Indlela ingenzeka apha naphaya ukuze yokuhlala izilwanyana nezityalo

Le yokuzivelela kubandakanya uhlaziyo rhoqo, kukuvela iimpawu luncedo, kunye nokudityaniswa yabo imizimba eziphilileyo. Kwaye ezi utshintsho akuthethi kuthi kwenzeke kwinqanaba yemfuza. idioadaptation ebaluleke kakhulu - tshintsho zezilwanyana, izityalo kunye micro-eziphilayo kwizigulo ezithile zokusingqongileyo, iimeko zokusingqongileyo, kwaye ubunjalo bomzimba kule ndawo.

Indlela ingenzeka kwezixhobo - inkqubo enzulu yendaleko, akha iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukulungisa iimpawu kuyimfuneko genome of eziphilileyo sibonakalisa kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ukuziqhelanisa, okanye lithathelwe eziphilayo

rhoqo ungafumana umzimba zemifuno okanye isilwanyana imvelaphi, eye ifitsha ethile engaqhelekanga kubume, ukuziphatha okanye imbonakalo. Umzekelo, unamathele izinambuzane, emahle akukho kwahluka amasebe omthi. Okanye fly-hoverfly, leyo kanye umbala omnye, njenge Bukanomeva. Phakathi izityalo mizekelo tolstostebelnye cactus nenyama, iingcambu stilted kunye emoyeni, iingcambu-nezixhaso.

Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, konke oku - kukhubazeko ezihlala, iimeko zokusingqongileyo okanye ukuzikhusela ngokwabo kwezinye izidalwa. zibaluleke kakhulu kuba amabakala ezibalulekileyo yokuzivelela iziganeko ezinjalo. Indlela ingenzeka kwezixhobo usoloko ineziseko zayo kwisampulu yemfuza kwaye izakhi eqwalasele ezibalulekileyo eziyimfuneko ujiko ukubonakaliswa phawu. Umzekelo, i-gene onoxanduva ukutshintsha umbala chameleon, kwasekwa i-genome yezi zilwanyana kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye nangoku awawanikela zonke izizukulwana ezizayo.

yezityalo ukuziqhelanisa: isishwankathelo jikelele

Ukuqhelaniswa kwezityalo lukwa yinxalenye yobomi babo. Bonke bephela zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela eziliqela eziphambili.

1. Xa iimeko lobushushu le-bume.
2. ukufuma.
3. Indlela uvuvuzelo.
4. Ngu ukusetyenziswa kokutya.

Indlela kwezixhobo ukwenzeka idibana zonke iziseko ezifanayo - utshintsho kwindaleko kunye nokubotshwa kunye nokudluliselwa ilifa kuyimfuneko phantsi iimpawu kweemeko ezithile. Ngoko ke, ukuba isityalo eqhele kwintsimi, iimeko zokusingqongileyo, ubushushu, zonke izizukulwana zayo elizayo, kuya kunika zonke iimpawu eziyimfuneko ukuze waphila obutofotofo.

Plants phantsi kweemeko ezomileyo

Xa amaqondo obushushu, nto leyo ilawulwa amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu kunye neentsuku constants enelanga, i izixhobo izityalo wamemezela ejoliswe ekunciphiseni ukufuma ngumphunga. Kwakhona, ukonga ubunzima kunye nezondlo kunye ngamanzi ebotshiwe ngaphakathi esiqwini.

Ngokuba lo ibithuthwa iipleyiti bancipha ubuncinane okanye ngokupheleleyo modified. Owona mzekelo udla izityalo entlango - Cacti. iimeko Ekusondeleni zempilo phantsi elidangazela umlilo kwelanga eshushu wenza amagqabi zezi zityalo ukuguqula ukuya neenaliti inameva nezikhondo - in isiqu nenyama elingqingqwa, ezele iiseli parenchymal (isiseko ngelaphu) kunye nenani elikhulu wamanzi ebotshiwe ukhululekile.

Indlela ingenzeka naphaya cactus ibonisa ngokucacileyo kakhulu indlela abanobuchule kutyala naphaya zabo. Ngenxa ngameva zezityalo akuthethi umphunga amanzi avela kumphezulu amagqabi, yaye ngenxa yoko, ezigcinayo imali enkulu. Ngaphandle koko, esikhondweni, phantsi isiqu nenyama elingqingqwa ilungiswe, kukho zemali eziliqela izinto, ukugcinwa kwamanzi. Umzekelo, efunde:

• iimolekyuli protein esibamba;
• proline (acid acid, ukugcinwa kwamanzi);
• monosaccharides acids ezahlukeneyo organic.

Kwakhona, indlela kwezixhobo nasisihlo cactus ibandakanya ukuvelisa uhlobo kwamadlala of iikhompawundi leyo ngumqobo inyathelo hormone (gibberellins, auxins). Oku kuvumela izityalo ukuba zikhule ngokukhawuleza ukuze ayeke phezu kukuvela kweemeko ezinzima, ithatha ixesha elide.

Ukuziqhelanisa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo yaMaxwebhu

Omnye umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi lohlengahlengiso izityalo kukuba ukukwazi kwabo ukuba ziziqhelanise ezisasaza. Umzekelo, iimbewu umoya-ezimvumvuzelwa ngayo iifom ezomileyo kunye nokukhanya, ukuba nje uza uthothe iintshukumo nokuba engenamandla umoya.

Ukuba isityalo Entomophilous, sivelisa Iintyatyambo oluthile lombala nesakhiwo:

• ezinemibala eqaqambileyo;
• ezinkulu okanye eqokelelwa inflorescences amakhulu;
• nge ivumba kakhulu mnandi.

Ubume wentyatyambo kwakhona ifakwe phantsi noluza. Kukho izityalo ezimvumvuzelwa uhlobo ngqongqo ezithile iintaka okanye izinambuzane.

Cross-ezimvumvuzelwa okanye izityalo self-ezimvumvuzelwa lwesakhiwo intyantyambo babe stamens elide kwaye Pistil ndatyala ngokunzulu umungu ifikelela ibala. Nganye kwezi zixhobo lidlala indima ebalulekileyo yokuvelisa esinazo yenza iprojekthi kwigenome.

iimeko Ukufuma kakhulu ukuba izityalo

Kwiindawo yimvula sabutropikhi ntonje isenzeko of ukufuma ngokugqithiseleyo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kwezinye iindawo ezina ungaya ngaphezu kwenyanga. Kakade ke, luyingozi kakhulu ukuba izityalo ezo, ngaphezu kwamanzi. Ngoko ke, ezinye iintlobo kwasekwa lithathelwe ezithile ukuze kuncitshiswe ifuthe olulolo hlobo. It gidatody - ichweba amanzi, ukwandisa umthamo wamanzi kwazona yi kwisityalo. Usuka amathontsi sizolile. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba Guttation.

Kwakhona izixhobo ukuba ukufuma kwemfuneko izityalo ipleyiti enkulu enamagqabi kunye nenani elikhulu yokondliwa. Ngako oko, transpiration nalo ngcono.

Indlela ingenzeka kwezixhobo izilwanyana

Izilwanyana ngenkani kuphela ukumelana neemeko zokusingqongileyo, kodwa ukuba azikhusele ekuhlaselweni kwabantu ngokomelela, kuba apho - ukutya. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ukuyilwa iintlobo naphaya izilwanyana:

• utshintsho ukumila nezitho, noboya (eluswini, usiba) akugubungele;
• kombala protective;
• mimesis (bexelisa a izilwanyana akhuselwe kwaye kuyingozi);
• Umbala wobulumko;
• ukuziphatha mathumbu.

Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi zixhobo ngokutshintsha imilo umzimba, imilenze kunye kumaqweqwe ziintaka (iintsiba, isiqu, amathambo ukukhanya kuhlengahlengiswa imilo body). Kwakhona, ezincancisayo zasemanzini kunye iintlanzi ezinamaphiko kunye imisila, umphezulu agudileyo, ukunqongophala ingubo olomeleleyo. Kodwa bubbles akhoyo umoya, umgca osecaleni (iintlanzi), iinyawo okwedada (zasemanzini), zinamaphiko (izilwanyana marine).

kombala zothintelo kubonakala kwizilwanyana ezininzi, zombini ezisentlabathini kunye zasemanzini. Umzekelo, iintethe eluhlaza, obufihlwe ingca, ifihla inaliti ulwandle ngokwabo xa ulele. Chameleon moth (intonga ezinqunquthayo) Calim (ibhabhathane simulating igqabi), obuxutywe partridges, emhlophe iintaka umbala yaye ndiyingwevu kunye neminye imizekelo emininzi ebonakalisa isixhobo kwizilwanyana.

Kulingisa, yinto ukulingiswa ukuze bazikhusele kokuba zityiwe kwaye ihlasela uphawu, umzekelo, iimpukane, hoverflies (ufana Bukanomeva), ezinye iintlobo iinyoka, iinyoka ezinobuhlungu ikhuphela kwaye njalo njalo.

izinambuzane Umbala esisilumkiso kunye nezilwanyana ejoliswe uhlobo isilumkiso inedibility enobulungisa, virulence yayo. Imizekelo iinyoka ezinobuhlungu, oonomeva, iinyosi, iinyosi bumble, ladybugs kunye nezinye abameli. Esi sisixhobo aqheleka kakhulu kwizilwanyana.

ukuziphatha mathumbu - nomsondlo, egqumayo, otprygivanie bucala, deflation iziselo zebhayoloji (kwengwane inki kunye squid, skunks). Kwakhona inokuquka iimpawu ezithile ukuba engqeleni imihlambi ifomu lonyaka ukulungiselela ekufumaneni ukutya.

Zonke ezi zixhobo kwakheka balo matshinana evolutionarily kwaye zemfuza-kuzinza imfundo.

Lithathelwe amabhere

Indlela ingenzeka naphaya ibhere polar kwasekwa i yokuhlala obabubanda kakhulu. ukuziqhelanisa yakhe ngqo sigcine ukufudumala ukutya nemveliso. Ezi ziquka:

• ukumxhasa umbala omhlophe (iteyiphu yephepha);
• ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze amanqatha ongama, nto leyo lidlala indima ezimbini: yokwambathisa isiqabu ubunzima bomzimba ngexesha ukuqubha kunye diving;
• obukhulu koboya kwaye lifudumele egubungele yonke kumphezulu umzimba.

Ngenxa yokuba naphaya zabo ibhere elimhlophe akanakuba ukumoyika nkqu nemozulu bumandundu kubanda. A umbala omhlophe lumvumela ukuba sneak cwaka ukuya kumthombo wamandla - amatywina.

Utshintsho apha naphaya ezincancisayo komhlaba

Ummeli evelele, kakade, nolovane nazo zonke izalamane zakhe (zokor, amabuzi, kunye nabanye). Ngoko ke, umzekelo wakhe, cinga nokuziqhelanisa. Indlela kwezixhobo nasisihlo adla enxulumene yokuhlala komhlaba akanayo ethile ebalulekileyo imiba abiotic: zikhanyisa ukufuma ngokwaneleyo, ubushushu. Ngoko ke lithathelwe kwesilwanyana ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• imilenze ukumba ezinamandla;
• ukungabikho umbono;
• ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze kukutyeba ongama;
• zoboya obumnyama ulalisa tight;
• komzimba zihambe.

Ukuziqhelanisa izilwanyana entlango enkulu

Kwabo kuqala ziquka iinkamela, ngeentlobo zazo ezahlukeneyo. Indlela ingenzeka kwezixhobo inkamela kwasekwa ukunqongophala ukufuma kunye namaqondo aphezulu. Apha naphaya kwee-uhlobo zilandelayo:

• Ubukho yentsimbi ekhulula of neetyuwa kwemfuneko emzimbeni;
• potootvedenie low;
• ikhono for ixesha elide olambileyo, ukulahlekelwa ubunzima ngumntu wesithathu;
• iimpawu ezikhethekileyo yokwetyiswa ukutya;
• ubukho humps, ezaliswe ngamanzi etyebile ukugcina abophe;
• Ukwanda ngokukhawuleza ngamanzi nizalise loovimba zangaphakathi.

Zonke ezi tshintsho ntoni iimeko iinkamela entlango, nto leyo ekunzima nefanelekileyo ubomi.