Impawu eziphambili zezinto eziphilayo

Ziziphi iimpawu ezahlula izilwanyana kwezinye izidalwa? Umbuzo ubonakala ulula ngokwaneleyo, kodwa impendulo idinga ukuqonda ezinye iimpawu ezifihlakeleyo zezinto eziphilayo, kubandakanya i-multicellularity, i-heterotrophy, ukuhamba kunye nezinye iingcamango ezinzima ezisetyenziswe ngabaphilayo. Ziziphi iimpawu zezinto eziphilileyo zinye, ubuncinane kwizilwanyana ezininzi, kwiimingxube kunye needubhra ukuya kwi-mongooses kunye ne-anemones elwandle?

Multicellularity

Ukuba uzama ukwahlula isilwanyana esiyinyani, sitsho, i-paramecia okanye i-amoeba, akunzima kakhulu: izilwanyana zichaza izidalwa ezininzi, nangona inani leeseli lihluka kakhulu kwiintlobo. Ngokomzekelo, i-roundworm, esetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwizilingo kwi-biology, iqukethe i-1 031 iiseli, kungekho nangaphantsi, ngelixa umntu ngokwenene uqukethe iililiyoni zeeseli. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela into yokuba izilwanyana azizona eziphilayo kuphela eziphilayo, zibandakanya izityalo, amakhowa kunye nezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana.

Isakhelo seeselingi

Iimpawu zezinto eziphilayo ziquka isakhiwo se-eukaryotic seeseli. Mhlawumbi ulwahlulo olubalulekileyo kwimbali yobomi eMhlabeni yinto eyenzekayo phakathi kweentlobo zazo ezimbini. Izinto ze-Prokaryotic azizinayo i-nuclei ene-membrane kunye nezinye i-organelles kwaye ziyi-singleicellular kuphela. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, zonke iibhaktheriya.

Kwiiseli ze-eukaryotic, ngokuchaseneyo, kukho iicuclei kunye ne-organelles yangaphakathi (njenge-mitochondria) engakwazi ukudibanisa ndawonye ukwenza iindidi ezininzi. Nangona zonke izilwanyana i-eukaryoti, akuzona zonke i-eukaryoti zizilwanyana: le ntsapho ehluke kakhulu iquka izityalo, iifungi kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci zaselwandle, ezibizwa ngokuba ngabaculi.

Izambatho ezizodwa

Esinye isibonakaliso sezinto eziphilayo zikho iintlobo ezihlukahlukeneyo zesikhumba. Enye yezinto eziphawulekayo zezilwanyana yindlela abazikhethekileyo ngayo iiseli zabo. Njengoko ezi ziphilayo ziguqukile, iiseli ezibonakalayo eziqhelekileyo ziyizona zilula. Kukho iintlobo ezine ezibanzi ze-biological: iimbilini, i-connective, i-muscle ne-epithelial tissues (ezakha izitho kunye nemithambo yegazi).

Izinto eziphambili ngakumbi zibonisa amanqanaba athile ahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, izitho ezahlukeneyo zomzimba womntu ziquka iiseli zesibindi, i-pancreas nezinye iintlobo zezinye iintlobo. Ukungafani kwezipongi, eziyizilwanyana ngokwezakhono, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo azikwahluli iiseli.

Ukuzalana ngesondo

Esinye isibonakaliso sezinto eziphilayo kukuba iinyama ezininzi zibandakanya ukuveliswa ngokwesini, ukudibanisa ulwazi lwabo lwezofuzo kunye nokuvelisa inzala ephethe iDNA yabazali bobabini. Kodwa apha akukho zikhoyo. Ezinye izilwanyana, kuquka iintlobo zeentlanzi, ziyakwazi ukuzivelisa ngokwazo.

Iintlobo zokuvelisa ngesondo zikhulu ukusuka kwindlela yokujonga. Ukukwazi ukuvavanya ukudibanisa okuhlukeneyo kwama-genomes kuvumela izilwanyana ukuba zivumelane ngokukhawuleza kwizinto ezintsha zendalo. Kwakhona, ukuveliswa ngokwesondo akukhawulelwanga kwizilwanyana: le nkqubo isetyenziselwa izityalo ezahlukeneyo, amakhowe kunye nezinye iibhaktheriya ezithembisayo.

Isigaba se-blastula

Enye yezona zinto zinzima kakhulu ukubona iimpawu zezinto eziphilayo. Xa indoda yesilisa idibana neqanda lomfazi, isiphumo esisodwa sisinye sebizwa ngokuba yi-zygote. Emva kokuba i-zygote idlula iindidi ezihlukeneyo zecandelo, lithatha igama-morula. Izilwanyana zinyama kuphela zifikelela kwisigaba esilandelayo - ukwakheka kwe-blastula, ibhola elingenalutho lamaseli athile. Kule meko kuphela abakwazi ukwahlula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicubu.

Ukuhamba (izilwanyana)

Iimpawu zokuqala ezinhlanu zokuphila ezidalwa ngoncedo lwemidwebo emnandi zibonisa nzima kakhulu. Enyanisweni zinzima kakhulu ukuba ubachazela, umzekelo, kumntwana. Yintoni engenakutshoyo ngomqondiso olandelayo. Intlanzi ibhukuda, iintaka zibaleka, iimbombo zibaleka, imisipha kunye nenyoka zihamba-zonke izilwanyana ziyakwazi ukuhamba kwinqanaba elithile lomjikelezo wobomi. Enye yezinto ezifundwayo zezinto eziphilayo zehlabathi elijikelezile kwiklasi yesithathu yintembeko. Ukuba kukho ukunyakaza, umzimba uphila.

Le ndlela entsha yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ivumela izidalwa ukuba zifumane iinkcukacha ezintsha zokuphila eziphilayo, ziphishekele izixhoba kwaye ziphephe iintshaba. Ezinye izilwanyana, ezifana neziponti kunye nama-corals, zihlala zingekho emgangathweni kumntu omdala, kodwa izibhunqa zazo ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngaphambi kokuba zithintele elwandle. Le ngenye yezinto eziphambili ezihlula izilwanyana kwizityalo kunye nefungi. Ukungathinteki kukho uluvo malunga nokunye okungekho kwimithetho, kubandakanywa nabathathi bee-flycatcher kunye ne-bamboo ekhula ngokukhawuleza.

IMetabolism

Phakathi kweziganeko zezinto eziphilayo ezifundiswa ngabantwana kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo (kwibakala lesithathu le nto iya kuthiwa "ukutya"), kuyafaneleka ukuphawula ukusetyenziswa kwemetabolism namandla. Zonke izidalwa zifuna i-carbon carbon ukuxhasa iinkqubo ezisisiseko zobomi, kuquka ukukhula, ukuphuhliswa nokuveliswa. Ukukwazi ukunambitha ukutya, ngokwezenzululwazi, kuthiwa yi-heterotrophy. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokufumana i-khabhoni: ukusuka kwimeko yendalo (ngohlobo lwe-carbon dioxide, igesi efumanekayo ngokukhululekile emoyeni) okanye ngokutya ezinye, i-carboni-rich rims.

Izinto eziphilayo ezifumana i-khabhoni kwiimeko ezifana nezityalo zibizwa ngokuba yi-autotrophs, kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezifumana ikhabhoni ngokufaka ezinye izinto eziphilayo, ezifana nezilwanyana, zibizwa ngokuba yi-heterotrophs. Nangona kunjalo, izilwanyana akuzona kuphela i-heterotrophs ehlabathini. Zonke iifungi, iibhaktheriya ezininzi kunye nezinye izityalo zincinci. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yangaphandle yamandla ngendlela yokutya, ukukhanya, njalonjalo, luphawu olubalulekileyo lwezinto eziphilayo.

I-System yeNervous Advanced

Enye enye uphawu lwezinto eziphilayo. Iibutho, ngokukodwa izilwanyana, ziye zaqhuba iinkqubo zesantya. Inqanaba leengqondo zezityalo kunye neentsangumanzi kunzima ukugweba. Kuzo zonke izilwanyana ezisemhlabeni, izilwanyana ezilwanyana kuphela ziphuhlisiwe kangangokuthi zinamaqondo angaphezulu okanye angaphantsi kokubona, ukuva, ukunambitha kunye nokuthintela (ungakhankanyi ukutshintshela amahlengethwa kunye neentlanzi okanye ukukwazi ukuloba iintlanzi kunye neentlanzi ukuqonda ukuguqulwa kwamandla emanzini).

Ewe, le mivakalelo ibandakanya ubukho, ubuncinane, kwinkqubo enomdla, kunye neenkwenkwezi zaselwandle, nakwizilwanyana eziphambili. Ingqondo ephuhliswe ngokupheleleyo mhlawumbi enye yezinto eziphambili ezihlula ngokwenene izilwanyana kuzo zonke izinto.

Ukukhula kunye nophuhliso

Phakathi kwabalinganiswa behlabathi eliphilayo elifundiswa kwiklasi yesithathu, kukho into enjengokukhula. Le propati, oku kuthetha ukunyusa ubungakanani kunye nobunzima ngelixa zigcina iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zesakhiwo, kwaye ihambelana nenkqubo enzima njengentuthuko.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali

Izidalwa eziphilayo ziqulethwe ngamacandelo amachiza afanayo njengoko kufaka phakathi izinto ezingenanto. Ukwahlukana kukungalingani kobudlelwane obufanayo. Zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni zingu-98 ekhulwini ezakhiwe ngezinto ezifana nekhabhoni, i-oxygen, i-nitrogen ne-hydrogen.

Ukutshatyalaliswa

Isici esiyinto ehambelana nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo zikwazi ukuphendula ukucaphuka. Lo mqondiso ubonakaliswa ngendlela izidalwa ezithatha ngayo kwimithombo yangaphandle yempembelelo.

Ukungaqondi

Isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo semicimbi ephilileyo siyi-discreteness. Oku kuthetha ukuba nayiphi na inkqubo ye-biological iquka izinto ezidibeneyo ezibandakanyekayo, ezidibeneyo zakha inhlangano eyodwa kunye neyosebenzayo.

Emhlabeni, ubomi bukhona malunga neebhiliyoni ezine iminyaka. Izidalwa eziphilayo eziphila kwiplanethi yethu zihlukene ngokubanzi: ezivela kwi-unicellular kwaye ezingabonakali kwizinto ezincinci kwimithi emikhulu, ukuya kumitha engama-90, kunye nezilwanyana ezinamandla ezilingana neetoni ezili-150. Nangona kukho konke ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, kukho imiqondiso emininzi eyanceda ukuhlula kwiimpawu zendalo.