Imfundo kunye nenzululwazi kweli ngenkulungwane ye-19 eRashiya

ngenkulungwane ye-19 iRashiya zaguquka, xa ekuqaleni igunya ngenkulungwane kwabatyhutyha Alexander I emva regicide noPawulos, xa inzululwazi kunye nemfundo baqala ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo efunekayo inguqu enkulu. Zonke ezi utshintsho kwinkulungwane ye-19 angohlulwa kubini yokuqala neyesibini.

Russia embundwini womnyango kwenkulungwane ye-19

I-lifa loMlawuli wentombi karhulumente, leyo unenzondelelo utshintsho olubalulekileyo xa kuthelekiswa kumaxesha angaphambili. Kuyenzeka ukuba phawula izinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekileyo ezibonisa ubungangamsha eli lizwe;

1. Ukunyuka ndawo ngenxa nokudliwa eCrimea, Kazakhstan, i aseBalti, i Ekunene-Bank Ukraine kunye Western Belarus. Ngenxa yoko, yaye abemi iye malunga ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-40. Abantu, 90% yaba abalimi. Kwakhona wande, labemi zasezidolophini, ingakumbi eSt Petersburg eMoscow, nto leyo, Kakade ke, nempembelelo uphuhliso inzululwazi kwinkulungwane ye-19 eRashiya.
2. Romanov yaba abanini inkulu yaye ukuzimela abanye kwabanye lifa lizwe.
3. Ibhajethi ndanda ngaphezu kwabo kathathu kuthelekiswa ngenkulungwane ye-18.

Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha yokufika ngamandla Alexander I, eRussia ilizwe apho isicwangciso maxesha lonke catch-up yenzekile ngexesha kusenziwa ngokudlela indlala abantu babo, kunye nenzululwazi, imfundo kunye nenkcubeko unikwe ixesha elincinane kakhulu.

Uphuhliso nenzululwazi kweli kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane 19

Thetha malunga nophuhliso nenzululwazi kweli kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane zingafumaneka kwi ziphumo mazaziwe zizazinzulu ngelo xesha, ngenxa apho namhlanje kuyenzeka ukubona impumelelo obalaseleyo.

Science kwinkulungwane ye-19 eRashiya - kukuthi, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, imathematika, physics kanye chemistry.

Xa unjingalwazi izibalo Kazan University UNikolai Lobachevsky wakwazi ukuvelisa ingcamango entsha geometry, ekuthiwa "non-Euclidean". Gqirha UNikolai Pirogov wakwazi ukuba bangenelele kude iyeza ixesha elide xa kuqwalaselwa uqhaqho. Wakwazi ukusisebenzisa emfazweni, kuqala wasebenzisa zomzimba kaEtere kunye isamente.

Physics, ugxininiso isifundo ngeli xesha umbane, kwaye oku apho wathola. Boris Jacobi wavula indlela electroforming, waza wadala Iimoto ezininzi zombane kunye telegraphs. A yamachiza Vasily Petrov yakwazi ukubonisa indlela ungasebenzisa umbane ukukhanyisa kunye nentsimbi komboko, uphando kwi arc Isigxina igesi rarefied.

Kwathi ngeli xesha kunye nenzululwazi, ngeenkwenkwezi, ke ngoko, yavulwa ngo 1839, Pulkovo Observatory, apho wafika wasebenza ngeenkwenkwezi Vasily Struve, ngubani wafumanisa lwee- iinkwenkwezi kumnyele wethu iMilky Way moya.

Izikolo neeyunivesithi

Ekuqaleni le inzululwazi kunye nemfundo kwenkulungwane ye-19 eRashiya zitshintshile, yaye ngo-1803 wakhupha umthetho ukwahlula lizwe ukuba zibe zizikolo kwizithili ezintandathu zemfundo, iyileyo kwafuneka ukwakha eyunivesithi. Noko ke, kwafunyaniswa ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20 amaziko emithathu kuphela ephakamileyo emfundo, kubandakanywa eMoscow, Kazan kunye eSt Petersburg University. Nicholas I zange ukuxhasa ingcamango kwemfundo, kwaye akukho iyunivesithi nga vulavuli phantsi kolawulo lwakhe. Ukongeza, ikholelwa ukuba abantwana kufuneka bafundiswe ngamakhoboka ngokulinganayo bonke.

Imfundo elungileyo zingafumaneka, kodwa kuphela ngabafo ebusweni, ezifana Tsarskoye Selo kufuphi St. Petersburg, kunye Demidov, owayese-Yaroslavl.

izinto ngcono kunye namaziko emfundo profile zobugcisa. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, kwafunyaniswa kuphela Mountain Institute, kancinci kamva wabonakala Forest Institute. Nicholas I ezilungileyo engineering kunye nemfundo emkhosini, ngoko ukuba amaziko zeteknoloji evulekileyo eSt Petersburg eMoscow, kwakunye zokudubula and Engineering Academy.

Education for abafazi

A utyekelo kuhle ukuqwalasela ekuqhubekekeni imfundo yabafazi, leyo sabekwa kwi n II, ukuze uhlawulele emihle, yaye ulungile nabafazi kunye noomama. Ngoko ke, amaziko kuye kwavulwa kwizixeko ezininzi sezicakazana imvelaphi amanene: Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan, Saratov, Irkutsk, Kakade ke, eMoscow St Petersburg.

Abantu

Abantu 19 eRashiya, kwisiqingatha sokuqala, kunye nomdla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente baqala ukuphuhlisa kwimbali, yaye yasekwa Moscow Society of History and Antiquities. Kwakhona umdla owawuboniswayo nembali jikelele kunye Ezolimi, kubandakanywa Slavonic, Studies Chinese, apho kwasungulwa imveliso iincwadi kunye aveliswa ngamaxesha athile.

Publishing sele zithandwa kakhulu, yaye ngo-1809 kwaprintwa kwiimagazini 68 kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo kunye namaphephandaba-9. kukho umsebenzi wokuguqulela, yaye abemi ukuba siqhelane iincwadi amazwe ngenxa ngexesha lokufunyanwa kunye nophuhliso yokushicilela.

Kufuneka kwakhona ukhankanye uncwadi Russian, xa ilizwe bafunda Pushkin, Nekrasov kunye Turgenev. Ngeli xesha, waphakamisa imiba efana nobunzima yendoda kancinane kwiiklasi asezantsi, kodwa ngaxeshanye, iculwa amasiko esizwe ngohlobo zomlomo nezibhaliweyo.

Science, imfundo (ngenkulungwane ye-19, kwisiqingatha sesibini, Russia)

Kwisiqingatha sesibini, xa feudalism sasesiwuyeka capitalism, ifuna inqanaba eliphezulu yophuhliso, hayi kuphela phakathi kwabantu abafundile, kodwa phakathi kwabasebenzi eziqhelekileyo, kunye nemfundo kwindawo yokuqala yaba ukuyiphatha kwezo namacandelo athe anxulunyaniswa ubomi obuqhelekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso eyayibanjelwe kwiimeko ezinzima, xa ndawo siyakhuselwa nokuba feudalism, baye batshutshiswa ngenxa lobuzwilakhe, yaye izazinzulu Russian, ababhali kunye namagcisa kwafuneka asebenze nzima kakhulu.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-mbuso iye yanceda phambili inzululwazi kude phambili xa Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Herzen waza walwa, lixesha lokuba ukukhulula abantu serfdom. Konke oku kuye bekhuthazwa izazinzulu ukwenza ezifunyaniswe ezikhulu ukuze kuxhamle abantu.

zesayensi famous

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19 luphawulwa ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa kwinzululwazi njengoko uphuhliso iinzululwazi zendalo, ezifana physics, imathematika, imichiza, ngokuphila kunye nokwakheka kwaso. imfuno olunjalo kuxhomekeka kwiimfuno zobomi, yotshintsho kwimveliso kunye nomnqweno yokuzukisa impumelelo izazinzulu karhulumente kunye ezifunyaniswe ukuba eli bali yenzululwazi Russian. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, kuqala kwiinto zonke, "thaca" izazinzulu ezifana Pafnutii Chebyshev, abo bazama ukunxibelelanisa kwiingxaki zezibalo kunye nenzululwazi yezobugqi wenza kokufunyanwa thiyori oomatshini kunye neendlela.

A ummeli abaziwayo behlaba- le sisazinzulu umfazi, Sofia Kovalevskaya, abo bangakwazanga ukufumana imfundo efanelekileyo eRashiya waya phesheya, apho wafumana ubugqirha kwimathematika. Noko ke, yena wayemele Russia, kunye nemisebenzi yakhe kuye kwaqatshelwa ehlabathini lonke.

Science kwinkulungwane ye-19 eRashiya eye waphumelela qwa physics, enkosi izazinzulu ezifana Alexander Stoletov, ngubani wafunda ubutsalane ngezimanga photoelectric, kwakunye waba umfundisi ngaphezu imashumi mathathu, intloko yeSebe Moscow State University.

Kufuneka kwakhona ukhankanye semichiza Russian Dmitri Mendeleev, njengesazinzulu wafumanisa umthetho ngamaxesha of imichiza.

Uhlaziyo kwezemfundo

Kanye kweli lizwe, kukho izityalo ezininzi kunye mveliso, apho kwakufuneka abantu abanolwazi abakwaziyo ukufunda, ukubhala, baqonde oomatshini iinguqu ezifunekayo kwimfundo.

inani iinguqu bathwalwa ngaphandle, nto leyo yanceda ukuba ukudala kwizikolo ecaweni, iminyaka emibini kunye nesikolo samabanga iminyaka emine. Zemsky kwakhona kuvulwa izikolo zaseprayimari, apho kwakukho iprogram ebanzi kakhulu zokufunda, kunye kwisikolo seCawa abadala abaye bafunda incwadi emva komsebenzi.

Inzululwazi ye Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19 eRashiya wabiza ukwandiswa uqeqesho network kumaziko lesibini nelesithathu. Emizini (Tomsk, Odessa, Riga, eKharkov, Kiev) iiyunivesithi zavuleka, amaziko zobugcisa, kanye zezifundiswa ezininzi zezolimo.

Kodwa ke urhulumente tsarist kwathintela imfundo, kwaye mncinane kakhulu ivulekileyo, nkqu kwizikolo zaseprayimari, ngoko eRussia enye yeendawo lokugqibela lokufunda nokubhala. Ekupheleni izinga lokufunda nokubhala ngenkulungwane ye%-28 kuphela, lo gama phakathi kwabafazi kwaba-17% kuphela.

Izikolo zabafazi

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kuphela abameli yezikhulu kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane zafumana ubuncinane imfundo, apho bafundiswa iilwimi, nesimilo kunye zoku-. Science kwinkulungwane ye-19 eRashiya amabhinqa into yenzeka nentsonkothileyo, ingakumbi kwawo - bafunde ukufunda, ukubhala, kwaye amnandi.

Izikolo eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari kumabhinqa zesiqhelo ngokoqobo akazange khona de imi--60. Amaziko emfundo yaqala ukuvela kwi 70s, kodwa ngokucothayo kakhulu, kwaye ukwamkelwa kwiiyunivesithi yavalwa ngokupheleleyo kumabhinqa layo nayiphi na iklasi.

Ngenxa intshukumo zentlalo, kwavulwa izikolo abafazi ezininzi eziphakamileyo, izifundo zonyango, kodwa phambi kokuba revolution yama-20 amabhinqa ekhulu hayi kwindawo ngokulinganayo.

Uphuhliso kwicala lezingluntu kwinkulungwane 19 Russia

Uphawu bokuhlala kwilizwe kukuba kwi imvelaphi ngokungazi inkoliso yabantu waba izinga eliphezulu nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi, owenzeka ezifunyaniswe ebalaseleyo ehlabathini liphela.

Into esemqoka oye wenziwa kwicala lezingluntu, njengoko kukudala ingqokelela imisebenzi ngembali Russia ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kwixesha langoku (kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19), eyasekwa yi Academician Sergeem Solovevym, imithamo 29. Le ngqokelela , kwaye namhlanje ebanzi kakhulu kwi kwimbali yeli lizwe.

Ngeli xesha, kukho Kwazeka oko kubo bonke Dictionary Vladimira Dalya, nto leyo eye waphakamisa amagama ngaphezulu kwama-200,000. Ukongeza mazwi encwadini zifakiwe izaci nezafobe, kwakunye isigama esithile.

Ukufunda iincwadi Russian inxaxheba umbhali AN Afanasiev yafumana udumo kunye nomsebenzi sobulumko Russian, naye wayefunda iincwadi Russian zamandulo iintsomi, academician Buslaeva.

Kwezoluntu ngenkulungwane ye-19 eRashiya weza phantsi kwempembelelo zakhiwo seenkqubo yobusoshiyali, xa kwakukho ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, utsha utshintsho karhulumente, yaye abantu bafuna iindlela zophuhliso ngakumbi lizwe, leyo kuncwadi, lwahlulwe kwiindawo ezintathu: ngokoqobo ezibalulekileyo, uncwadi sabasebenzi kunye kwimpucuko .

Iziphumo ze kwenkulungwane ye-19

Kuba Russia, ngenkulungwane ye-19 yaba saba, zahlukile kakhulu, owahlukeneyo kwaye ziphikisana kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi, nobomi abalimi, owaba free kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane, kwaye ziphethe kwakulawula ookumkani abane, ngamnye into yenziwe kakuhle, kodwa into andizange ndikwazi nje ngokupheleleyo. Nakuba kunjalo, inzululwazi kwesiqingatha sokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-19 eRashiya, kwakunye yesibini, luphawulwa Umnqweno izazinzulu ukufikelela phezulu nanto, phezu kwazo zonke iingxaki kwaqhwalelisa uphuhliso. Kuyo yonke leminyaka ukwenza ezifunyaniswe ezenza namhlanje kuzo zonke iindawo zobugcisa zibe kumgangatho ophezulu.