Intetho uhlobo: inkcazelo, iintlobo. ubugagu

E Greece yamandulo, ukukwazi wabathethela ingqalelo vutshila. Nangona kunjalo, le yokuhlela becala wenziwa kuphela phakathi krasnosloviem, imibongo kunye nobuchule olibambela. Mpendulo ikakhulu iqondakale njengoko inzululwazi ilizwi kunye nemibongo, iprozi obuciko. Yena - imbongi kunye inkosi kwamagama. Kwamandulo, ubuciko wafundisa. Izithethi asebenzise kakhulu ukuba lwesihobe kakhulu, ngenjongo ekomelezeni imizwa intetho yakhe. Namhlanje, uhlobo intetho ukucacisa ngokuxhomekeke kwicandelo wonxibelelwano, eigenfunction ahambelanayo: Ingxoxo yababini, unxibelelwano kunye nesenzo.

Jonga iinkcuba ezahlukeneyo inokusebenza

Xa imibono iinkcuba ezininzi yamandulo wafumana wayefanisa ubuchule buciko ubugcisa yokudweba kunye imikrolo, kunye nenzululwazi bokwakha. Kodwa ke iingxelo enjalo aphela rhoqo khangela ekholisayo. Amaninzi ingqalelo ubugagu nelakhe ndawo udade yobugcisa nemibongo. Aristotle "mpendulo" yaye "Poetics", ithelekisa bubuciko kunye nemibongo, ukufumana into eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabo. Kwaye uCicero, xa iingxelo oluntu usebenzisa ubuchule ababambeleyo. Kamva intetho uhlobo njengoko ubugagu kwasekwa uqhagamshelwano phakathi izibongo, ubugagu kunye nobuchule olibambela. Efanayo Lomonosov M. V. kumsebenzi wakhe ubuciko ( "Quick Start Guide ukuze kuxhamle abalandeli krasnosloviya") othetha ekuqakatheni yeekhomponenti zobugcisa lothethayo yoluntu. Ngokutsho inkcazelo yayo, ubugagu kuthetha euphony, ngamanye "Thetha kamnandi." Ubungangamsha namandla yelizwi, ngokucacileyo zichazwa emele, bakwazi ukwakha lizanelise neminqweno yabantu. Oko kukuthi, ngokutsho nzulu, injongo ephambili yesithethi. neyawo kuboniswe kule ncwadi Merzlyakov AF "Ngomhla iimpawu yokwenene ibe yimbongi neciko" (1824).

mpendulo nemibongo Us

Merzlyakov ugqala yimbongi neciko njengoko abantu ababandakanyekayo kulo msebenzi zokudala. Oku kubonisa ukuba akanayo zoba umahluko phakathi yimbongi neciko. On ukuhlangana ethile kwezibongo krasnosloviya ene-uhlobo intetho, wabhala Belinskiy V. G. Uthe ukuba imibongo - i element liciko (hayi usukelo kodwa njengendlela). Isithethi inkundla Russian Koni A. F. wabhala ngobuchule yokuthetha esidlangalaleni njenge ubuchule oyinyaniso, nobuciko yaye iquka izinto yesihobe, wavakalisa ngomlomo. Yena - umntu kufuneka abe ngeso yoyilo. Ngokutsho uConnie, umahluko phakathi yimbongi neciko kukuba elinye ubunyani babakho, ukususela izimvo ezahlukeneyo apho.

Yintoni na uhlobo intetho? Ukuchaza ingqiqo yokukhuluma

Ingcamango jikelele intetho itolikwa izichazi-magama kwiilwimi kunye neencwadi njengesalathisi wayesisithethi umsebenzi usebenzisa ulwimi ezijolise Ukusebenzisana namanye amalungu eli qela ulwimi, kunye nokusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zentetho, injongo - ukutshintshwa umxholo entsonkothileyo, kuquka iinkcukacha ejolise umphulaphuli uze umkhuthaze ukuba enze okanye ukuphendula. Kuthatha ixesha kwaye ufake kwi isandi (kubandakanywa ngaphakathi) okanye ngokubhala. Isiphumo imisebenzi enjalo memory esisigxina okanye ileta. Ekusebenzeni ubugagu mihla iya ngaphaya bubuciko zemibongo, njengokuba kwakunjalo ngaloo maxesha. intetho uhlobo emiselwe injongo kunye neendlela. Kuba uhlobo ngalunye intetho ephawulwe neentlobo zazo, nto leyo ekuhambeni kwexesha ziye zahlelwa ngokolwalathiso kunye nezimbo. Le fom intetho amazwi uhlobo yenkcubeko ukumelana ukuba umxholo, yohlobo zesimbo kunye nokwakheka.

Iintlobo yokuthetha esidlangalaleni (izwi) uhlobo

Kwinzululwazi mihla, uhlobo intetho zihlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kwezentlalo nezopolitiko, imfundo, nezigwebo, ntle, icawa kunye nemibono (Spiritual). Uhlobo lohlobo yokuthetha iphawulwa yinto ethile intetho yokuba iimpawu kuhlalutyo inkqubo yalo kunye yovavanyo efanayo.

Classification ekuthethwa lobume kunye weendawo. Sithabathela ingqalelo imidlalo meko, isihloko kunye nenjongo yawo. inkxalabo Socio-yezopolitiko: ukwenza kwi izihloko kwezentlalo, ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, inkcubeko, yokuziphatha, lwenzululwazi nobugcisa, iingxelo isishwankathelo, ozakuzo, yomkhosi irallie ubuzwe, wepalamente agitatorial. Indawo ekhethekileyo bobabo inokusebenza ngokomoya ebandleni kunye nobomi zenkolo. Kubalulekile ukuba le ntetho kunye nokukhuthazwa imixholo zonqulo.

izimbo Theological esemthethweni

Yicawa-mfundiso nendlela ubugagu iquka iintlobo ngeentlobo zentetho equka ukushumayela, imibuliso, Ema, udliwano-ndlebe, iintshumayelo, iileta, izifundo kwizikolo ngezakwaLizwi, wayethetha kumajelo eendaba (abantu abefundisi). Olu hlobo ezikhethekileyo: njengoko abafundi ngokuqhelekileyo amakholwa. Izihloko Iintetho ezithathwe iSibhalo, imibhalo ngaBaseki beCawa kunye neminye imithombo. Ukudlala kule uhlobo elibizwa iimpawu ezisemthethweni, ushishino kunye nezimbo zemfundo. Oku kusekelwe kwindlela kuthetha ubukho amaxwebhu asemthethweni. intetho enjalo swi ekuhlaziyeni le meko kweli lizwe, iziganeko zehlabathi, injongo - ukuveza iinkcukacha ezithile. Ziquka kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, kunye nezinye iinyaniso ezinjalo, uvavanyo iziganeko, izindululo, iingxelo kwi umsebenzi owenziwayo. Bona ivame ukugxila kwiingxaki ezingxamisekileyo okanye ihlanganise iminxeba, iingcaciso yohlobo theoretical component iinkqubo.

Ukukhethwa nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeelwimi

Kulo mzekelo, okokuqala zonke isihloko kunye ekujoliswe sentlalo yeqonga ebalulekileyo. Ezinye Iintetho zezopolitiko luphawulwa iimpawu zendlela okuluphawu ulwimi, nto leyo ithetha impersonality okanye ibinzana buthathaka, incwadi umbala, isigama kwezopolitiko, isigama (umzekelo, ezoqoqosho). Ezi mpawu isenza iimpawu uhlobo intetho kwaye bayakumisela ukusetyenziswa kwe-(ezibonwayo, ngokweemvakalelo) ukuze kufikelelwe isiphumo ezinqwenelekayo. Ngokomzekelo, xa intlanganiso Ingxelo eyidrafti umlinganiswa, kodwa lwenziwa kunye nokusetyenziswa isigama Indies kunye nohlelo. Umzekelo okuphawuleka umbuzo Stolypina P. A. "ilungelo amafama ukuba ushiye uluntu" (masisiwe kwiBhunga of State of 03/15/1910)

obuciko Academic neenkundla

Kuba ubugagu kwizifundo luphawulwa intetho, ukunceda ubumbe uhlobo yelizwe eyahlukileyo nzulu argumentativeness, logic kunye nenkcubeko. Ezi ziquka izifundo kwiiyunivesithi, iingxelo zophando kunye reviews (nezithuba). Kakade ke, indlela ulwimi ubugagu yezifundo usondele zesayensi, kodwa idla ngokusetyenziswa izixhobo ekhululekile kunye nezibonwayo. Umzekelo, Academician Nechkin ubhala malunga Klyuchevskoi nje inkosi abathetha Russian ngokugqibeleleyo. Kliuchevskoi isigama osisityebi kangangokuba kunokwenzeka ukufumana amazwi amaninzi ulwimi yoncwadi, neziphithiphithi ezithandwayo, amaqhalo kunye amazwi eziphilayo awayedla amaxwebhu endala. obuciko Academic kumhlaba Russian kwabunjwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX. yaye ijolise ndivuka ezingqondweni yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko. Platform ukusebenza phambili oratorical baba amasebe eyunivesithi. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwiminyaka 40-60. beza ukusebenza zizazinzulu abaselula, apho luphawulwa izimvo progressive yaseYurophu. Granovsky, Soloviev, amacandelo, Mendeleev, Stoletov, Timiryazev, Vernadsky Fersman Vavilov - abahlohli, ngubani kukhafula abaphulaphuli kunye ngentetho yakhe.

Izithethi yezeejaji art kukubonelela impembelelo olujolisiweyo baze iphumelela kubaphulaphuli. Bekela bucala: umtshutshisi (utshutshiso) kunye (Uyalwa) intetho igqwetha.

Iintlobo ezohlukileyo

Ukwahluka endalo kunye nohlobo ukusetyenziswa kolwimi kungenxa ubukho iintlobo ezininzi zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Iintlobo iingxelo ezibhalwe ngomlomo. Zibonisa iimeko ezithile intsimi kunye neengxaki ngenxa umxholo, isimbo, izixhobo (isigama, phraseology, igrama), ukwakheka. Ububanzi ukusetyenziswa kuvelisa neentlobo zayo kunye neendidi. Ezi ziquka dialogue yabathengi, ibali, ukubhala, amaxwebhu ukuze ishishini.

Ukungafani kudala ubunzima ekumiseleni ubume ngokubanzi kweengxelo.

Iintlobo Speech zahlulwe zibe zamabanga aphantsi (ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo). Complex - kubhaliwe (ubukhulu becala imisebenzi yoncwadi, amanqaku ezenzululwazi, njalo njalo). Simple - unxibelelwano ngenxa yezinto azithethayo. Ukuba ugxininise ephambili kuphela, apho kuya kubakho imeko "vulgarization" le ngxaki. Kuphela isifundo yeentlobo ezimbini ubunye ixabiso nolwimi philological.

Ingxaki ngeentlobo Bakhtin

Umlinganiselo iindlela ngeendlela eqhelekileyo (leSizwe), kwaye umntu - oku iinkcazelo umba eziyingxaki. Ukuze babe nolwazi ngohlobo, kufuneka uthathe indlela onoxanduva umba ndifunda uhlobo (intetho). Isibakala sokuba ngokwenene iqiniso kuphela ngohlobo amazwi eziphathekayo yokuthetha nabantu ngamnye (abadlali), Bakhtin utshilo. genre Intetho asisiseko iimbono zakhe phezu ingqikelelo kuyo njengeyunithi wokwenene zonxibelelwano. Ngokutsho Bakhtin, oko uphose ngendlela ingxelo, ngaphandle kokuba akukho ayinakuba khona. Utshintsho lwezifundo intetho - Upohawu yokuqala utsho. Okwesibini - oku ukuphelela (ingqibelelo), nto leyo eye uqhagamshelwano nge:

• into-mqondo ukukhathala;
• intetho ngenjongo (ukuthanda isithethi);
• Iifom ukugqitywa, Ukuqamba yoqobo kunye nokuzaliswa uhlobo.

ingxelo Uhlobo izicwangciso iphembelela ukukhethwa kwesigama. MM Bakhtin likubona kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba Uhlobo iifom. Ngokuthi kuthathelwe ingqalelo uhlobo ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni, kufuneka ukunxibelelana ingqondo yonke intetho. Ngaphandle kolu nxibelelwano kuya kuba nzima yaye phantse nzima.

uhlobo ngomlomo

Oral - yeyona intetho ukuba umntu uva. Kulo mzekelo, oko ukhetha kuphela ngabo "imifanekiso isandi 'ukuba basondele kuye, ecacileyo. ukuba nidlobe njengeenkunzi Yonke into enye, njengoko bathi, "iindlebe abangevayo". Oku kuyimfuneko kuba onke amazwi umsinga yokuthetha, lowo yangoku emva kokuba abanye, zibangela ukuba kubuzwe lo imifanekiso kumgaqo tiga, contiguity, logic. Unxibelelwano isebenzisa ntlobo zilandelayo intetho yomlomo:

• ingxoxo - amaziko efoni okanye olunye ulwazi;
• nezincomo - indumiso interlocutor, ogama njongo - ukumkholisa;
• bali - umntu omnye ngomnye interlocutors, injongo - ibali siganeko, isiganeko, njl.;
• ingxoxo - intetho interlocutor ejoliswe, leyo ijolise ukwazisa, ukucacisa okanye ukufumana ubudlelwane;
• imbambano - incoko ejolise ekufumaneni inyaniso.

Kuyinto ngomlomo njengoko ngokubhaliweyo, imithetho kunye nemimiselo yawo. Maxa wambi ezinye iintsilelo zentetho, ezifana neengxelo engagqitywanga, isakhiwo buthathaka, kokuphazamisa, reprises, kunye izinto ezifanayo - yimeko kuyimfuneko ukuba iziphumo ngempumelelo nolusebenzayo.

Ingxoxo phakathi kwezi ntetho

Incoko sikhatshwa ukusetyenziswa okugunyazisiweyo kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela utoliko uhlobo intetho "paralinguistic" lithetha. incoko ngemihla-umsebenzisi - yindawo kolwimi "elingumxube", eyenza i umsebenzi yonxibelelwano isandla ngesandla kunye neendlela ezingezizo iilwimi. A phawu uphawu unxibelelwano ngokusebenzisa intetho isimiso yababini. Oku kuthetha ukuba iindima unxibelelwano alternating karhulumente (i umva indima). Ngokusemthethweni, kubonakala ngathi oku: omnye uthi - le ukuphulaphula yesibini. Kodwa oku icebo efanelekileyo, apho kunokwenzeka oku kwenzeka ngendlela ecocekileyo. Uyakuva akusoloko kwisixando okanye ugcwalisa nqumama imbonakalo yobuso, izijekulo (paralinguistic iindlela zonxibelelwano). Iimpawu okuluphawu dialogue yomthengi:

• are okungacetywanga;
• iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwimiba kwiingxoxo;
• utshintsho ngokukhawuleza;
• nebuncoko ;
• ukungabi ekujoliswe kuzo;
• ngokweemvakalelo novakalelo.

Funda ubugcisa ubugagu. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ebomini bethu!