu noluntu, ukuxazulula ngokuzimeleyo iingxaki ezithile ezinikezwa ngutitshala wale mfundiso.

Indlela yokuhlalutya

Yayisetyenziswa eFransi, eNgilani, eSwitzerland, kodwa e-Russia yayingasetyenziswa. Isiseko sale ndlela yokufundisa sisigama. Ukudala isigama esaneleyo, abafundi babekhumbuza ngokugqithiseleyo imisebenzi yokubhala kwincwadi yangaphambili kunye neelwimi zangaphandle, ngoko kusetshenziselwa inguqu yecala-by-line, kwaye intsingiselo yento efundwayo yahlaziywa.

I-Swiss Alexander Shovann yaqiniseka ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba uqale ukuqeqeshwa ngokugcwele emva kokuba abantwana besikolo bekwazi ukuqonda izakhono zabo zolwimi, kunye nezinye izifundo ezimalunga nokukhethwa kwexesha elizayo: i-mathematics, physics, biology, geography, chemistry.

Ngaba ngabo bafundiswa ngokufanayo kunye neelwimi zasemzini nakwamanye amazwe, ngokusekelwe ekunxibelelanisweni kwezifundo ezininzi zezemfundo. Esikhundleni sokufunda okungaqhelekanga kwegrama, le ndlela iquka ukuhlaziywa kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, ukuqokelela kwesigama. Emva kokuba umfundi eqokelele ukunikezelwa kwamagama okwaneleyo, utitshala waqhubeka achaza i- theory.

Iifom zezikolo zanamhlanje kunye neendlela zokufundisa zihlulwe ngokwemilinganiselo yomsebenzi wabantwana besikolo ukucacisa, ukukhangela, ukubonisa, iingxaki kunye neentlobo zophando. Zisetyenziswe ngabafundisi bezifundo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukuzama ukuhlanganiswa kwamanyathelo amaninzi, ngokuqwalasela iimpawu zabantwana.

Ngokutsho kwendlela enengqiqo, iindlela, ngaphandle kokuhlalutya, zikwahlukana ngokubanjiswa, ukuchithwa, ukudibanisa.

Indlela yeHamilton

UJames Hamilton usekelwe kwinkqubo yemfundo malunga nokusetyenziswa kweetekisi zokuqala, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwegama elithi-to-word translation verbatim. Le ndlela ifumane isicelo ekufundiseni iincwadi, isiRashiya, iilwimi zangaphandle.

Okokuqala, utitshala wafunda isicatshulwa ngamaxesha amaninzi, ngoko kwachazwa ngabafundi, ngoko imifanekiso eyahlukileyo yahlaziywa. Ukucaca komsebenzi wotitshala kwakuqulethwe ukuba inqaku lokuqala liphindaphindiwe ngamaxesha amaninzi, kunye kunye kunye ngamnye ngumfundi ngamnye.

Uhlalutyo lwegrama lwaluqhutyelwa emva kokuba utitshala aqonde ukuba isicatshulwa sifunde ngabantwana besikolo, baqonda ngokucacileyo intsingiselo yayo. Ukugxininiswa kwindlela yokwakhiwa kwezakhono zokuthetha ngomlomo.

Technology Jacquot

UJean Jacotot ukholelwa ukuba nayiphi na umntu uyakwazi ukufezekisa injongo yakhe, kuba inedatha engokwemvelo yale ndawo. Wayeqinisekile ukuba nayiphi incwadi ebhaliweyo ibandakanya iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko ezifanelekileyo, ukuba ngaba umfundi uya kukwazi ukuqonda isiseko segrama yokuthetha ngentetho yangaphandle, ukuqonda iziseko zeengcali zaso nasiphi na isifundo somjikelezo wesayensi kunye noluntu.

Kwengqondo, le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba yi-analogy, ezikolweni zanamhlanje zisetyenziselwa ukhemistry, i-biology, i-geography kunye neemathematika.

Iimpawu zenkqubo yokufundisa

Kwixesha elide, inkqubo yokufunda esikolweni yayinezigaba ezintathu:

• Inxalenye yeMnemonic , iphakamisa ukukhunjulwa komatshini wesampuli esicetywayo;
• Icandelo lokuhlaziya, elibandakanya ukuhlalutya kolwazi olufunyenweyo;
• Inxalenye yokwenziwa , eyayiquka ekusebenziseni ulwazi olufunyenweyo malunga nolwazi olutsha.

Ukuze kuhlanganiswe ulwazi olutsha kwinkqubo yokufunda, ukubhala okubhaliweyo nangomlomo, amabali, i-laboratory kunye nemisebenzi ebonakalayo, uhlalutyo lweengcezu zomntu ngamnye zetekisi, iingxoxo zazisetyenziswa.

Indlela yokudlulisa i-lexico ibe yindlela yokuqhubela phambili ekufundiseni ulwimi lwabafundi kunye nezinye izikhokelo zemfundo, ngoko kuyafuneka ngexesha langoku.

Indlela edibeneyo

Yayisetyenziselwa ngokupheleleyo kwiminyaka ye-1930 kwilizwe lethu. Ingundoqo yayo yayiqulethwe ekuphuhliseni umsebenzi wokuthetha, apho ukufundiswa kokufunda bekukhethwa njengento ephambili. Ootitshala bezikolo eziziisekondari babenomsebenzi wokufundisa i-patriot yelizwe labo, abanokuthetha ngeelwimi eziliqela, owaziyo iziseko zeemathematika, i-physics, i-chemistry, i-biology kunye ne-geography.

Iingcali ze-methodologists zazikholelwa ukuba kwakuyimfuneko ukwahlula izinto eziphathekayo kwiintlobo ezithandekayo nezivelisayo. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, lithetha "ukufunda" ngezinto eziphathekayo kwinqanaba le-intuitive, kwaye ingqalelo engazange ihlawulwe ekuqapheliseni kwayo.

Isiphelo

Okwangoku, phakathi kweendlela ezininzi kunye nezindlela ezisetyenzisiwe ngabafundisi kwizikolo eziqhelekileyo zemfundo, indlela yokunxibelelana nomsebenzi enye yeyona nkqubela phambili. Isetyenziswe ngabafundisi beemfundo ezahlukeneyo zezemfundo kwaye iquka ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zenzululwazi ezibhekiselwe kwizifundo, njengendlela yokwenza intlalo, ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu.

Imigangatho emitsha yomgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente esebenzayo kumaziko emfundo ijoliswe ekufomeni umnqweno wabafundi wokuzihlakulela ngokwabo, ukuphucula ngokwabo, ngoko ke ootitshala basebenzise ngokutsha emsebenzini wabo ubugcisa bokufunda, ukuzimela, kunye nophando, umsebenzi wobugcisa bokudala iimeko ezinzima.