Regional kwimveliso: Ulwakhiwo, umthamo ubalo

Iwonga loqoqosho yesifundo ngasinye Russian Federation yenza isicelo ngezihloko ezahlukeneyo izixhobo ukuvavanya kwezoqoqosho kakuhle-ntle, ukulinganisela kunye neemeko zemali kukhuphiswano hayi kuphela wasekhaya kodwa kwimarike zehlabathi. Ezi zixhobo zibalulekile ukuze ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kwe-nkqubo federal, nto leyo sibhekiswe ekupheliseni inter-regional uhlobo ukungalingani, ukomeleza ukuthembeka yoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Inkululeko yommandla kukhokelela actualization komgaqo-nkqubo lommandla kunye nokubaluleka kwento ezifana nemveliso gross engingqi.

inkxaso ulwazi usebenzisa GRP

Bubutyebi federalism lwemali karhulumente uba ufune ukuphuhlisa izisombululo zolawulo lommandla iindlela zale mihla ukuba ulungiselelo ulwazi kunye kwezoqoqosho. Yentsusa elilelona zokuhlalutya iimpawu zoqoqosho lentengiso uhlobo imbaxa inkqubo akhawunti yesizwe, okanye SNA. Kwinqanaba lengingqi, SNA ukhonza ifomati CDS (inkqubo accounting lommandla). Indawo ephakathi SNA bobabo kwimveliso yasekhaya, okanye GDP. Togu Regional-GDP kwi SNA - yi yengingqi imveliso yasekhaya, okanye RVP. Esi salathisi sibonisa inqanaba lophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kubonisa iziphumo yemisebenzi yoqoqosho nganye amaqumrhu zoshishino ngaphakathi mmandla. GRP kusetyenziswa njengesiseko ukuze kwakhiwe akhawunti zengingqi.

Kutheni GRP iya kubalwa?

Elise kummandla Russia malunga 89 iiyunithi yolawulo-zendawo, ibekwe apho ixesha ezahlukeneyo, indawo ezahlukeneyo geographical kunye nenqanaba kophuhliso loqoqosho nentlalo. GDP ibonisa kuphela imeko jikelele kweli lizwe, ngaphandle ecacileyo ukubona indlela izinto kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo ishenxisa amathuba okuba benze izigqibo njongo. Urhulumente unomdla data, ezinako ukukulumkisela ngokubanzi ukuchaza imeko kwimbombo nganye eli lizwe.

Ngokwahlukeneyo ulwazi, umthombo yayo wonyaka imveliso yasekhaya yengingqi, likuvumela ukuba kuqulunqwe umgaqo-nkqubo efanelekileyo kwezoqoqosho kunye nokuvavanya ukusebenza izigqibo hayi kwinqanaba lizwe kwinqanaba lengingqi. Kunye nokutshintsha GRP, xa zidityaniswe ne iindleko kunye nezalathisi emzimbeni, unako ukubeka ulwalathiso okhaliswa iinkqubo loqoqosho ukuze zibe kumgangatho nqila ibe negalelo ngamandla kuphuhliso. GRP ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ukubala izikhombisi zoqoqosho kunye kuphuculo ubudlelwane phakathi lwengingqi. Isalathisi lusebenza njengesikhokelo kwinkqubo lonikezelo kwemali ukusuka 'Fund for Inkxaso-mali ye-Russian Federation abakhoyo ezikhoyo kule ngingqi. "

Ngoko ke yintoni na GRP?

Regional kwimveliso wasemakhitshini, enyanisweni, a ngokubanzi isibonisi kwezoqoqosho, luphawulwa inqanaba lophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kummandla. Oku kubonisa kwaye olwahlula inkqubo imveliso yempahla kunye neenkonzo. GRP uthi ngento ixabiso zonke iimpahla kunye neenkonzo eziveliswe kuwo onke amacandelo ezoqoqosho kummandla othile. Kumanqanaba okuqala kwezalathisi ekuqhutyweni Uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho wedatha epapashwe ngamaxabiso emarikeni. Evaluation of GRP kwamaxabiso format esisiseko yahluke kakhulu ukusuka uqikelelo emarikeni kuba kanye isixa irhafu net kwi mveliso. Iinkxaso azithathelwa ngqalelo. GRP zocweyo ezibalaseleyo ibonakalisa isixa ixabiso ngamaxabiso ezisisiseko, kunye ugqaliso uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi yezoqoqosho.

GRP isakhiwo, okanye ngayo oko kwenziwayo

imveliso yengingqi Gross ibalwa ngokwale ixabiso ezingundoqo, nto leyo eshiya iyunithi kwemveliso okanye inkonzo nganye. Irhafu azithathelwa ngqalelo, kodwa zithathelwa mali ingqalelo ngeemveliso. Gross value added zibalwa kwilungu ngalinye kwezoqoqosho njengoko umahluko phakathi kwee-output kwempahla neenkonzo kunye nokusetyenziswa eliphakathi. Ngeli xesha lokunika ingxelo, umba ixabiso elipheleleyo lempahla kunye neenkonzo kwingingqi enye kwaye umthamo kwimveliso. Ukukhululwa iquka sele bathengisa impahla kwiinkonzo ngexabiso lentengiso. Isetyenziswa yokubala ixabiso avareji. Umsebenzi oqhubekayo libalwe kuba kwimveliso ezinzulu, kodwa kuphela xa iindleko. ukusetyenziswa esiPhakathi kuquka ixabiso lempahla kwiinkonzo, ezo zisetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwimveliso ngexesha lokunika ingxelo. ezingahambisekiyo ukubala yokusebenzisa eliphakathi akuthethi ukudlala indima. Inkcitho ekusetyenzisweni lokugqibela GRP zibandakanya iindleko emakhaya, amaziko oluntu kunye neenkonzo ezihlangeneyo. Ukulinganisa imveliso epheleleyo yommandla kunye nesakhiwo sayo, kuyenzeka ukubona imithombo yenkxaso-mali ukusetyenziswa lokugqibela.

ongakhetha yokubala

Kuqoqosho namhlanje kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba ukusebenzisa iinketho eziliqela ze GRP ukubala. Indlela lokuvelisa yokubala yesalkathisi kusetyenziswa kwisigaba lemveliso. Yena, enyanisweni, isixa ixabiso gross, oluthi luqokelelane yi kumaziko unit ngabahlali nganye kwintsimi neyoqoqosho yommandla. Imveliso yengingqi ezinzulu, ukubalwa olusekelwe umahluko phakathi kwee-output kwempahla neenkonzo kunye nokusetyenziswa eliphakathi luqokelelane ngokusekelwe amaxabiso kweempahla kunye neenkonzo, baqeshwe ngokupheleleyo imveliso, ibanjelwe kumgangatho kwamashishini kunye namacandelo kuqoqosho lwengingqi. GRP kungabalelwa ngokusekelwe ngamaxabiso lentengiso ngokuthelekisa kubo.

Umahluko phakathi GDP ne GRP

Product Gross Regional, ebalwayo nganye kwiingingqi yahluke kakhulu ukusuka GDP. Umahluko phakathi kwe - sisixa ixabiso. Ezi ziquka:

• Iinkonzo Collective non-emarikeni yee-arhente zikarhulumente: ulawulo ukuziphendulela.
• Iinkonzo Non-emarikeni, apho ngezimali lwabiwo-mali, kodwa ulwazi malunga ngazo ayifumaneki kwinqanaba lengingqi.
• Iinkonzo ze amaziko zemali yayo imisebenzi phantse lonke ngaphaya umda kummandla omnye.
• Iinkonzo ezinxulumene yorhwebo langaphandle, iinkcukacha apho ziqokelelwa kwinqanaba federal.

imveliso Gross: Amanqaku index

Umahluko phakathi GDP kunye GRP zenza indleko ukuhlawula irhafu ngenxa neentengo kwamanye amazwe. Eli xabiso kunzima kakhulu ukuba ukubala ngenxa Okukodwa yayo kunye nokudibana ezimagqagala phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo. imveliso Gross nawengingqi mmandla ibalwa iinyanga 28. SAC ndlela kukuvumela ukuba ufumane iziphumo ngaphezulu ngokukhawuleza. Urhulumente usebenzisa iintlobo ukuchumisa iliso izikhombisi izinga lokukhula. An into umdla kukuba udibaniso lwamaxabiso wonke GRP ayihambelani kwi-GDP, nto leyo emiselwe nkcukacha lweendawo zokuhlala kunye ngaphandle iindleko ezongezelelekileyo.

Ngenxa yoko data libalwa GRP?

isakhiwo Polyhedral kwimveliso yommandla ichaza ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo ezininzi ngaxeshanye ukuze ubale amaxabiso parameter. Ngokomzekelo, kumazwe ico, iingcali ukuthathela ingqalelo iirejista zoshishino kunye neerekhodi imveliso kunye nokuthengiswa lweenkonzo khathalogu, iingxelo iindleko zemveliso. Zithathelwa ingqalelo uphando isampula kunye ad hoc ingxelo kwinqanaba lengingqi. Ukubala kwenziwa rhoqo iingxelo zengqesho, kwaye ngokusekelwe uphando kwilungu ngalunye kwezoqoqosho, asekelwe kwiSaveyi Budget Household. umthombo ebalulekileyo zolwazi data koogunyaziwe berhafu manani zebhanki, iingxelo, imibutho yoluntu kunye neenkcukacha malunga nokuphunyezwa kwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo mali.

GRP practice Russia

Gross Product Regional ngu Region Russia olwahlula ngokupheleleyo inqanaba lophuhliso zommandla kwaye unxulunyaniswa izikhombisi-level macro. Udlala indima umba lomhlaba kuphuhliso iinkqubo zentlalo noqoqosho. Isiseko yokubala ixabiso kusetyenziswa imigaqo methodological ka SNA, naphuhliso olo olwaye lwaqhutywa kwi-sikhokelo FSGS. Ukupapashwa iziphumo emva kokuba imvume kwangaphambili nayo yenziwa kwinqanaba FSGS.

Ipredikshini imveliso epheleleyo yommandla lwenziwa ngokwesiseko data eqokelelwe bonke abahlali kuqoqosho lwengingqi. Kusenokuba iinkampani, elinamalungelo afanayo nalawo yezorhwebo kunye namakhaya iziko yayo ise ngqo kummandla umdla kwezoqoqosho. Kuba ukubala ixesha lokuqala kunye nohlahlelo kwimveliso yengingqi lwaqhutywa ngo-1991 nemimandla 21. Ukususela ngo-1993, ekubaleni yazinyaswa ngabo bonke abasemagunyeni zommandla indawo. Ukususela ngowe-1995, uvavanyo kunye nokubalwa GRP yinto yokuqala efunekayo ukuze ukuphunyezwa "Programme Federal". Kuphela ukusukela ngo-1997 waqalisa ukuba umlinganiselo Dynamics kwizalathisi. Inika isiseko ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho yesandi kwicandelo imveliso kunye noshishino, olubalelwa phantse yonke imimandla akhawunti ye-60 ukuya kuma-80 ekhulwini GRP iyonke.