Inzululwazi nezi kumaXesha Aphakathi. Science kumaXesha Aphakathi

Century, ubizwa ngokuba kuthetha, kwimbali yelizwe ngalinye ukuthatha amaxesha ezahlukeneyo. Ngokubanzi, njenge umthetho, ngale ndlela kuthiwa umsantsa V kwinkulungwane XV, nokuzibala ukususela 476, xa ukuwa Western uBukhosi baseRoma.

Inkcubeko kudala batshabalala phantsi Ukuhlasela bakhona. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba kumaXesha Aphakathi, ngoko ngokufuthi ukubizwa ngokuba mnyama okanye lisibekele. Kunye damping ye uBukhosi baseRoma zinyamalele nokukhanya ngesizathu kunye nobuhle zobugcisa. Noko ke, izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu nezi kumaXesha Aphakathi - kukho ubungqina elihle nkqu zinzima amaxesha abantu uyakwazi ukugcina ulwazi ezixabisekileyo yaye, ngaphezu koko, ukuba siyiphuhlisa ngaphakathi kuphela. Inxalenye oku kubangelwe kubuKristu, kodwa inxalenye enkulu kuphuhliso bamandulo walondoloza ngenxa zesayensi Arab.

Empire Lower

Science bamandulo, ikakhulu yaphuhliswa nezigodlo. Emva kokuwa eRoma, nguvimba yobulumko yamandulo yaba Byzantium, apho yi ngexesha i Christian Church oye wadlala ebalulekileyo, kuquka indima kwezopolitiko. Kwilayibrari kaConstantinople yoonongendi ezigcinwe imisebenzi iinkcuba ezibalaseleyo Greece neRoma. Iinkqubo kwinkulungwane IX, uBhishophu Leo zemathematika wachitha ixesha elininzi ixesha. Waye phakathi izazinzulu zokuqala abaye ukusebenzisa oonobumba njengemiqondiso zemathematika, ukuba okunene ilungelo ukumbiza omnye wabaseki algebra.

Ngomhla kummandla lwababhali yoonongendi ukwenza iikopi imisebenzi yamandulo, izimvo. Mathematics, awathi phantsi neengqameko zalo, yenza isiseko izakhiwo kanye aye wakwenza ukuze kwakhiwe kwesampuli enjalo yobugcisa yaseByzantium, njengoko ibandla Hagia uSophia.

Kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba amaByzantine wadala imaphu, baya China ne-Indiya, yaba ulwazi geography ngezilwanyana. Namhlanje, Noko ke, inkoliso ulwazi malunga kurhulumente, apho wahlala inzululwazi kumaXesha Aphakathi kwi kummandla Eastern uBukhosi baseRoma, ayaziwa kuthi. Yena wangcwatyelwa kumabhodlo ezixeko, rhoqo baboniswa ukuhlaselwa lutshaba ngethuba yoBukhosi baseByzantium.

Science kumazwe Arab

ulwazi emininzi yamandulo ziye zaphuhliswa ngaphandle Europe. Arab Caliphate, awathi phantsi kwempembelelo inkcubeko yamandulo, imise- ulwazi hayi kuphela bakhona, kodwa ibandla, leyo, nangona kukholekileyo ekulondolozweni ubulumko yoonongendi, kodwa wamkela, hayi yonke imisebenzi yenzululwazi, efuna ukuzikhusela kwii njengomwexuki. Emva kwexesha elithile ulwazi yamandulo, zincediswa yaye yahlaziywa, wabuyela eYurophu.

Ngomhla kummandla Arab Caliphate kumaXesha Aphakathi lenze iqela elikhulu wenzululwazi: yokuma, intanda, ngeenkwenkwezi, imathematika, ngokukhanya, inzululwazi.

Amanani kunye neentshukumo zonke iiplanethi

Astronomy ubukhulu becala isekelwe kwi "Almagest" imbali odumileyo lukaPtolemy. Kazi bamkela igama umsebenzi sisazinzulu emva kokuba sele iguqulelwe kwi Arabic uze emva koko ndabuyela eYurophu. Izazi Arab ziye nje ulondoloze ulwazi isiGrike, kodwa ukwandisa kubo. Ngenxa yoko, bagqiba ukuba uMhlaba sphere, yaye bakwazi umlinganiselo pewa ithe cwaka, ukubala ubungakanani planethi. abaphengululi Arabhu wanika igama ezininzi iinkwenkwezi, ngaloo ndlela ekwandiseni iinkcazelo kwi "Almagest". Ukongeza, imizi emikhulu eziliqela bakha Observatory.

Aphakathi Arabhu ezeza nezi kwinkalo yemathematika nazo ebanzi kakhulu. Oko kumazwe Islamic aphuma algebra kunye nezetrigonometry. Nditsho elithi "inani" livela Arabic ( "cipher" lithetha "zero").

ubudlelwane borhwebo

izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu ezininzi nezi kumaXesha Aphakathi, i-Arabhu zaye abolekwe ezizweni nabo bahlale wasebenza. Ngokusebenzisa amazwe Islamic ukuya eYurophu ukususela India neChina baba ikhampasi, wompu, iphepha. Arabhu, kananjalo, kukho inkcazelo States apho kwafuneka ukuba ahambe, yaye ndadibana nabantu, kuquka nokuxubana.

amazwe Arab baba umthombo yotshintsho yenkcubeko. Bakholelwa ukuba apha kwemoto yokwela. Ngomhla kwintsimi ithi Islamic wafika kuqala Byzantium, yaye kamva neNtshona yeYurophu.

Theological neyehlabathi inzululwazi

Inzululwazi nezi kumaXesha Aphakathi kwi kummandla Christian Europe wabonakala kakhulu nezigodlo. Ukuze kwekhulu VIII, ulwazi oluyinyaniso, leyo ingqalelo, abachaphazelekayo imibhalo engcwele kwaye iimfundiso. nesayensi wengqesho waqala ukuba zifundiswe ezikolweni yecawa kuphela ebudeni bolawulo Karla Velikogo. Igrama engathi, ngeenkwenkwezi, logic, izibalo kunye nejiyometri, kwakunye nomculo (babizwa ngokuba ubugcisa zobunene ezisixhenxe) zazifumaneka ekuqaleni nje ukuba uyazi, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe waqalisa ukusasaza imfundo kuwo onke amanqanaba oluntu. Ngu ekuqaleni sigodlo yesikolo kwinkulungwane XI waqala uguqulwe iiyunivesithi. zikolo kuba kancane eFransi, eNgilani, Czech Republic, Spain, Portugal, Poland.

igalelo Special kuphuhliso nezesayensi kwezezibalo Fibonacci, semvelo Witelo indela Rodzher Bekon. Hypothesis zokugqibela, ingakumbi kucingelwa ukuba uqina lokukhanya eziphelayo ithotyelwe, sikufutshane kwithiyori wave andise.

Intshukumo ayinakutshintshwa inkqubela

ezifunyaniswe Technical nezi kwi XI-XV iinkulungwane banika ihlabathi kakhulu, ngaphandle apho bekuya kuba nzima ukufikelela kwinqanaba inkqubela, nto leyo uphawu yabantu namhlanje. Iba iindlela nobunzima kakhulu amanzi kunye iphendukile. Endaweni yexesha intsimbi, umlinganiselo, kwafika wotshi ngoomatshini. Xa XII abahloli kwinkulungwane baqala ukusebenzisa ikhampasi lokuqhelaniswa nezifundo. Wompu lasungulwa China ngenkulungwane VI kwaye iziswa yi-Arabhu, baqala ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo amaphulo zomkhosi yaseYurophu kuphela ngenkulungwane XIV, xa kwemoto kunye nompu.

Ngenkulungwane XII, baseYurophu nabo badibana ephepheni. kwecala livulekile, ukuba wenziwe ngezinto ezifanelekileyo ezahlukeneyo. Ngaxeshanye, ukuphuhlisa anemifanekiso (umthi ngentlabo), ethe ngcembe sele andigweqe yi umatshini wokushicilela. imbonakalo yakhe eYurophu lisukela emva kwinkulungwane XV.

Zokuqamba ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu kwenkulungwane ye-17, kwakunye nazo zonke ezilandelayo isekelwe phezu impumelelo ngabaphengululi. quest Alchemical, ezama ukufumana ekupheleni kwehlabathi, umnqweno ukulondoloza lemveli kudala kwenza inkqubela yoluntu kwi Renaissance kunye namaxesha mihla. Inzululwazi nezi kumaXesha Aphakathi negalelo ekwakhiweni kwelizwe lethu eziqhelekileyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto, mhlawumbi, kungaba okungalungile ukubiza eli thuba lembali tshembiseke limfiliba, ekhumbula kuphela Kwamacala kunye nemfundiso yonqulo ixesha.