Inkqubo rhwebo. izakhiwo Market: iintlobo kunye neempawu ocacisa

Le rhwebo unako ukusebenza ngaphakathi sikhokelo imifuziselo emininzi, kwezinye iimeko iimpawu kakhulu ayaba. Ziziphi iindlela ezifanelekileyo kusengaphambili umahluko na? Zeziphi onobuhle ixhaphakileyo iingqiqo of bempilo lwanamhlanje?

Iimpawu ze kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho

Inkqubo Uqoqosho imakethi Iimpawu ezi mpawu ziphambili zilandelayo: ubukho bezinto kwipropati yabucala kwishishini mali, inkululeko ukhuphiswano, limited ngoncedo kurhulumente kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho. Le modeli luthatha ukuba iinkampani efuna ukufezekisa inzuzo ephakamileyo, kwandiswe ukusebenza kwayo, ubukhulu becala kwi inkalo olwaneliseko lwabathengi. Enye yeendlela ezingundoqo iziganeko ezifana inkqubo rhwebo na ukuma simahla kwaneliswe nemfuno. Inika, kuqala kwiinto zonke, umgangatho amaxabiso empahla zorhwebo, ngoko ke isixa ingeniso eyinkunzi. Kwixabiso lokuthengisa impahla - it kwakhona sisalathisi ebonakalisa indlela ngokupheleleyo kwakhiwa unikezelo kunye nemfuno.

Uqoqosho Market: theory and practice

Ezi mpawu zingentla okuluphawu inkqubo yezoqoqosho kwimarike, sanduluka kwinqanaba theory. Nto ithetha ukuba, eyona ngokupheleleyo eseleyo unikezelo-imfuno, iingcali ezininzi zithi, lungenzeki rhoqo kakhulu. Markets kumazwe amaninzi, nto leyo, mhlawumbi, luphawulwa nenkululeko epheleleyo amacandelo eshishini, azisoloko ukudala imeko-bume apho amashishini amathuba alinganayo ngokwenene. Njengenxalenye yale anoqoqosho yesizwe kumazwe aphuhlileyo zehlabathi, ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, banokuba eyabangumzekelo oligopoly okanye monopolistic notyekelo.

Ngenxa yoko, market ngendlela esulungekileyo okanye omnye unokuba anento ukuguqula ukusuka ekhuphisanayo kakhulu nenkqubo amaxabiso simahla apho amaxabiso zisekwa amashishini amakhulu, bachaphazela kwakhona iinketho imfuno kunye nomthengi ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo, ukukhuthazwa kunye neminye imithombo. inkqubo yezoqoqosho Market ayikho nokuzeyisa ndo njengoko kusenokuba baphile theory. Noko ke, amandla amaziko oluntu iimpawu zalo kufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka isibonelo esiphelele, echaziweyo kwi iingqiqo theoretical component. Umbuzo kuphela ukwakha indlela efanelekileyo inkqubo yommiselo emarikeni.

Amanqanaba uphuhliso rhwebo

Ukuze ukuhlola iinketho kuba impembelelo ngurhulumente kuqoqosho simahla, sinako ukuzama, ukuqala uphando imbali ye ukusebenza kwenkqubo yezoqoqosho. ingaba yintoni na periodization ye lokusekwa emarikeni? Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba uphuhliso loqoqosho (ukuba sithethe malunga imifuziselo eziye zavela namhlanje kumazwe aphuhlileyo) wathabatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba ezine eziphambili - ekuthiwa-capitalism zoqobo, ixesha kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho, kwakunye imifuziselo asekelwe eluntwini emarikeni.

Masiqalise kunye capitalism zakudala. Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba le nkqubo yasebenza kangangethuba ixesha elide - ukususela kwinkulungwane XVII ukuya kumashumi yokuqala zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Iimpawu eziphambili uhlobo ahambelanayo imarike ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- ubukhulu becala ubunini zabucala lwezibonelelo ezisisiseko imveliso;

- cishe ukhuphiswano free, kulula ukungena kwimarike abadlali abatsha;

- ubuncinane nemiqobo kwi ulwalathiso kwemali;

- i ngakumbi ubukho bezinto abavelisi ezincinane kunye neziphakathi, ngokwentelekiso wavuma wavakalisa ukuhlanganiswa kwabo;

- wokungaphuhliswa umthetho wezemisebenzi;

- hexa aphezulu amaxabiso (phantsi kwempembelelo kwaneliswe isidingo);

- ubuncinane icandelo lentelekelelo kule inkalo yentengiso kunye nokuthengwa kwezabelo;

Urhulumente kuphuhliso loqoqosho kweli nqanaba ngokoqobo akazange aphazamisane. capitalism Classical kuye imodeli ngokwanelisayo nempumelelo elide. Ngenxa iindlela kukhuphiswano, inkampani ngenkuthalo lazise inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe, ukuphucula umgangatho kweempahla kunye neenkonzo. Noko ke, ekuqaleni XX capitalism lakudala kwinkulungwane abazange ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo neemfuno kuluntu oluphuhlayo. Oku ikakhulu uphathelene imiba yokhuseleko loluntu. Isibakala sokuba omnye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo imarike yongxowankulu - iingxaki ezivele ngenxa i ukungalingani ukuveliswa nemfuneko, iimpazamo okanye izenzo ngabom abadlali zemarike, ejoliswe destabilization kwezinye iinxalenye uqoqosho ngenjongo abangenakubanyusa. Ngenxa yoko, kwezoshishino wabonakala ngumlamli - urhulumente. Loo maqela aba- ingxubevange.

main osemqoka Its - indima ebonakalayo kwicandelo likarhulumente kwezoshishino, kwakunye ngoncedo kurhulumente inxaxheba kuphuhliso nemakethe. Ikakhulu kwezo ziqwempu efuna imithombo yoncedo ebalulekileyo - kwicandelo logcino lwezibonelelo zothutho, amajelo onxibelelwano,. angenelele kubonisa ukuba imarike kukhuphiswano iya kuba khona kwaye kubalulwa inkululeko yonxulumano, kodwa ndikwimida endiyimiselwe ichazwe kwi-macro-level, oko kukuthi, oosomashishini ayikwazi ukubeka amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu okanye asezantsi ngendlela monopolistic ukugcina imivuzo zabasebenzi okanye enze nasiphi na isenzo zabo izinto enokwenzakalisa inkqubo yesizwe yezoqoqosho. Amashishini izikhokeli ziye bakulungele ukunxulumana - iinkampani, trusts, zorhwebo. Waqalisa ukusasaza iintlobo obuhlangeneyo-asethi yabucala - ikakhulu ngohlobo lwezabelo.

Of capitalism - uhlenga-social

Inqanaba elilandelayo lophuhliso loqoqosho - ukuvela iinkqubo zoqoqosho asekelwe eluntwini. Inyaniso yeyokuba xa capitalism nyulu kunye nemodeli olungumxube lamashishini nangoku alawulwa yi-siseko recovery likhulu iinzuzo umnini weshishini, utyalo-mali ephambili asethi. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, abadlali zemarike waqala ndaqonda ukuba kusilungele, ngakumbi ukuba eziphambili nezinye izinto ezixabisekileyo. Ezifana, ngokomzekelo, inkqubela yezentlalo kunye notyalo-mali kwetalente. Capital na inxalenye yemvelaphi kula macandelo. Kuqoqosho kwimarike kwezentlalo kunye nokugcina imarike kukhuphiswano. Noko ke, isibaluli lobunkokheli yaba kuphela likomkhulu, kodwa intsingiselo entlalweni yezenzo yenkampani. Kakhulu ukuthetha, ishishini ngempumelelo kuqwalaselwa kuphela elinye kunye iingeniso eziphezulu kunye nenzuzo, nalowo wenza indima yentlalo ezibambekayo - umzekelo, ukudala imveliso eyaguqula obonelela abantu kwaye ukwenza ubomi lula.

Uqoqosho mihla kumazwe amaninzi kuphuhliswa ehlabathini, njengokuba ezinye iingcali zikholelwa, ngokubanzi, na ukuvela "sociality". Noko ke, phakathi kwezi nkqubo yezoqoqosho kumazwe ahlukeneyo, kukho umahluko omkhulu ngenxa neempawu zesizwe, izithethe zoshishino, ingakumbi nkqubo angaphandle. Kwezinye uthi, uqoqosho unokuba icala elibalulekileyo "capitalism olunyulu", kwabanye - ukuba ufane ngumzekelo engumxube, okanye ibinzana esinamandla kakhulu "ekuhlaleni".

kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo

Kukholelwa ukuba uqoqosho mihla kumazwe aphuhlileyo isetyenziswa ukubonelela uzinzo kangangoko phakathi eziphambili zoshishino, urhulumente kunye noluntu. Intsebenziswano phakathi kwezi zinto, ngokuqhelekileyo kuchazwe iindlela zokusombulula iingxaki ezijongene abadlali abafanelekileyo - amashishini, urhulumente, abemi. Bonke badla ngendlela ethile. Iingcali ukuchonga iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili kuso - kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo. Cinga iimpawu zazo.

kwezoqoqosho - iseti amaziko kunye nezithethe ezilawula le imisebenzi uqoqosho phakathi kweenkqubo zoshishino. Imimandla ezingundoqo ummiselo apha - ilungelo kwipropati, imali kunye nomgaqo-lawulo wemali, ukhuphiswano, intsebenziswano amazwe kwezoqoqosho. ukuze Social - oku, ke, amaziko kunye nemigaqo echaphazela imo kuluntu ngokubanzi kunye namaqela ayo ahlukeneyo, ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu. Imimandla ephambili kumgaqo kulo mzekelo - kwilizwe lezengqesho, uncedo loluntu, impahla, indawo yokuhlala, umthetho lokusingqongileyo.

uhlobo Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo yoqoqosho ibonakaliswa ukusuka phezulu ukuya eluntwini idibanisa ephambili abadlali eziphambili inxaxheba kuphuhliso zombini kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo. Kwimeko yokuqala indima ephambili - kuba ishishini (kunye nenxaxheba karhulumente regulatory), elinesibini - ngurhulumente (nemisebenzi zoshishino abancedisayo). Lo umphakathi isifundo, ku lawula zombini iindidi kwee-odolo. Yiyo loo nto loo uqoqosho kuthiwa kuluntu ebomini.

Malunga izakhiwo zemarike

Nangona indima ebalulekileyo karhulumente kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho zale mihla, kwakunye nolawulo ebalulekileyo kuye phezu ngokugcinwa izinto oluntu, engundoqo uqhuba amandla, ikutshoyo ukukhula, ingumzamo. abantu izama limisela kokukhutshelwa ubomi inkqubela zobugcisa. Kakhulu namaphulo amashishini kuchaphazela ukudalwa kwemisebenzi emitsha, kwaye kwezinye iimeko nkqu impumelelo nkqubo karhulumente amazwe. Ngaphandle ngamandla oosomashishini kunye noluntu ngeke bakwazi ukwakha uqoqosho lwesizwe kakuhle nelinokhuphiswano.

Gunya ngamaziko karhulumente, uluntu esisebenza phakathi kwezentlalo. Amashishini, ke, isekelwe phezu izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo emarikeni. Ukuba, ngokutsho concepts theoretical mihla? Ziintoni iimpawu izakhiwo zemarike?

Masiqalise ingcaciso kwikota. Enye le iqhelekileyo: ukwakhiwa kwemarike - iseti izibaluli iimpawu ezibonisa iimpawu nokusebenza uqoqosho xa bebonke, okanye naliphi na amasebe awo ngokukodwa. Kuxhomekeka koko ngokukodwa ipateni inkalo ethile kwiimarike ichaziwe. Ntoni na ke? Ngokusekelwe kule ndlela methodological esekwe imfundiso mihla zoqoqosho Russian, kukho imifuziselo ezintathu ezisisiseko emarike: kukhuphiswano egqibeleleyo, yedwa, oligopoly. Ezinye iingcali zidla inokwabela omnye model. Olu khuphiswano ekuthiwa-monopolistic.

Enye inkcazelo efumaneka ekuhlaleni ingcali, ithetha ngoguqulelo into eyahlukileyo kwalo. Kule meko sithetha "izakhiwo zemarike" njengoko iimpawu izakhi kunye nabadlali ze iinkqubo ezithi zenzeke kuqoqosho. Ezi isenokuba, umzekelo, inani abathengisi, inani kubathengi, kwakunye neemeko ekubumbeni nemiqobo yokungena nakweyiphi na inxalenye.

isakhiwo Market ludibaniso iimpawu kummandla wezoqoqosho apho amashishini asebenza. Kusenokuba, umzekelo, inani elipheleleyo yeenkampani ezibhaliswe kolu shishino, isantya ushishino, inani labaxhasi elinokwenzeka okanye abathengi. Iimpawu izakhiwo ezichaphazelekayo ezinokuchaphazela imali emarikeni kwi ubonelelo kunye nemfuno umba. Ukuqokelelwa kwe uhlobo oluthile zokusebenza nto leyo onobuhle ezine emarikeni kubonisa kwiziko imisebenzi ethile indawo - kwinqanaba loqoqosho lwesizwe, lo mmandla okanye mhlawumbi bendawo ethile. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo, abezoqoqosho ibalwe avareji ezithile elinkeza nokumiselwa iimpawu kwinkqubo yesizwe yezoqoqosho.

monopolism

Imarike luphawulwa izakhiwo zemarike monopolistic, kunye neendidi ohambelana? Okokuqala bonke ubukho iqela olude elimxinwa zabavelisi kweziBonelelo, nto leyo evumela ukuphembelela imeko ngokubanzi icandelo kuqoqosho (okanye kwinqanaba likazwelonke, nto ngokubanzi). Ezinye iingcali babiza olu hlobo lwesixhobo "amandla market", nto leyo olugcinwe bodwa - ngokuqhelekileyo ishishini elikhulu okanye iinkampani. Kuxhomekeka iqondo inxaxheba kuqoqosho abasemagunyeni, zinokuba labucala okanye loluntu. Njengoko ukhuphiswano monopolistic - omnye iintlobo emarikeni, zisebenzisane ezintathu ezinkulu, xa Kucingelwa ukuba amashishini ukuba ziyabandakanywa kwisakhiwo 'amandla market ", kusekho ithuba into kuchaphazela amaxabiso. Ukuziqhelisa, oku ukuba aba lolu hlobo kwinqanaba apho isebenza khona ishishini. Ukuba kunjalo, uthetha kakhulu, ivenkile yokutya encinane, oko kuchaphazela amaxabiso amanye amaqela imveliso kwindawo yakho okanye isitalato. Xa kuziwa ishishini online, ubungakanani igalelo kwixabiso lokuthengisa imveliso wathengisa ungadluliselwa ukuya esixekweni okanye loo mmandla. Oko kukuthi, kukho ukhuphiswano, kodwa luthwala iimpawu monopolistic. Lizama kwimarike Oku ayakhekanga apha. Nakuba, Kakade ke, lo mgaqo-nkqubo uthatha ingqalelo amaxabiso yokwakha iimfuno zasekuhlaleni. Ngelo xesha elinye inani lamashishini kushishino, kwi sixeko okanye ummandla othile kukhuphiswano lwakhe kunye izakhiwo zemarike monopolistic, kufanelekile, isenokubangela kwimodeli eyahlukileyo kwezoqoqosho.

oligopoly

Cinga iimpawu oligopoly. Esi sakhiwo market kufutshane ngokwaneleyo ukuba bodwa. Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba yesibini - enye iifom kuqala. Enoba kunjalo, umahluko phakathi oligopoly kanye lwe apho. Okokuqala ukumisela ubume kwimarike, xa sithetha ngabo, ethetha izinto iinkqubo zoqoqosho, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo isahlakalo rhoqo izandulela, ezityhila ubukho amashishini ezininzi ezingundoqo, njengoko umthetho, izakhiwo zamashishini amakhulu. Oko kukuthi, xa kukho bodwa, ikakhulu umdlali omnye ezinkulu, kanzulu ezandleni zakhe "namandla." Xa oligopoly inokuba ezininzi. Ngelo xesha linye intsebenziswano phakathi kwabo akukho mfuneko kubonisa ulawulo kwamaxabiso. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kuzo kwisakhelo lwesakhiwo eso wentengiso a, bathi oligopoly, ukhuphiswano kunokuba kakhulu kubi. Ke kaloku, ngenxa yoko, ukuyilwa lokuthengisa yexabiso leempahla - kuyinto free. A Umzekelo umxhelo - longquzulwano yenqanaba IT-market iingxilimbela Samsung, LG, SONY. Ukuba ezinye zezi iinkampani luphawulwa iimpawu abadla bodwa, ixabiso ehambelana Soup wayeza lilawulwe kuyo. Kodwa namhlanje ngeranti wokhuphiswano, njengoko iingcali zikholelwa, yemarike izixhobo ze-elektroniki, ixabiso iyunithi nganye kuzo kwiminyaka yakutshanje nokuba ukhula, sukube ayikho ngaphambi kwamaxabiso. Kwaye ukuba ngamanye amaxesha kunciphisa.

ukhuphiswano ephelele

Ephambene esinakho - kukhuphiswano ogqibeleleyo. Xa namnye ngabalawulwa inkqubo kwezomnotho-ebizwa ngokuba akukho "namandla." Ngelithuba ukuyidibanisa izixhobo ze ulawulo elandelayo liyalele ngamaxabiso, njengoko umthetho, kulinganiselwe.

izakhiwo ezisisiseko market, ukuba ukubaqonda zalo lweenkqubo kwezoqoqosho, esibonakala ukhuphiswano egqibeleleyo kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo kakhulu ukusuka kwabo eziziimpawu bodwa kunye oligopoly. Okulandelayo siza kujonga ulwalamano lwabo onobuhle yeenkqubo yoqoqosho.

Uthelekiso izakhiwo zemarike

Safunda ingcamango yesakhiwo semarike. Sibone ukuba ukutolika kweli gama kubini. Okokuqala, "isakhiwo semarike" sinokuqondwa njengendlela yokuthengisa imodeli - ukuzodwa okanye umzekelo, i-oligopoly. Okwesibini, eli gama linokuqondwa njengesiganeko saliphi na iqumrhu elibandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho. Sinike iinketho ezininzi, ukuba sithetha ngeengcamango zezoqoqosho zanamhlanje: inani leenkampani ezikhoyo kwiimarike okanye kwicandelo elithile, inani labathengi, kunye nezithintelo zokungena kuzo zombini.

Into ebalulekileyo ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iphawulwe kukuba kokubili kunye nokunye ukutolika kwekota kunokufikelela kumntu osondeleyo. Ngayiphi indlela? Siza kuncedwa ukuba siqonde indlela yokusebenzisana kweemodeli okanye izinto ezenza izakhiwo zentengiso, itafile esiya kubhala ngoku.

Ukubonakalisa okunjalo kuya kusenza sikwazi ukubona ngokucacileyo umahluko phakathi kwamanqaku ahambelana neenkqubo zezoqoqosho - kwilizwe okanye ngaphezulu kwinqanaba lendawo. Ngexesha elifanayo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe: ukuba ngumbuzo woqoqosho lomzi okanye ummandla, unokubonakaliswa ngempawu eyenza ingafani nenye iindawo zokuhlala. Kwaye kule ngxaki kuya kuba nzima ukucacisa ukuba imodeli isondele kangakanani, kwakhona, kuqoqosho lwazwelonke.