Imibutho yamazwe angaphandle

Amaninzi amaninzi anamhlanje ekhulwini lama-21 asebenzisana kunye nokuxazulula iingxaki ezithile. Ngelo xesha, umsebenzi wamazwe ngamazwe unenkxalabo emininzi yemiba yasekhaya namhlanje. Ngokomzekelo, urhweba, ezopolitiko, amayeza kunye nezinye izigaba zihamba ngokunyuka kwizinga lehlabathi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukudibanisa ihlabathi, kwaye le nto yabizwa ngayo le nkqubo, yinto efanelekileyo. Ikuvumela ukuba uquke abantu abaninzi ekuphuhlisweni kwengxaki. Ukongezelela, ukubambisana kwehlabathi kuchaphazela inkqubo yokutshintshiselana ngolwazi kunye neempawu zenkcubeko phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Ngelo xesha, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ummandla wamazwe ngamazwe ulawulwa liSebe elifanayo lezomthetho. Olu hlobo luneenkcukacha ezithile kunye nezifundo ezithile ezithatha ubudlelwane bomthetho.

Izifundo ezikhethekileyo zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ziintlangano zoorhulumente. Kulo gama, akukho ncamango yezomthetho phakathi kwenzululwazi namhlanje. Ngako oko, imimiselo esemthethweni yeemibutho zamazwe ngamazwe angabonakali yinkalo enkulu yezinto ezibonisa ngokucacileyo eli candelo ukusuka kwamanye amaqela kwiintsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe.

Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe

Kakade ke, nawuphi na umcimbi wezomthetho kufuneka ubonwe kwimeko yoshishini elilawula ngqo. Imibutho engama-intergovernmental isifundo segama elifanayo. Ziyimimiselo esemthethweni elawula ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe, imibutho, uluntu. Kulo mba, ilungu langaphandle kufuneka libe khona kwiimeko ezinjalo. Le nkalo ebalulekileyo ichaza umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kwamanye amasebe omthetho angama-classical akhona kwiinkqubo zomthetho kazwelonke.

Ukubunjwa kwezifundo

Enye into ekhethekileyo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ulwakhiwo lwabantu abanokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkalo zomthetho zecandelo. Kwimbali yeklasi ye-jurisprudence, kuyinto yesiko ukwahlula izifundo zale nkqubo okanye lo mgaqo-mgaqo kumanyathelo omthetho kunye nabantu ngabanye. Emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe, akukho mhlaba onjalo, kuba abantu abayizifundo zabo, nangona ezininzi iinzululwazi zizama ukubonisa ukuchasene. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkalo zecandelo:

• Ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo;
• Imiyalelo kunye neemanyano;
• Imibutho emele ukumela abantu;
• Oorhulumente abaxoshiwe;
• Izixeko ezikhululekileyo kunye nezifundo zentlangano yezopolitiko kunye nomhlaba welizwe;
• Imibutho kaRhulumente, engekho karhulumente.

Ngaloo ndlela, amaqela ameleyo athatha inxaxheba ngqo kwiintsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, uluhlu lwabo aluphelelanga. Emva koko, yonke imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe inxalenye enkulu ibonisa isetyenti semigangatho. Ngoko ke, akukho mntu unokuqinisekisa ukuba emva kwexesha elithile lexesha elibalulekileyo lokuba ngabanye abantu kwiziko lezifundo zale candelo liza kuncitshiswa.

Umbono weemibutho zamazwe ngamazwe angaphandle

Nawuphi na umcimbi wezomthetho, iziko, ulawulo okanye isiqhelo sinentsingiselo yaso. Imibutho eyahlukeneyo yoorhulumente ayinakunyulwa ngaphandle kwalomgaqo. Ingcamango yesi sifundo ingafumaneka kwiintetho ezikhethekileyo nakwizinga lemfundiso. Umbono oqhelekileyo kukuba umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe ohlangeneyo ngowona unxibelelwano lwamaqela ahlukeneyo, azimeleyo. Kule meko ixabiso elikhulu linenjongo yokudala isifundo esifanayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, imibutho engurhulumenteni idalwe ukuphumeza nayiphi na imiphumo yezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, ezentlalo, ezenzululwazi kunye nezobugcisa. Isiseko esisemthethweni sokuba "ukuzalwa" akusikho nje kuphela isivumelwano esininzi.

Imbali yokubonakala kwesi sifundo

Ngokuqinisekileyo, imibutho engekho phakathi kukaRhulumente ayizange ihlale ikhona. Ngaphezu koko, ingqiqo yalezi zihloko yabonakala ngexesha eliphakathi kweXIX ne-XXI leenkulungwane. Umgca wenyani kukuba loo mibutho ibe yindlela yodibaniselwano yamanye amazwe. Kodwa kuphela phakathi kwekhulu lama-20 isisombululo seBhunga lezoLuntu nezoLuntu le-UN linikezela inkcazo esemthethweni yesi sifundo. Ukususela kuloo mzuzu, imibutho engurhulumenteni sele iqhambile ngokupheleleyo kwiintsebenziswano zamazwe ngamazwe. Ubunzima obuqhelekileyo bunikezela ukuphuhliswa kwemithetho, uhlobo lomsebenzi kunye neempawu zezifundo ezifanayo. Ngoko ke, ngekhulu lama-21, ubukho kunye nomsebenzi wezifundo ezikhankanywe ngasentla aziphakamisi nayiphi na imibuzo.

Imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe angaphandle kunye noorhulumente: ukungafani

Namhlanje, unako ukuhlangabezana neendidi ezininzi ezifanayo zomthetho. Ezi zibandakanya imibutho engekho yoorhulumente kunye namazwe angaphandle. Izifundo zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ezi zimbini zihluke kakhulu. Into ehamba phambili yokumisela iyona mzuzu wendalo. Imibutho engekho karhulumente isungulwe ngabantu ngabangasese. Ukongezelela, akukho nxaxheba kuburhwebo kwimisebenzi yabo.

Kukho iindlela ezintathu eziphambili ezifunekayo ngabadlali abanjalo.

1. Okokuqala, imisebenzi yabo yenzeke ngokuzithandela kuzo zonke iimeko, ngelixa iintlangano zombuso zihambelana nomgca othile kumsebenzi wazo.
2. Okwesibini, iinjongo zabadlali abanjalo behlabathi. Ziyalelwe ukuba zifezekise naziphi na iimfuno zomthetho zomhlaba jikelele.
3. Okwesithathu, isiseko semibutho yolu hlobo lwenzeka ngasese. Ukongezelela, abayiyo imibutho yommandla.

Ngaloo ndlela, imibutho engabambisene nekarhulumente kunye engekho karhulumente zezifundo ezimbini ezihluke ngokupheleleyo, isiseko esisemthethweni esahlukileyo kakhulu.

Ziziphi iimpawu zombutho ongurhulumente?

Ukuba sithetha nangaliphi na isikhungo somthetho, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya iinkalo zayo eziphambili ngokungenakwenzeka. Kwi-theory yomthetho, zibizwa ngokuba yimpawu. Zizo ezo mpawu ezichasayo umcimbi wezomthetho ubunzima bezinye. Iimpawu zentlangano engurhulumenteni, njengoko siyiqondayo, nayo ikhona kwimfundiso yecandelo elinye. Ngokwenza njalo, badlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ukuba umbutho awuhlangabezane nenani lamaphuzu athile, alikwazi ukubonakala njengombuso ophakathi. Ngaloo ndlela, inkcazo yeempawu ziyimpawu ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi wesifundo esichazwe kwinqaku.

Iinkalo zemibutho engurhulumente

Iingcali zenzululwazi zichonga amanqaku amanqaku aphambili zezifundo. Nangona kunjalo, ezibaluleke kakhulu zizinto ezintandathu ezisisiseko.

1. Okokuqala, izifundo zemibutho eyahlukeneyo zikarhulumente zizizwe ezizimeleyo.
2. Isici sesibini esibalulekileyo sisiseko sabo. Isenzo saloo nto yinto esemthethweni esemthethweni ekudalweni kwintlangano engurhulumente. Kwimiqulu enjalo kunokwenzeka ukufumana iingxelo malunga nemigaqo, ifom kunye nezikhokelo zemisebenzi yayo, iziko lolawulo, isakhiwo, abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nolwazi lwabo, kunye neminye imiba efanayo.
3. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yenhlangano kukukho kwezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, iinkcubeko okanye ezinye iinjongo.
4. Ngokwegunya lokubambisana, imibutho engabambisene noorhulumente, okanye kunoko imisebenzi yabo, ilawulwa yimibutho ekhethekileyo eyenziwe ngesiseko somnqophiso .
5. Isiseko somthetho kunye nemisebenzi yombutho kufuneka ihlangabezane nemimiselo nemigaqo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
6. Umxholo wokugqibela wolu hlobo ngumntu wakhe ngokomthetho.

Ngaloo ndlela, iimpawu ezinikezelweyo zentlangano engamazwe ngamazwe zibandakanya umxholo njengothathi-nxaxheba kwimicimbi yomthetho yolunye uhlobo. Ukuze inhlangano ikwazi ukusebenzisana kumgangatho wehlabathi, kufuneka ihlangabezane nazo zonke iinkcukacha ezikhankanywe ngentla ngaphandle ngaphandle.

Iinkalo zobuntu bomthetho

Isihloko sobuphi ubudlelwane kufuneka sibe nesimo esithile somthetho. Eli candelo lingachazwa njengobuntu bomthetho. Iqukethe izinto ezimbini ezibambene: amandla omthetho kunye namandla. Ubuntu bezomthetho kwimibutho engqungquthela karhulumente ibonakaliswe yiyo eyona nto leyo, ayisoloko ihambelana nemigqaliselo yomthetho. Umgca wecala kukuba izifundo ezikhankanywe kwinqaku alifani nelizwe eliqhelekileyo. Ewe, zidalwe ngesiseko sesivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe, kodwa abanalo ulawulo. Oko kukuthi, amandla omthetho kunye namandla emibutho engurhulumenteni ivela kumzuzwana wendalo yazo. Ekuhambeni kwemibutho yabo yomsebenzi ngabameli bamagosa abathathi-nxaxheba. Umsebenzi wakhe uqinisekisa ukuzaliseka kweenjongo apho i-state yasungula inhlangano. Ngaloo ndlela, ubume bomthetho bobudlelwane baburhulumenteni bubuncitshiswe imfuno yabathathi-nxaxheba.

Inkqubo yokwakha isifundo

Imibutho eyahlukeneyo yolawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe idalwa yisisombululo esisodwa samazwe athile. Ngenxa yale njongo, isivumelwano esivumelwaneni senziwa phakathi kwamalungu ombutho wexesha elizayo.

Njengoko kukhankanywe kwangaphambili, eli xwebhu liqulethe iingxelo kwimisebenzi yombutho, amabhunga ayo olawulo, iinjongo zokudala, amalungu, njl. Amashishini endalo aya kuthiwa apha "njengamaziko asekelweyo". Baya kuthatha isigqibo malunga nokubandakanywa kwamanye amagunya entlanganisweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isimo sezomthetho sezizwe ezisisiseko kunye namazwe amkelweyo afanayo. Nangona kunjalo, umnqophiso unokubonelela ngokuthintela amanyathelo afakwe kwimanyano emva kokudalwa kwayo.

Iibhunga lolawulo lombutho

Imibutho kaRhulumente, okanye kunoko, imisebenzi yabo kufuneka ilawulwe yinto ethile. Inkontileka yinkalo yomthetho yokulungelelanisa umsebenzi wequmrhu, kwaye amabhunga olawulo aququzelelwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ulawulo luhlulwe lube luyisiseko kunye nolongezelelweyo. Amalungu ohlobo lokuqala adalwe ngokusekelwe kwisivumelwano esivumelwaneni kunye nokujongana nemibandela ebalulekileyo ye-intlangano. Izinto ezongezelelweyo okanye ezincedisayo zisesigxina, kwaye indalo yazo ijoliswe ekulawuleni iinkqubo ezithile.

Isiphelo

Ngoko, kwinqaku esiye yabona iinkalo ezibalulekileyo zeemibutho zamazwe ngamazwe angaphandle. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuphuhliswa okuqhubekayo kunye nokusemthethweni kwale mibutho kuyimfuneko, kuba ifunyanwa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi namhlanje.