Isiseko sangaphandle skull yomntu

Ingqayi yomntu yinyama yamathambo, enama-mashumi mabini anesithathu ekubunjweni kwayo. Benza umsebenzi wokukhusela ingqondo ukusuka kwintlungu eyahlukileyo. Ikhanga liyinxalenye yenkqubo yeethambo kunye ne-musculoskeletal system. Iqulethwe yingqondo kunye namasebe ebuso, ukwenza imisebenzi ethile. Isebe ngalinye linesiseko sangaphandle nangaphakathi.

Yiyiphi isiseko sekhayi esakhiwe ukusuka?

Iqulunqwe ngoncedo lweengxowa zomzimba kunye nezomzimba zesifuba sangaphambili, amaphiko amancinci namakhulu amakhulu, amathambo kunye namacwecwe, iipramramid zesikhashana kunye nomzimba wamathambo asemgangathweni, iinxalenye zengxenyana kunye nezicatshulwa ezisezantsi zesikali se-occipital.

Isiseko senkayi, isithombe osibonayo, sinesakhiwo esinjalo samanye amathambo ayo axhunyiwe ngamacandelwana okanye abathinteli beethambo zomzimba. Babizwa ngokuba yi synchondrosis.

Amasebe kunye neHolo

Isiseko sangaphandle sekhayi sihlulwe sibe ngamacandelo kwaye sineendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuvula kunye nemivalo yegazi. Igumbi elingemuva yindawo yokutshatyalaliswa kwangaphandle kwe-occipital. Ukusuka kuyo kuhla phantsi kwe-nape. Ngaphambi kokuba isikali sivule esikhulu se-occiput. Ukusuka kumacala aphethwe kwisithambo sentshonalanga, nangaphambili - emise. I-nerve yeengqungquthela ine-canal ye-condylar idlula ngaphantsi kweenkqubo ze-occiput, emva kwayo ekhoyo i-fossa, ewela kwindawo engasigxina.

Kungekude nokuvulwa kwamagumbi omda wesiseko sekhanga, kufuphi naso ngaphambili, isigxina se-pharyngeal, kwaye kwinkqubo ye-mastoid kukho ukuvula kunye negama elihambelana nalo, okuyiyona nto yokuphuma kwentsholongwane yobuso, kunye nenqubo yeployidi.

Umgangatho ongaphantsi kwendawo eyimatye ine-fossa enegundane kunye nesiguqu negama elifanayo. Ngaloo ndlela, iimbulunga zentliziyo zidlula. I- vein jugular vein ivela ngaphandle kwesi sikhokelo skull . Phambi kwakhe yindawo yokulala ephethe umngxuma wangaphandle, kunye nomdanso oqhekekileyo uhlala ngasecaleni lesigxina.

Umsele we-pterygoid udlula nje ngaphambi kwengcambu yeenkqubo ze-pterygoid kwaye uvule emgodini. I-oval and spinous openings are on bone spenoid. Imingxuma yesigxina se-nasal ibizwa ngokuba yi-choana. Zitholakala phambi kweqhekekileyo. Phakathi kwecatshulwa yangaphandle kwinkqubo ye-pterygoid kunye nenxalenye engezantsi yomphezulu wephiko, elisexeni lesipenoid, kukho i-fossa fossa.

Amacandelo angaphantsi kwesangqa lesithambo anemibhobho efanayo, ekhokelela kwimigodi. Ama-incisors anesisele emva kokuba kukho umngxuma ongenakunzima.

Ulwakhiwo

Ikhanda lumbumbi oqulunqwe ngamathambo ahlangeneyo, apho kubaluleke kakhulu kwizitho zobomi bomntu: ingqondo yentloko, iinxalenye zokuqala zenkqubo yokuphefumula kunye nokutya kwegazi kunye nezitho zengqondo. Ekhreyeni, inqaba, okanye uphahla, kunye nesiseko, esingaphandle nangaphakathi, ziyahluka. Isiseko sangaphandle sekhayi senziwa ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwimihlaba yayo engaphantsi - iingqondo kunye nezicwangciso zobuso, ezidibeneyo zangaphakathi, zangemva nangaphakathi.

Ingxenye yangaphakathi ivela kwi-incisors kwaye ibambe umgca ongaphantsi kwamathambo enamehlo ayenziwe ngamacwecwe angaphezulu, apho phambi kokudibanisa neenkqubo zengqungquthela yomhlathi womhlathi, ukudala isibhakabhaka sefu. Kwindawo yayo, i-incisal fossa yenziwe, apho iqala khona umsele. Ikhokelela kwizifundo eziphantsi kwempumlo. Isakhiwo sesiseko se-gawula sinjalo ukuba umsila udlula phakathi kwendawo yekrele lesithambo, kunye nezimbobo ze-palatal: i-smallal and large-lead in the canal.

Icandelo eliphakathi lihlala kwindawo phakathi kwezulu kunye ne-occipital foramen enkulu, umgama wayo wangaphambili. Imida yangasemva iyadlula kwi-canal yokucwaninga yangaphandle ukuya kwinkqubo ye-mastoid ifomu. Isiseko sangaphandle se-gawu inezivulo ezibini ezivulekileyo emzimbeni.

Inxalenye engezantsi ekhoyo phakathi komda wangaphambili wovulo olukhulu lwe-occipital kunye nesigxina sangaphandle se-occipital.

Isebe langaphambili

Iqukethe amathambo adibeneyo anokungafihli. Iyokuqala iyanqoba. Zimelelwe ngumhlathi ophezulu, u- nasal, i-zygomatic, amathambo kunye neentlungu, igobolondo ephantsi yengxolo. Okwesibini - ithambo elityebileyo, isantya, ithambo le-hyoid, umhlathi osezantsi. Amathambo esiseko esiyikrele, apho i-facial part, iqukumbela kakhulu kuzo zonke izitho zengqondo, izifo zokuphefumula kunye nokutya.

Ummandla ozaliswe ngomoya ungavumela ukuba i-gace ibe namandla. Zinezintlu ezingenamsebenzi. Ukongezelela, umoya ubandakanyeka ekuboneleleni nge-thermal insulation. Ezi zivalo zisesigxeni esisebunjenge-frontal, latticed, amathambo kunye nomhlathi ophezulu.

Inxaxheba ekhethekileyo emzimbeni womntu unikezwa ithambo elincinci elincinci eliphakathi kwelarynx kunye nengxenyana engezantsi yomhlathi kwaye ixhunywe emathanjeni enqabileyo ngamathambo kunye nemisipha. Ngoncedo lwaso, umzimba kunye neempondo zombini zenziwe, apho zivela khona iinkqubo zamaplothidi.

Amathambo aphakamileyo wesiseko sekhayi aphantsi kwaye amele amacwecwe azaliswe ngethambo lezinto. Kwiiseli zakhe ingqondo kunye nemithambo yegazi ejikelezayo. I-Gyrations kunye neengingqi zeengqondo zenziwe ngenxa yokungalingani kwamanye amathambo enkayi.

Skull Brain

Ikhusela ingqondo kumonakalo kwaye sikhokelo sayo sokukhusela. Ingqondo yengqayi ingaphezulu kwesobuso kwaye inomfanekiso we-ellipse. Umthamo wayo u-1500 cm. Iqukethe ama-paired, parietal kunye ne-temporal, amathambo, kunye ne-occipital, kunye ne-frontal. Olu hlobo lunezikali ezimbini, isaphetha. Inomoya. Nayi iphambili kunye nefom ye-hillocks yangaphambili, ngenxa yeendonga zamehlo eziso, isigxina semisipha, izibonda ezithempelini kunye nxalenye yangaphandle zenziwe. Ngoncedo lwethambo leparietal , iinqonga zenziwe, kwaye ngoncedo lwesithambo se-occipital - isiseko skull, isithombe esinikezelwa ngqalelo yakho.

I-bone bone iyingxubevange yomoya yecala lexeshana. Yenza ukwakhiwa kwendonga ye-cranial, iqulethe izitho zentetho. Eli thambo lenza ipiramidi enegubhu kunye nendlebe yangaphakathi.

Ithambo leCuneiform

Itholakala apho isiseko sekhayi, kwindawo yayo. Isithambo se-sphenoid sinomzimba kunye nemiphefumlo enegama elihambelana nalo, ngeephiko ezinkulu kunye ezincinci. Umzimba unemihlaba emithandathu eyenza imisebenzi ethile. Le yangaphambili, ngasemva, phezulu, ngaphantsi nakubini.

Ngesiseko sephiko elikhulu kukho imingxuma yokujikeleza, i-oval and spinous shape. Kukho indawo ezine zephiko, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-temporal, maxillary, ophthalmic kunye ne-cerebral. Iifolo ze-Arterial kunye nokubonakala kwazo zikhona kuzo. Umgangatho wecala lephiko elincinci linenkqubo elandeleleneyo. Isikhala phakathi kwekhulu kunye nephiko elincinci lihlala kwindawo ye-orbital ephezulu.

Isithambo se-Occipital

Iqukethe i-buslar, izingxenye zecala kunye nezikali. Xa zidibene, kukho umda omkhulu, obizwa ngokuba yi-occipital. Umgangatho ongaphantsi kwinqanaba le-lateral linikezelwa nge-condyle, ngasentla apho kukho umsele we-hyoid. Emva kwayo i-fossa ene-canal condylar ezantsi.

Isiko sendawo yangaphandle yezikali sinomkhuhlane we-occipital. Ukusuka kuyo kuvela i-crest enegama elifanayo.

Amathambo angaphambili

Isiseko sangaphandle sekhayi sinomyinge omkhulu kunye nesithambo sangaphambili, esibandakanya iingxangxuba, iinxalenye zomzimba kunye nezikali zangaphambili. Inxalenye engaphambili kumacala kunye namacandelo anqamle kwi-notch ekhonjiweyo, eyahlula iziseko zamehlo ezisekunene nakwesobunxele. Inxalenye yangaphambili yecala eliphambili emkhatsini unomgca ogqithisela kwi-awn yangasese. Ngalinye icala kwicala lalo (i-horizontally) yintambo ye sinus yecala eliphambili lekhayi.

Izinto ezisebenzayo zekrele

Ukuba yinto enzima yethambo, inyikrele yenza imisebenzi elandelayo:

• Ikhusela ingqondo, zonke izitho zengqondo zomonakalo.
• Amathambo e-Cranial adibanisa ukuhlafuna, ukulinganisa kunye nemisipha yomlomo.
• Uthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokuthetha, kwaye ngoncedo lwamahlumela kunye nezono zomoya ezenziwa ngomoya.
• Ikhanda lidlala indima enkulu kwinkqubo yokutya, oko kukuthi: ngeentambo, umsebenzi wokuhlafuna uyenziwa kwaye umlomo womlomo ulinganiselwe.

Isiseko skull yomntu: ukwakheka

Kwiintsana ezisandul 'ukuzalwa, amathambo omhlathi asisigxina, abamele ukudibanisa kwenani elikhulu lamathambo ngaphandle kwenhlangano ecacileyo. Phakathi kwazo kuluhlu oluxhamlayo lwezicubu. Ayikho ithambo elincinci kwimimandla yendawo yomhlaba, ithathelwa indawo yecalastesteum, emele uluhlu oluninzi.

Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iintambo ziyadibanisa. Ifomu eqhubekayo yeetekisi: kuqala kumacala, ngoko kwiindawo ezisemgangathweni nakwiindawo ezikude zomhlathi. Ubungakanani buso bobuso bubanda. Ukubaluleka okukhulu ekukhuleni kwamathambo ebusweni kunesiseko segazi. I-anatomy yesakhiwo sayo sinjalo ukuba i-cranial fossa yangaphambili ixhomekeke yi-sutures eyahlula i-frontal ne-latticework, amathambo okugqibela kunye nesiseko.

Ukukhula konyaka we-10-11 wobomi bomntu uphela. Kamva, ithambo eliphambili linyanyiswe, kwaye i-bone formation ivela kwindawo yangaphandle. Kwimantombazana, oku kwenzeka ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-13, kunye namakhwenkwe - ukuya ku-14. Njengoko isiseko sekhayi sikhula, i-angle phakathi kwe-cranial fossa iyancipha: i-posterior kunye yangaphakathi. Oku kuchaza ukuba ubukhulu bomntu bomntu bubonakala ngaphezu kobunqamle.

Iimpawu zesakhiwo skull: ubulili kunye nobudala

Wonke amathambo enkakayi aqala ukuphuhlisa kunye nesigaba sokumangqa, emva koko i-cartilage kunye nomongo wokugqibela wethambo. Amathambo ebuso ekuphuhlisweni kwawo adlula isigaba esiphakathi. Isici sesakhiwo sekhanga emntwaneni osandul 'ukuzalwa kukukho kwezinto ezinqabileyo ze-crake, eziphambili, ngasemva nangecaleni.

Kwi-fontanel yangaphakathi (enkulu kunazo zonke), umntu unokubona ukunyakaza okuphefumulayo, uxinzelelo lwangaphandle (xa landa, i-fontanel igxuma), ukungcola komzimba wengane (i-fontanel iwela esi sifo).

I-fontanelle yangemuva imncinci kwaye ihamba ngokukhawuleza. Umntwana oza kutshatyalaliswa ngokutsha ngokuqhelekileyo akasenalo i-fontalelles lateral, ekhoyo phambi koonyana abazalelwe. Kodwa ba ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-2-3 yobomi.

Isibini sibonakaliso kukuba zombini umgangatho wangaphakathi nangaphandle wekrele unemigca ephakathi kwamathambo.

Isithathu sesici. Kwiintsana, iintsontshi zomoya, iinkqubo, i-bumps, i-jaws ayiphuhliswa, akukho mazinyo.

Ukubunjwa kweekhanda zekhayi kwenzeka kwiminyaka engama-3-5 yobomi bomntu. Ngokubanzi, iphelela ekukhuleni kwiminyaka eyi-25-30.

Ikhanga liyaziwa ngesini, kodwa akunandaba. Utshintsho lwamaxesha luyakwazi ukusasazeka kwisiqalo sonke sekhanga. I-anatomy yesakhiwo sayo sinjalo ukuba i-crests kunye ne-bone substance yesakhiwo se-spongy siqala ukutshabalalisa, amathambo angama-cranial alula kwaye aphephe. Ubume bekrele buyakushintsha phantsi kweempembelelo zemiba.