Bhala off ityala of Russia: ebhaliweyo kangakanani kwamanye amazwe yaye kutheni

credit isakhiwo sezopolitiko International esicwangciswe ukuze phantse yonke urhulumente waboleka omnye nizalise izibonelelo zemali mali ka kwamanye amazwe ukuba kwiinkalo eneenjongo ezifanayo. Ngelo xesha ukubuyisela ityala imali yokwenene esimtyalayo kunokuba msebenzi eziyingxaki. ithi ezinkulu badla ndibaxolele amatyala kumazwe ukuba akanako ukuhlawula imali-mboleko kwi kwexesha elinikiweyo bona kunye nenzala. Noko ke, kulo mkhuba ehlabathini ngayo ivamile kunye namatyala "nespisanie", nkqu endala kakhulu. Ngaba Akukho ngaphandle kunye Russian Federation.

A Ityala imali akusoloko ezibonakalayo

Uninzi ityala acinyiweyo na ityala amanye amazwe ngengqiqo ngokoqobo ilizwi ezingamelwanga. Ekubeni izibonelelo zemali okuthiwa bayababoleka kwaphela kwaye zange ungaphumi uye kuza kweli lizwe, ukunika ikhredithi, kwaye maxa wambi ezi mali bade nje umbandela yayingekabikho. Oku kuchazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: noncedo ngetyala zezimali zilungiselelwe ukwakhiwa, izixhobo, ukutya, nto leyo kwafuneka ukuba bathenge evela kwilizwe otyalwayo, okanye ukwakhiwa izityalo amandla kunye nezibonelelo, ebekumele ukuba wenze i mveliso otyalwayo lizwe. Kubonakala ukuba ngenxa kwelinye ilizwe otyalwayo banda kuphela GDP yayo.

Kutheni bayababoleka kumazwe ukuba akakwazi ukuhlawula

Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-Russian Federation ngamaqashiso uncedo ngemali kwamanye amazwe ukwenzela ukuthenga izixhobo, izixhobo zokutya, okanye ukwakha iintlobo lwezibonelelo zoshishino kunye nezibonelelo, okanye amaziko lwezolimo afumana inkxaso-mali kaRhulumente. Kodwa kutheni Russia ubhala off amatyala ka kwamanye amazwe? Kwezikhali eveliswa kwilizwe lethu, izixhobo zokutya, kakhulu, kunye nokudalwa izibonelelo mveliso kunye nezibonelelo, okanye izibonelelo zezolimo zaye isebenzise iinkosi zethu unikezele izixhobo yasekhaya kwezi zakhiwo.

Le mveliso wenyukliya umzekelo wokubolekisa ngemali njengoko

Umzekelo inani lezityalo zamandla enyukliya ezazakhiwe ziingcali Russian kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Ezi States wathabatha mboleko imali kwi-Russian Federation ukuze kwakhiwe izityalo zamandla zenyukliya, kodwa unikezelo izinto zokwakha kunye nokwakhiwa kwesikhululo ziingcali zelizwe lethu, inkampani lalibonelelwa izixhobo zasekhaya. Kutheni Russia ubhala amatyala? Emva kokuba ukwakhiwa kunye nokwenza i ezimbaxa kunye Russian Federation lifumene nomthengi isigxina amafutha asekhaya. Oku kuthetha ukuba imali kulungiselelwa ogwetyelweyo otyalwayo zange ashiye. Kunye nokuthengwa kwezixhobo kunye nokutya, izinto ngendlela efanayo.

mboleko Debt-free for izixhobo

Amazwe amaninzi ityala Russian Federation nguye elomboloko afunyenwe ukuthenga izixhobo. Ngokwendalo, imali eyabelwe ukuthengwa kwezixhobo ngeenjongo uvukwa zomkhosi, uRhulumente kunye abamkeli-mboleko Andikubonanga. Baye abo babethunyiwe ngumvelisi yezixhobo zomkhosi ukuba eziphezu kummandla Russia. Inzuzo: amashishini kwezoshishino ukusebenza, odolo ukwenziwa kanye ukuguqulwa iingalo kufika rhoqo, izinto ukuthenga kwixesha elide.

Russia nangoku uzalisekisa odolo ukuguqulwa yezixhobo zomkhosi ukuba kuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe yiSoviet Union kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe.

Credit scheme uthenge

Abanye kwakhona waka kunye mboleko yokuthenga ukudla. Abaliqela belizwekazi lase-Afrika kwi indawo ekhokelela kwi ityala kwi-Russian Federation ukwenzela ukuthenga ekrwada izixhobo zokutya. States benze imali yokuthenga izinto lwengqolowa, kodwa iimali kula mazwe azifumaneki, ekubeni izinto ekrwada bukhulileyo babethengisa eRashiya okanye intengiso oovimba karhulumente kweli lizwe. Inzuzo eya eRashiya imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kukho inkxaso rhoqo ukwenzela amafama zabo, imfuno imveliso usoloko linike amathuba ukwenzela amafama.

Bonakalisa-mboleko angahlawulekiyo kwi ubomi yasekhaya

Enyanisweni, zonke izibonelelo credit ibalwa ngokwale ndlela zoncedo kaRhulumente amaziko mboni, ukusuka kubalimi, ephelisa neenkampani amandla kunye nezakhiwo zomkhosi. Oku kunika i imfuno eyongezelelweyo kwimveliso kudaleke uphuhliso shishino. Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba kubhetele ukuthumela ezi babekhupha iinkuntyula imali ngqo kwindawo engaphakathi uqoqosho, kodwa azikwazi ukuba ezi zenzo amashishini banceda ngokwenene ukuphuhlisa kwimarike yasekhaya.

Kutheni usitsho okanye kutheni Russia ubhala amatyala kwamanye amazwe

ukupheliswa kwamatyala kwenzeka kwesivumelwano mutual amazwe otyalwayo ke, amazwe onetyala kunye namazwe wesithathu inxaxheba kule nkqubo. Kulo mzekelo, ilungu ngalinye inzuzo ethile zinokubiza ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba kwimali iyonke imali ihlawulwe ngokupheleleyo. Russia ubhala ityala ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela.

Ngokupheleleyo balahle uyityalayo phantse akunakwenzeka. Umzekelo, i-Russian Federation i ababekelwe ye-USSR, yaye Union kukho ezinye amazwe ematyaleni, nto leyo eyingenelo ukukholelwa ukuba ukuba eSoviet Union ngoko ke akukho ngakumbi, namatyala-mboleko, kakhulu, ayikho. Kwakhona, eli lizwe onetyala liyayiqonda kutshintsho kukarhulumente, nokuba utshintsho kwamandla revolution, iyantlukwano ibe ithi eziliqela kunye nabanye.

Kulo mzekelo, ityala na indawo oluneentlobo ezahlukeneyo ngeenzuzo kwilizwe ukukhupha imali-mboleko:

• neemvumelwano zokwakha elichumayo;
• nokusengwa kwemithombo yobutyebi yendalo;
• Ekugqibeleni, izivumelwano entle kwezoqoqosho, oluya kubanjelwa imali;
• Isivumelwano sobonelelo kwezixhobo Russian ezikumgangatho ophezulu imfazwe kunye neenjongo ukuzithethelela.

On iinkqubo ezinjalo ogwetyelweyo welizwe bamkela imali elungileyo, yaye ilizwe unetyala kuqinisekisa imeko yayo rhoqo iimarike.

Kwakhona ukunqaba ukubhala off ityala yezibophelelo mali kurhulumente, xa kwindawo umdla Russian Federation, ekufumaneni nezahlulo ezihlawula amaqela amabini, ukusekwa ifuthe lezopolitiko kwi ariya ethile kunye esisigxina imali ithi. uncedo Financial kunganikwa ngenxa yenkxaso amazwe ngokwaneleyo impembelelo yezopolitiko Russian Federation.

Amatyala-mboleko acinyiweyo ukuze kugcinwe uzinzo eRashiya mboleko kwibala ehlabathini. Amanye amazwe akhuphe mboleko kunye bathobe inzala, kunye nezinye uthi ityala zemali zixolelwe. Kusilungele, eUnited, kodwa abemi belo lizwe ayikwazi angamchukumisi.

Xa uqheliso oluqhelekileyo, le iimfanelo zemali na kutshintshelwa kwamanye amazwe, baze bahlale kunye nabo abatyalayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba kuba kakuhle yaphuhliswa ngengqiqo kwezopolitiko ematyaleni ithi, kunzima ukufumana ilizwe oya kukwazi ukuhlawula ityala kuba akuyi kujongelwa phantsi wena. Ngenxa yoko, ubuncinane ukubhala off yinxalenye yetyala, ingananwa ukuba intsebenziswano kunokwenzeka yingenelo - ukhetho ethe xhaxhe.

Ezibhaliweyo amatyala kwamanye amazwe Russia

Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini edlulileyo iRashiya iye icinywe amatyala kwamanye amazwe mali malunga $ 140 yezigidi zezigidi. It inikwa kuphela abo mboleko ngaphezu $ 1 billion. Ngoko, ngoko yintoni amatyala acinyiweyo Russia. Zeziphi amazwe, enyanisweni, ukunika uncedo? Kwaye yeka iRashiya iye icinywe amatyala?

Ngowe-1992, i kuyekiswa ityala IsiRashiya ukuya eNicaragua USSR yaba ukuya 2,55 billion zeerandi. Imali iyonke kwamatyala - 3.4 billion ngamanye icinywe malunga-90% etyala elo. Ngo-2004, ityala likarhulumente liyavuzwa ngokupheleleyo.

1996. Imali iyonke kwamatyala Angola eya Russian Federation kuthetha ukuba $ 5 billion. Kwetyala acinyiweyo yi kokubuya-mboleko ngo-2016, ngokohlobo amanqaku promissory kwisixa-3.5 billion.

2000. Gqibezela amatyala Vietnam nje phezu elinanye billion. isabelo etsalwayo mali ezisithoba billion enesiqingatha. Intlawulo intsalela ezilibazisekileyo kwi-2016-2022 biennium.

2001. Of billion 6. Ethiopia zixolelwe 4.8 billion. Ngowe-2005, ityala elo lizwe liyavuzwa ngokupheleleyo.

2003. Mongolia itsaliwe 11.1 billion, ka-11.4 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi. Imali eseleyo ezintathu namakhulu ezigidi ilizwe ehlawulwa ngoko nangoko emva yokurhoxiswa lonke ityala. Ngaloo ndlela, ityala sele zihlawulwe ngokupheleleyo.

Kulo nyaka. ILaos. Ukususela 1.3 billion. 960 million ithathwa.

2004. Rhoxisa i amatyala Iraq yaba 9.6 billion ukusuka 10.5. Intloko karhulumente ithemba lokuba kuya kubakho intsebenziswano kunye lizwe ngokuqwalasela iimfuno zeenkampani Russian.

2005 Uxanduva waseSiriya eRashiya yaba ezilishumi elinesithathu kunye gidi ezinesiqingatha zeerandi. Lilahlwe liye phantse billion ezilishumi. Ubunkokeli lizwe ithathe isinyanzelo ukuthenga iingalo ukusuka eRashiya enze ukuguqula izithuthi vehicles.

Algeria 2006 zixolelwe phantse billion ezintlanu zeerandi.

2007 ngaphezulu kwe elinanye billion amatyala encinane esibhaliweyo bangabikho Afghanistan.

2008 Iran of phantse ezilishumi yeebhiliyoni zixolelwe elinambini.

Ngowe-2008, Libya wamxolela ezine billion ezinesiqingatha.

Ngo-2010, Mongolia ndixolele ikhulu elinamanci elinesibhozo ezigidi zeerandi.

Ngo-2012, kunye North Korea $ 11 yezigidi zezigidi. ziyacinywa. intsalela yetyala imali ngaphezulu kwezigidi-gidi ziya kusetyenziselwa kwimfundo, kukhathalelo lwempilo kunye namandla ekuphunyezweni kweeprojekthi elidityanelweyo e North Korea.

Ngo-2013, eRashiya wabhala ityala Kyrgyz of a isiqingatha billion. 188,9 yezigidi axolelwe kanye kwinxalenye yesibini umthamo ityala ka-amathathu, anamanci ezigidi zeerandi ziya icinywe ilingane kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo.

Kutheni Russia iye icinywe ityala ka Kyrgyzstan

Ngo-2013, eRashiya wenziwe umthetho, esaye samkelwa kwisivumelwano kwi-bhala mboleko ityala Kyrgyzstan kaThixo, njengoko apho lizwe waxolelwa ityala kwi-mali esizigidi 188,9 zeerandi. Kodwa ayikho imali ngokupheleleyo ityala.

Kyrgyzstan uhlala ukuba Russian Federation une $ 300 million. Eli tyala, kwagqitywa ekubeni abhale off iindawo, ezizezi $ 30 ezigidi. kulo nyaka. Ngelo xesha Kyrgyzstan ukuba abize inzala yamatyala zemali, kodwa ngoMatshi 2016, i-accrual umdla wayeka. Okwangoku million 300 zeerandi. 60 yezigidi ityala zixolelwe. Ngo-Epreli 2017 amagunya alawulayo ubudlelwane ityala, ingxelo ekuqaleni thethwano kwi bhala-off umthamo ityala eliseleyo, endaweni yonyaka. Protocol umthetho othi emva kokusayina ngeengingqi ihlala ngokupheleleyo nto kufuneka Russian.

Russia iye icinywe ityala kunye Kyrgyzstan, echaza ukuba le ndlela iza kunika uncedo kuphuhliso kweli lizwe.

Amatyala eRussia ngo-2017 ukuya kwamanye amazwe

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ityala yangaphandle Russia phambi kwamanye amazwe - ngumsebenzi kubo, kuphela okuseleyo eSoviet Union. Ngenxa yokunqongophala ngokubhijela imali yamahala ebinokuthi okuhlawulela iimpahla neenkonzo ezinikwa yi kwamanye amazwe, kwafuneka ukuba ukuboleka kwamanye amazwe.

ityala Public yangaphandle Russia

ityala angaphandle eRashiya ibalwa ngokwalo dollar. Wakhulela ngamaxesha obunzima, xa ilizwe wayengakwazi ukuhlawula amatyala alo ngoku, wathabatha mboleko ezintsha, yaye zizakusebenza endala. ityala Unyaka odlulileyo ngayo eRashiya kumazwe otyalwayo nokwanda yi 15.4% yaye yaba phantse amathandathu, anamakhulu mabini anesine amawaka ezigidi zeerandi. Ityala omkhulu eRashiya eUnited States-EU. Waye US $ 125,3 billion.

Izicwangciso makadliwe iinkomo zibe 2017 ityala likarhulumente zangaphandle

Ngo-2017 Russia kukuba ukuhlawula imali incinane sele zihlawulwe ngaphambili. Oku kuchazwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo:

• RF ayiphumelelanga ukulondoloza engumahluko onguphozithivu phakathi ixabiso kunye nexabiso-nkqubo kumazwe angaphandle kunye import ngo-2017 kwaye kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2016, lo mahluko yaba 74,7 ezigidi zeerandi.
• Urhulumente uza ngemali ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ngenxa lokuhlawula ityala.
• utshintsho kwamatyala yorhwebo kwimiba bond luza kwenziwa.

Ekuphetheni

Kuyekiswa amatyala Russian kuthetha ukuba isixa esikhulu eerandi. Amava ubudlelwane Russia kunye abanamatyala yayo engundoqo zemali kwixesha post-eSoviet ibonisa ukuba akukho lizwe yonke imali izityhwentywe zemali zokuzigwebela trust kunye nokwenzeka wentsebenziswano. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye kukho ezinye iziganeko eziliqela ezigcinwe yi kumazwe unetyala le ngenjongo yokuba yokuhlaliswa mali karhulumente.