Isikhulu yokuqala eRashiya. Iinkosana yokuqala eRashiya: itafile

Formation yohlanga, kamva ngokuba Rus, Rusich, Russian, baseRashiya, uye waba ngomnye iintlanga kakhulu ehlabathini, ukuba kungekhona elinamandla, lwaqala yokumanya i nokuxubana bahlala phezu East European Plain. ngaphi na ukuza kweli lizwe, xa - ayaziwa. yemihla Imbali akukho bungqina Ruses kwiinkulungwane okuqala AD akukho igcinwe. Kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane IX - ixesha xa isikhulu yokuqala eRashiya - kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba umkhondo ngokweenkcukacha inkqubo yokwakha isizwe.

"Yizani ngukumkani phezu kwethu ..."

Ngokutsho umzila olukhulu imilambo ezininzi kunye namachibi enxulumene omnye komnye zonke East European Plain, waphila izizwe Ilmen Slovenes amandulo, glades, Drevlyane, Krivichy, Polotsk, Dregovichi, northerners, Radimichi Vyatichi, wavuka enye into efana lonke igama - nokuxubana. imizi emibini emikhulu kwakhiwa ookhokho bethu bamandulo - i Dnieper kunye Novgorod - ukuseka isimo mazwe sele likhona, kodwa abaphathi abanazo. Izizwe iimbekiselo roll-call iirhuluneli wavela xa encwadini yeembali abalawuli yokuqala eRashiya abhalwa. Uluhlu lwamagama abo ziqulathe imigca kuphela nje embalwa, kodwa ke umgca ephambili kwimbali yethu.

Inkqubo eyibiza ulawulo nokuxubana Vikings yaziwa kuthi evela esikolweni. Izinyanya zezizwe, udiniwe le zeenkcuba rhoqo yaye idabi abanye abathunywa ngalinye, owukhethileyo kwiinkosana kwisizwe Rus 'ababehlala ulwandle iBaltic, yaye wayalela ukuba uxelele abo "... Bonke ilizwe lethu enkulu esisityebi, kodwa akukho isinxibo (okt. E . akukho uxolo nocwangco). Yiza ngukumkani phezu kwethu. " We phendula ubizo Rurik abazalwana sineus kunye truvor. Asizange kuza kuphela, kodwa nomkhosi wakhe, waya kuhlala Novgorod, Izborsk kunye Byelozero. Kwaba kunyaka 862. Kwaye ke abantu, nto leyo ke waqalisa ukulawula, baqala ukubiza Russ - phantsi kwegama wesizwe abathetheli Varangian.

Okuchitha ebezifunyenwe ekuqaleni-mbali

Kukho omnye, hypothesis kancane malunga abathetheli ukufika zabaltiyskih elizweni lethu. Njengoko nenguqulelo esemthethweni, kwakukho abazalwana abathathu, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba tomes ezindala ukufunda (eliguqulelwa) ephosakeleyo, kwayiwa amazwe Slavic umlawuli enye kuphela - Rurik. Inkulu yokuqala ka-Russia yamandulo kuza kwabatyebileyo bakhe abathembekileyo (amadoda) - "Tru-njengesela" e Old kubaphangi, kunye nendlu yakhe (ukusuka, ikhaya) - "blue-Hus". Ngenxa yoko icebiso ukuba kwakukho abazalwana abathathu. Ngesizathu esithile, ababhali-mbali iqukumbela ukuba kwiminyaka emibini emva ukufudukela eSlovenia, zombini ngoko umzalwana -called Rurik die (ngamanye amagama, igama elithi "sisithethe-njengesela" kunye "blue-Hus" ayisa okhankanywe yemihla). Umntu uzibhale ezinye izizathu ezininzi nokulahleka yabo. Umzekelo, ukuba lo xesha umkhosi, leyo eqokelele inkosana yokuqala eRashiya, kuba akazange ngokuba "labour-njengesela" yaye "squad", beza kuye srodstvenniki - hayi "blue-Hus" yaye "uhlobo".

Ukongeza, abaphengululi mihla yamandulo kusiba oyikholelwayo ukuba Rurik yethu - namnye ngaphandle ezanyulwa kwimbali Danish konung Rorik Frislandsky, edume ukuhlaselwa kwayo kakhulu nempumelelo abamelwana ngaphantsi buthathaka. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto uYesu wabiza ebhodini, owawomelele, bame gidi.

Russ xa Rurik

Owaseka kukarhulumente eRashiya, umseki ubukhosi njengenkosana, apho kamva waba yobukumkani, ulawulo ngabantu wayinikela kubo kangangeminyaka eli-17. Wahlanganisa ngamandla mnye Ilmen Slovenes, psovskih kunye ESmolensk Krivichy lonke kunye Chud, northerners kunye Drevlyane, Meria kunye Radimichi. Umhlaba iqhotyoshelweyo ibango iirhuluneli zabaxhasi bakhe. Ekupheleni kobukumkani Rurik Rus yaMandulo lithathe indawo indawo ebanzi.

Ukongeza ngunozala omtsha njengenkosana usapho, imbali yaye ezimbini umzalwana wayo - Askold kunye Dir, ezibekwe ikhwelo le yinganga amandla akhe phezu eKiev, lalingekafiki ayifumaneki kwi kwilizwe elalisandul 'ukusekwa kubaluleke ephambili. Isikhulu yokuqala eRashiya Novgorod wakhetha yokuhlala yakhe, apho wafela 879, eshiya ubulawuli, unyana oselula Igor. Indlalifa Rurik ukuba azilawule abakwazanga. Iminyaka emininzi amandla ningakruthakrutheki wagqithela Oleg - amaqabane kunye isalamane ezikude isikhulu ungasekhoyo.

I wokuqala Russian ngokwenene

Ngenxa Oleg, uWele abantu Lesiprofeto, Russia yaMandulo wafumana amandla, nto leyo umona kunye eConstantinople kunye Empire yaseByzantium - yomeleleyo okwangoku karhulumente. Oko wakwenzayo ngexesha lakhe, isikhulu yokuqala Russian eRashiya, ibamba ezingephi Igor banda aphuculweyo. Emva ngokuqokelela umkhosi omkhulu, Oleg waya Dnieper esezansi yaye waphumelela Ljubech ESmolensk, Kiev. Le yokugqibela sathathwa ngokususa Askold kunye Dir, bazihlale la mazwe drevlyans waqonda Igor umlawuli walo yokwenene, yaye Oleg - ibamba ufanelwe de mdala. Elokugqiba, ikomkhulu Russia yabelwa eKiev.

Lona Veschego Olega

izizwe ezininzi onamathele eRashiya kule minyaka wobukumkani bakhe, Oleg, ngelo xesha wathi kuye Russian ngokwenene, kungekhona zahluke umthetheli kuqala. iphulo sakhe uBukhosi baseByzantium yaphela uloyiso ngokwenene uphumelele emva izibonelelo Rousseau urhwebo simahla eConstantinople. Edliwe wawabuyisela kunye squad eli phulo. Iinkosana yokuqala eRashiya, nto leyo eyayifanele yenziwe kunye Oleg, inene Radel yozuko karhulumente.

yamabali amaninzi emveli kunye namabali ezimangalisayo ngoku phakathi kwabantu emva kokubuya abantu bangayi eConstantinople. Ukuya esangweni lesixeko, Oleg wayalela ukuba iinqanawa kwivili, yaye xa kukho umoya omhle bazalisa iiseyile zazo, inkundla "wahamba" phesheya mathafa eConstantinople, nto asingabokoyikwa abemi. Eyoyikekayo Byzantine uMlawuli Leo VI wanikezela ngaphandle kwemiqathango, kunye Oleg kwi mihle uphawu uloyiso bambethelela ikhaka yakhe emasangweni kaConstantinople.

Encwadini yeembali kwiminyaka 911 Oleg sele obizwa ngokuba wokuqala Grand Prince of All Russia. Ngowe-912 wafa, ngokwesithethe, ngokuthi isilwanyana esinayo silume inyoka. Ukubu- nyaka-30 ngaphezu inqanyulwe akukho ithetha liqhawe.

Phakathi amandla

Ekubeni ukufa Oleg nokulawula izinto enkulu ubulawuli wathabatha Igor Ryurikovich, nangona enyanisweni yena kumlawuli welizwe evela th-879. Ngokuqhelekileyo, wayefuna ukuba ihambo ufanelwe ababengaphambi kwakhe okukhulu. Kwakhona walwa (ebukumkanini bakhe eRashiya ibikade kokuhlaselwa zokuqala Pechenegs), uYesu woyisa izizwe ezininzi eselumelwaneni, ebanyanzela ukuba ahlawule irhafu. Igor wenza konke isikhulu yokuqala eRashiya, kodwa ukusetyenziswa main iphupha lakhe - ukuba koyisa eConstantinople, akuzange kube asenokungacaci kwangoku. Kwaye hayi kahle konke domains zabo.

Emva kokuba ibhodi ezomeleleyo Rurik kunye Oleg, Igor waba buthathaka kakhulu kwaye ndaziva drevlyans ulukhuni, ukwala ukuhlawula irhafu. Iinkosana yokuqala Kiev bakwazi ukugcina izizwe neenkani phantsi kolawulo. Kwakhona Igor ngexesha le mvukelo kuphela, kodwa Drevlyane impindezelo afumanana isikhulu kwiminyaka embalwa kamva.

Ubuqili of the Khazars, a Drevlyane ziphikisana

Ukungakwazi kuphuhliswa ubuhlobo kunye Crown Prince kunye Khazars. Ukuzama ukufikelela kuLwandle lweCaspian, Igor waqukumbela isivumelwano nabo ukuba uza squad elwandle, kwaye uyeza umva, ubanike isiqingatha osisityebi imveliso. Prince wenza izithembiso zakhe, kodwa akwanelanga ukuba Khazars. Ebona ukuba preponderance amandla kwicala yabo kwidabi bungwanyalala, bambulala phantse onke amabutho Russian.

lahluleka ihlazo wazibonela Igor emva ngohambo lwakhe lokuqala eConstantinople ngowe-941 - amaByzantine yatshatyalaliswa phantse squad yakhe yonke. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, efuna kukuhlambulula ihlazo, Prince, edibanisa ibe umkhosi omnye Rus, Khazar nkqu Pechenegs kwakhona bamatsha eConstantinople. Ndafumanisa ukusuka Bulgarians, ukuba amandla engayiwayo, umlawuli wanikela Igoryu Mir kwi iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu, yaye isikhulu wasamkela. Kodwa ngonyaka omnye emva uloyiso eyothusayo enjalo, Igor wabulawa. Ukwala imbeko ukuphinda, drevlyans korestenskie wabatshabalalisa OTRADA abaqokeleli ezimbalwa berhafu, inganga phakathi ngokwakhe.

Princess, owokuqala kuyo yonke

Ngenkohlakalo ngokuphindezela abangcatshi umfazi Igor kaThixo - Pskovityanka Olga, leyo yena wakhetha umfazi wakhe Lesiprofeto Oleg ngo-903. Drevlyans zatshatyalaliswa ngaphandle nayiphi na ilahleko Rus, labanobuqokolo, kodwa isicwangciso ezingcangcazelisayo Olga - nakanjani, siye sakwazi ukulwa iinkosana yokuqala eRashiya. Isihloko ilifa yomphathi karhulumente emva kokufa Igor, Svyatoslav wathabatha unyana ka sibini njengenkosana, kodwa ngenxa isanda kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo kamva umama wakhe wakhokelela Rus.

Olga i ubukrelekrele emangalisayo, isibindi kunye nokukwazi ukulawula ngobulumko urhulumente. Emva kokuba kuthinjwe Korosten - esi Drevlyane main isixeko - Princess waya eConstantinople waza wayithimba nobhaptizo. I-Orthodox wayeselapho Kiev ne Igor, kodwa abantu Russian babenqula Perun kunye Veles, yaye kungekudala lijikwe ubuhedeni kubuKristu. Kodwa ke ukuba Olga, nto leyo eye wathatha igama balefwaya ka Elena, indlela eyenziwe eRashiya kunye ukholo entsha de ukufa kwakhe (wafa ngo-969 inkosazana) Akazange ingananwa, waluphakamisa ukuya kutsho kwisikhundla abangcwele.

IQhawe kwasebuntwaneni

Russian Aleksandrom Makedonskim ebizwa Svyatoslav NM Karamzin, umsunguli "ngurhulumente Russian." nesibindi kunye nesibindi Eyothusayo hlukile abalawuli yokuqala eRashiya. Uluhlu leyo ibonisa imihla ongumqwebedu ube ziindawo eziphuma lokulawula kwabo, lugcwele zoloyiso ezininzi obuzukileyo izenzo ukuze kuxhamle iLizwe loobawo, amele ngegama ngalinye kuwo.

Ilifa ubudala isihloko ezintathu Grand Duke (emva kokufa Igor), umlawuli de facto of Russia Svyatoslav kuphela ngo-962. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva bakhululwe ukongamela kwalowo Khazars kwaye ehlonyelwe Russia Vyatichi, yaye kwiminyaka emibini elandelayo - iqela lezizwe Slavic abahlala ecaleni Oka, kwingingqi iVolga, neCaucasus kunye kwiiBalkans. I Khazars boyiswa, Itil yawo ishiywe. Kunye North Caucasus Svyatoslav wabanika imiphanda ilizwe (kwiiOssetian) kunye Kasogs (Circassians) aze azilungise emizini ntsha kwaye Tmutarakan White Tower. Njengoko Prince yokuqala All Russia, Svyatoslav kakuhle ukubaluleka ukwanda rhoqo nezinto.

Kufaneleke amadlozi ezinkulu uzuko

Ngowe-968, akuba iphumelele Bulgaria (Pereyaslavets sixeko kunye Dorostol) Svyatoslav hayi ngaphandle kwesizathu, waqalisa ukuba siqwalasele ilizwe ngokuqinileyo Pereyaslavets zayo - ngokonwaba e Kiev akazange nje, nonina, Princess Olga, ilawulwa kakuhle kwikomkhulu. Kodwa kamva ngonyaka yena wafa nesikhulu Bulgarians, ubudlelane bethu bunaye umlawuli yaseByzantium, wathi imfazwe. Ukuya kuye, Sviatoslav washiya oonyana bakhe kulawulo kwezixeko Russian omkhulu Yaropolk - Kiev, Oleg - Korosten, uVladimir - Novgorod.

Ezinzima ephikisayo yaba imfazwe - uloyiso ezishiyanayo impumelelo lubhiyozelwa khosi macala omabini. Yaphela ngxabano uxolo sivumelwano, njengako apho Bulgaria Svetoslav eseleyo (ukuba impahla yakhe aseByzantium uMlawuli Ioann Tsimiskhy) kunye Byzantium ilizwe uhlawule irhafu umthetheli Russian ifakiwe.

Ukubuyela kule ziphikisana kwiphulo layo ukubaluleka Svyatoslav ngexesha wayeka ngo Beloberezhe ukuba kwi Dnieper. Kukho kuntshula 972 yomkhosi yayo elibuthathaka bahlasela Pechenegs. I-Grand Duke wabulawa emfazweni. Yafumana udumo lwakhe njenge mbali njengegorha ozelwe ukuchaza isibakala sokuba Sviatoslav waye ngokuxhoma kakhulu onzima, ukulala emhlabeni emanzi, intloko yakhe Mfuleni phantsi kwesitulo, njengoko ikhaya kuyeyona nto njengenkosana, ukuba ukutya nayo nepriveredliv. Umyalezo wakhe "Mna ndiye kuwe," walumkisa phambi kweentshaba ukuhlasela elizayo, waya ezantsi imbali Oleg ikhaka kumasango waseConstantinople.