Inani labantu kummandla Penza: ubungakanani nokuxinana

Le ndawo ibekwe phakathi iVolga kunye Don imilambo, apho kukho iVolga, Black Umhlaba kunye nemimandla Central, nangenxa yabantu kummandla Penza yi owahlukeneyo kakhulu. Iimpawu lakhona ukubonisa kwindawo eliphakathi phakathi kwiindawo ezingqonge. Nangona iimeko zendalo kunye zemozulu, uyafana Black Earth, abemi yommandla Penza idla ngokuba ezidolophini ngakumbi, yaye lo mgangatho mkhulu kakhulu kwiingingqi asebumelwaneni - i Tambov kunye kummandla Voronezh, kwaye Saratov kunye Ulyanovsk - ophantsi. Wonke kummandla Penza likhaya 1.341.526 nalowo Rosstat (2017), apho - yabantu 930 004 kweso sixeko.

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Abemi zedolophu kummandla Penza lingaphantsi kwe-avareji kazwelonke, kodwa abantu wayo ngokwenyusa kancinane: ngo-1990, babehlala kwiindawo ezisezidolophini kunye namashumi amathathu ekhulwini labemi, yaye ngowe-2005, sele emashumi mathandathu anamithandathu. Oku, Kakade, nobungqina yokwenene ezidolophini, ukuthambekela baqondisiswa phantse kuyo yonke indawo, kuba emaphandleni sele ukulahlekelwa abemi balo. Kwakunye uninzi kwiingingqi Russian, indawo le monocentric. Abemi ezisezidolophini yommandla Penza yesiqingatha buzinze ikomkhulu kwesiqingatha sesigidi. Kuyinto medium ngobukhulu kwisixeko Kuznetsk - iziko mveliso kunye Zarechny - lwezenzululwazi, ivaliwe lokugqibela isixeko Rosatom (CATF Penza-19). Ke ezinye iidolophu (warn) - tiddly, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha kubo, amashumi amawaka abahlali nto.

Ngoko ke, singatsho ukuba abantu ezisezidolophini kummandla Penza (ngaphandle kwe ezintathu eziphambili) liqhuba yokuphila semi-EMDC zasemaphandleni, njengoko izibonelelo ezidolophini nto kunokuba buthathaka yonke. Ukongeza, zonke izixeko, kuquka Penza, le minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo abahlali ukuba uphume. Oku qhalo ubalo zaloo mmandla Penza. Phezu zonke iidolophu zasala amancinci (ukuya ukuya kumashumi amabini ekhulwini labemi yalahleka leminyaka nganye) ngenxa yokuba perestroika ziwile, njengoko ndifundisayo ezindaweni zonke enye, eli candelo loqoqosho isiseko lweshishini ushishino yokutya kunye nokwakha umatshini. Iziko lwengingqi kunye Zarechnyi nzima ukugcina isakhiwo Eselula, kodwa kukho abantu encinane siyehla.

ezinye izibalo

Ubuninzi babantu kummandla Penza eduze kwe-avareji eRashiya (inxalenye yaseYurophu yayo), apha abantu abangamashumi amathathu anesibini square kilometre. Suburban ezindaweni ezinabantu: kubini anamashumi amathandathu Penza, Kuznetsk - namashumi amathandathu anesixhenxe ngabantu nganye square kilometre. Imimandla olusemazantsi - zolimo, yaye ngenxa yoko abantu abangama-elinambini square kilometre. Inani labantu kummandla Penza ikhula kancinane ngenxa abafudukayo, kodwa kunciphisa kancinane ngokukhawuleza, ngokuba abantu abavela kumaphondo balishiye nje kuphela Penza.

zokuhlaliswa luphawulwa zokuhlala ezinkulu naphakathi-ertyisi, leyo kulawula Emhlabeni Black. Oku kancinci uyakwalela ukuba ingxaki lokufikelela abantu basemaphandleni kwiinkonzo ezisisiseko zentlalo. Noko ke, malunga ezilishumi epesenti iindawo uluntu kummandla Penza kwiminyaka yakutshanje ebilahlekile. Ukudakumba loqoqosho lwengingqi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, iingxaki yengqesho ukutyhala abantu baphume kumakhaya abo. Hi ndlela leyi, nencindi ukufuduka ngakumbi evela kubamelwane, ogama indawo kuyinto peripheral ngokwezoqoqosho kwaye apho abantu kufuneka ingeniso ephantsi efanayo - kwiindawo Mordovia, Ulyanovsk kunye Tambov. Ithemba a kunokuba buthuntu kuvela: lokuphuma kwabantu kwezinye iingingqi, apho umvuzo ngentla, kuya kwandisa kuphela.

iingxaki

Uninzi bonke, abemi kummandla Penza uphethwe nokunqongophala kweenkonzo zentlalo ngo-2017. Kukho kakhulu ngakumbi depopulation ezibalulekileyo ekugugeni labemi, kunokuba kuzo zonke ezinye iingingqi kummandla iVolga. Ingakumbi xi kulo mfanekiso emaphandleni. Zingaphi abantu kummandla Penza iya kuba mihlanu - kwiminyaka elishumi, ukuba ngaba awuzithathi rhoqo amanyathelo angqongqo ukutsala abantu kula mazwe echumayo? Manani eyoyikisayo nje.

Ingeniso luphantsi kakhulu. Ezimandundu recession yashukumisa indawo yonke, nokudandatheka akakafiki wadlula naliphi na ishishini (ingakumbi - sobunjineli ngoomatshini), okanye kwezolimo. Akukho isiqinisekiso zezentlalo labantu ayiwenzi, ngokuba imisebenzi ixhaphake kuqoqosho ngokungacwangciswanga. Inqanaba lemfundo liye lehla ngokuphawulekayo, unyango abafanelekayo phantse lungafumaneki kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni.

kungenzeka iinzuzo

Ngokuthe ngcembe kwiminyaka yakutshanje aqalile ukuvela kunye neenzuzo ezithile zentlalo. Oku kwanda utyalo-mali kulwakhiwo yengingqi kuqoqosho, ngoko ke ukukhula yeengeniso abantu kulindeleke ukuba ibe ngaphezulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kunye nomsebenzi kakhulu elilungileyo zemozulu iimeko: uhlobo apha wadalwa ukuze kuphuhliswe zabucala kwiifama, umsebenzi wokufama. Kakade ke, yenza kancinci iimeko zokuphila yamahlwempu ukunqongophala zabo kwezibonelelo. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, isoyikiso kakhulu etsolo ngaphantsi yindlala. Ukongeza, kule imozulu kwezifo zentlalo ingasetyenziswa kangako.

Nkqu ummandla ummandla kuphuhliso lwabo yembali njengokuba urhwebo kunye yobugcisa amaziko ukususela ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe ukuba ubomi kulinganiswa, ozolileyo elide. Noko ke, demographics azikho ekhuthazayo, njengoko lo mmandla yonyulwa elide-abadala kunye depopulating. Izinga yokuzalwa yenye yezona ezingumngeni kweli lizwe, kwaye izinga lokusweleka ngokubanzi kakhulu lonke ngaphezulu. Ukucutheka bendalo labemi kummandla Penza - ekhulwini elinye ngonyaka ngamnye, apho kabini ngaphezulu kweli lizwe. Namagxamesi abaneminyaka ratio abafayo amanani eyoyikekayo - ezingamashumi amabini anesibini ekhulwini! Ufuna ukufaka isandla ngokupheleleyo ukuba ukuthontelana kwabantu kwezi ndawo, yaye kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, ishishini icimile emhlabeni, oko iba ngathi, liye.

Ukufudukela kunye neziphumo

labantu Penza sihlaziyekile kancinane ngenxa yokufika abafakwa, kodwa ukuhla yendalo kusenjalo phezulu. Lokufa lingaphantsi, kunokuba kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni - kuphela elinesine enesiqingatha ekhulwini, kodwa akubonakali izinga ukuzalwa ukukhuthaza nangayiphi na indlela, kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu ukuba kubhalwe kweli lizwe - ngaphantsi kwe asibhozo ekhulwini. Kutheni le nto isenzeka? Ngenxa yokuba le nkqubo eqaliswe ukuvela kwi yiSoviet xesha, xa ulutsha ikhefu ezisemaphandleni. Ubume ubudala yommandla lo uphela kuyafana zonke iingingqi ezikufuphi kunye ipesenti yabo ephezulu yabantu abadala.

Kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini, waya kuwo umbala lokuphuma yokufudukela ngokusisigxina. Beza perestroika, kwaye izinga ukuzalwa ithe ukuhla elikhulu ukususela 1985 ukuya ku-2005 kukho umlinganiselo abantwana lehla phantse a wesithathu. Yaba 22.5% ibe 14.6%, nto leyo kufutshane kummandla yeempawu ezimbi. abantwana ambalwa kuphela kummandla Nizhny Novgorod. Nangona kunjalo, lo demographic pressure liphezulu kakhulu, aba ngamakhulu amathandathu anamashumi amabini abantu bakwazi ukusebenza ukuba inani eyomeleleyo amawaka.

sokuphila

Ukufudukela kwenye ephuma buthathaka ngandlel 'Noko ke, ngexesha ekupheleni koo lentlekele, yokufika ezingeyonzalelwane yalapha kummandla Penza kangako, nangona iimeko ezinkulu zendalo kunye zemozulu kunye nendleko eziphantsi kakhulu zokuphila. Xa ukufuduka ntshikilelo evela kumazwe ico yaphela, ummandla Penza sele iqalisile kwakhona ukuba alahlekelwe labemi - kumanani edlulileyo.

Kubonakala ngathi le kwemozulu, sokuphila kufuneka ibe phezulu. Okanye kufutshane ubuncinane ukuya bonke-Russian - samashumi amathandathu anantlanu enesiqingatha. Noko ke, eli nani, ngokuchaseneyo iintsingiselo kweli lizwe, lifinyele. Xa ixesha elide kummandla Penza ayikho kakuhle kakhulu. Ingakumbi ukuhla kweminyaka yokuphila amadoda kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni - ngo-2005 sasifana ukuya kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu anesithandathu enesiqingatha. Isizathu - iqondo elikhulu yokwenziwa kwabantu amakheswa xa le lali.

kuqamba National

I-Russian Black Umhlaba zenza alithoba anesihlanu ekhulwini okanye ngaphezulu wenani labemi. Noko ke, kummandla iVolga ngokuphathelele oku kutyeba kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba kubekwe kwisiphambuka kwiindawo ezintathu yobuhlanga - Finno-Ugric, eTurkey kunye Slavic. Ukubunjwa yobuhlanga ezahlukeneyo ezininzi. Kwingingqi Penza ngaphezu asibhozo anesithandathu ekhulwini Russian, abanye ikakhulu - nangezinto Mordvinians. Kwaye Shemysheyskom, Sosnovy Janai and District Neverkinsky Ezi zesizwe ngaphezu kwenani Russian.

Ngokutsho 1989 ubalo kule ndawo wayehlala Belarusians, Gypsies, amaYuda, Azerbaijani, Ukraine, Chuvash, Armenia, amaJamani, Chechens, Uzbeks, Lezgins, izibonda, Kazakhs, Avars, Tajiks, Mari, Udmurt, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Lithuanians, baseLatvia, Komi namaGrike - zonke izizwe inani ozizahlulo ukuya hundredths kukho ekhulwini labantu bebonke. Ngaphezu koko, baye bahlala akukho compact, ngokungafaniyo Mordovians, nangezinto Chuvash.

Economy, umsebenzi

Ngokutsho kwinqanaba kubemi esebenzayo kwezoqoqosho kummandla Penza nayo akuthethi ukubonisa iziphumo ezihle: 66% apha, kwaye kwilizwe lonke - 64% avareji kuzo. Oku kungenxa yokuba kubume ubudala nangaphezulu kwaye kwandise umyinge wabantu zasemaphandleni, apho imisebenzi iphezulu, kwaye ubudlelwane kwimarike abaqhelekileyo kwi kwicandelo lezolimo ayakhekanga kuphela ngo-2005, yaye namhlanje ushiye kangako.

Inani baqeshwe kwicandelo industrial kule minyaka ilishumi ukuya ku-2005, lehlile kakhulu ngaphezulu kwe-kota. Ishishini ukwenziwa okukhulu ukulahlekelwa kwamajoni yayo, nangona umthamo zemveliso wavuka kancinane. Konke oku kwavusa ukuhamba ingqesho kwicandelo nkonzo, kodwa apha inkqubo eza kancinci kakhulu. kwicandelo landa ngo asixhenxe ekhulwini kule minyaka, kodwa eli nani akunakwenzeka ukuba ukubonakalisa ngokupheleleyo nyaniso: manani ayikwazi ukuthatha ingqalelo yokuba ishishini oko ezingabhaliswanga. imimandla baci- unciphiso enkulu kolu shishino kunye imivuzo ephantsi kwabasebenzi kusoloko kukhula urhwebo kunye nezinye umsebenzi sikweni.

lemivuzo ephantsi labemi belizwe

Ngowe-1999, ngaphezu kwama asixhenxe ekhulwini abemi Penza umxholo mmandla abanemivuzo ephantsi kakhulu esekwe kwenqanaba lokuphila ubuncinane. Kungenxa yoko le nto kummandla iye kakhulu yingxaki zonke Russian Federation. nokuhla koqoqosho kukhokelele ukuba izinga lentlupheko, ukuthenga amandla ingeniso abahlali 'into ephantsi kakhulu, kunye nezolimo, leyo usebenzisa nxalenye ebonakalayo abantu, baye njalo kancinane.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izinga lentlupheko zehla kancinci. Noko ke, amanani-lizwe abonisa elinesithandathu eziphilayo ekhulwini ngaphantsi kweqondo lentlupheko, yaye kummandla Penza nepesenti iphezulu kakhulu, kwi ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe ekhulwini. Ke kaloku indawo lwezibonisi ziye phantse egungxula kunye nabanye kwimimandla kummandla iVolga.

amayeza

Izalathisi endle akunakwenzeka ngokucacileyo ukuba ukuqikelela impilo. lokuphila nangoku ebuya umva. TB lweziganeko abafayo ngaphantsi kwe eRashiya xa iyonke, kodwa iphezulu kakhulu inani lamathole ukusuka sisifo sentliziyo, nto leyo nayo ngenxa yokuguga yabemi. lokusweleka kweentsana ekupheleni koo yaba ngaphantsi kwe amanani lonke, kodwa ngonyaka, yaye olu iadvanteji iya kulahleka kummandla Penza. Kwakukho iminyaka xa oku kuye ayikwazanga kuthelekiswa nawuphi na ummandla kweli lizwe.

Development kunye nokufumaneka kweenkonzo zonyango kule ndawo - ngokubanzi zizekelise. Nantsi yobonelelo abasebenzi bezonyango - oogqirha amathathu anesixhenxe nganye amawaka alishumi labemi, oko kukuthi, amathandathu-wesibhozo iingingqi zeli lizwe. Kuphela Penza kulo mzobo eliphezulu - oogqirha amathandathu abantu ishumi lamawaka. Kwiindawo ezikude ngokuqinisekileyo intswelo nzima yokhathalelo.

ukubunjwa

Educational sphere, kakhulu, xa amaninzi ngeendlela ngasemva ezikufuphi kwiingingqi. elinesithandathu ekhulwini kuphela sabantu abadala ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ubudala babe imfundo ephakamileyo. Kwaye ke avareji kazwelonke kwi kubalo-2002 yi a elinethoba ekhulwini. Phakathi kwabahlali ezisemaphandleni kummandla Penza emfundo ephakamileyo babe ziipesenti ezisixhenxe kuphela. Imfundo endle ubuthathaka, ekubeni amaziko eyunivesithi angabamelwane - Saratov kunye Samara - abasha notsalo.

Kwingingqi Penza zeeyunivesiti amahlanu karhulumente, kodwa network yesebe kangaka luyalambatha. market kwiinkonzo zemfundo ayikhuli; kuba abemi imivuzo ephantsi kakhulu. Abafundi kwimfundo ephakamileyo baninzi, kodwa isiseko iphantsi kakhulu. Lube ngaphantsi kakhulu amaziko emfundo yobugcisa.