IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic: amanyathelo edabini

Le IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, amanyathelo esiza kuyiqwalasela kweli nqaku - yenye yezona izilingo ezininzi ezinzima zembali ukuba ndahlelwa Ukraine, baseRashiya, Belarusians kunye nezinye izizwe abahlala eSoviet Union. Ezi ntsuku 1.418 nobusuku ngonaphakade sihlale kwimbali njengoko xesha olunegazi kwaye ukhohlakele.

Eyona engundoqo izigaba kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic

Periodization Iziganeko kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi Second zingenziwa ngokusekelwe uhlobo iziganeko ezenzeka ngaphambili. Xa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo imfazwe, eli phulo yaba imikhosi ezahlukeneyo.
Amanqanaba kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, inkoliso mbali iinkcukacha ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ukususela kuJuni 22 ukuya ngoNovemba 18, 1941 (Isigaba 1 IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic);
• ukusuka 19 Novemba 1941 de kube sekupheleni kuka-1943 (Isigaba 2 kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic);
• ukususela ngoJanuwari 1944 ukuya kuMeyi 1945 (Isigaba 3 kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic).

IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic: amaxesha

Ngalinye IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic uneempawu zawo, ezo zinxulumene kwimimandla yokulwa, ukusetyenziswa iindidi ezintsha yezixhobo kunye iingenelo omnye bemikhosi. Ndingathanda ukuthetha kuqala malunga amanqanaba Enkulu Patriotic War ngokufutshane.

• Isigaba sokuqala umlo waphawulwa inyathelo ngokupheleleyo amajoni amaNazi. Ngeli xesha, umkhosi kaHitler kuhlala Belarus, Ukraine ngokupheleleyo, yaye phantse kufika eMoscow. Nomkhosi, Kakade ke, kangangoko banako nzima, kodwa njalo lihambe. yimpumelelo enkulu ye-Red Army ngelo xesha uloyiso eMoscow. Kodwa ngokubanzi, lohlaselo waseJamani kwaqhubeka. Bakwazi ukuthatha abaninzi eCaucasus, ndize phantsi phantse kwimida mihla Chechnya, Grozny kodwa wasilela ukuthatha amaNazi. amadabi ezibalulekileyo phakathi ku-1942 kwenzeka phambi iCrimea. Isigaba 1 yaphela Idabi Stalingrad.
• Inqanaba lesibini IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, i-Red Army wazisa inzuzo. Emva koloyiso Stalingrad, umkhosi Paulus imikhosi Soviet izimo ezilungileyo lohlaselo wenkululeko. Breaking wayengqingwe of eLeningrad, Idabi Kursk kunye kuhlaselwa jikelele kuwo onke amanqanaba ngexesha wakwenza kwacaca ukuba umkhosi kaHitler uya kungekudala lingaphumeleli imfazwe.
• Kweli xesha lokugqibela nempi Red Army ngexesha lohlaselo yaqhubeka. Umlo senzeka sele emhlabeni kwi Ukraine ne Belarus. Eli xesha luphawulwa advance ngcembe Red Army ukuya ngasentshona kunye uxhathiso komsindo yotshaba. Eli nqanaba lokugqibela kwesesibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yaphela ngumnqobi phezu utshaba.

Oonobangela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II periodization ekhoyo

Amanqanaba IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, okanye mandithi ekuqaleni kwayo kunye nesiphelo, ziphawulwe ngokuthi ezinye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo, iimfazwe, leyo wangena imbali yehlabathi. I lide yaba kwixesha lokuqala yemfazwe. Izizathu zoku ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• uhlaselo ukumangala alo utshaba;
• kuhlaselwa babuthana amajoni ngaphambili wazolula kakhulu imimandla;
• lingekho eninzi amava yemfazwe nomkhosi;
• ukongama umkhosi waseJamani kwi izixhobo zobugcisa.

Misa i advance kotshaba ayiphumelelanga ngokupheleleyo kuphela ekupheleni kuka-1942. Esona sizathu siphambili kwimpumelelo Red Army kwixesha wesibini impi kuqwalaselwa:

• i ubuqhawe wamajoni Soviet;
• ukongama inani Red Army phezu utshaba;
• Ebonakalayo inkqubela umkhosi yiSoviet ngokoMthetho zobugcisa (ukuvela kwamatanki ezintsha kunye nofakelo anti-moya, njalo njalo).

Isigaba sesithathu zemfazwe nalo kakhulu elide. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi 2 kunye nezigaba 3 ngamajoni nayo imikhosi yaseJamani zwilakhe emelwe kukuba ngo-1944, kwaqala impi isasazeka ukusuka eRashiya eUkraine kunye Belarus, oko kukuthi oluchazwa phambili intshukumo ukuya ngasentshona. Inqanaba lokugqibela le IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic iminyaka engaphezu konyaka, kuba kwisiphekepheke ukuba akhulule lonke Ukraine kunye Belarus, kwakunye amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu.

Battle 1941

Ngo-1941, indawo ye-eSoviet Union, njengoko sele wagxininisa, kwaba nzima kakhulu. Uhlaselo lokuqala elihamba kunye nezahlulo ngenjini umkhosi lwamaNazi ubunzima Belarus naseLithuania. June 22 baqala ukuziphendulela Brest Fortress. AmaNazi wayenethemba Kwathi le enkampini ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunabo baphumelela. iintsuku eziliqela zokulwa bungwanyalala, kwaye uzinikele lokugqibela Brest wathabatha 20 kuphela ngoJulayi 1941. Kananjalo ngaloo mihla amaJamani babenyuka ngendlela Siauliai kunye Grodno. Kungenxa yoko le nto Juni 23-25, USSR umkhosi bafudukela kwezi ndlela lohlaselo.

Ezi zigaba yokuqala kweMfazwe Patriotic Enkulu ngo-1941 lwabonisa ukuba isivumelwano kunye utshaba ngaphandle kokuba ahambe Red Army akakwazi. Ke yaba Ukuhlasela lwamaNazi! yaba kokurhoxa kwiinyanga zokuqala zemfazwe njani? Yawela kunye ukulwa. Kwakhona, iqela lomkhosi kunye ndawonye, ukuba nkulu ukwenza ubomi bube nzima ukuba utshaba ukudelela amaziko ezibonelelo ukuba asinako bayakusiwa kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo. ukumelana Strong Army edityaniswa imfuneko kuphunywe ngasemva zibalulekile ukuba imveliso yeli lizwe.

Phakathi iimfazwe ezinkulu 1941 kubalulekile ukukhumbula Kiev ukusebenza omzimba, eyathatha ukususela ngoJulayi 7 ukuya kuSeptemba 26, yaye idabi for eMoscow (30 Septemba 1941 - Epreli 1942). Kwakhona indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II eyabelwe ukhuseleko Odessa kunye ubuqhawe oomatiloshe Soviet.

1942 kwimbali kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II

I lokuqala IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic wabonisa uHitler ukuba umkhosi eSoviet ukuba angoyiswa nto nje ayiyi kuphumelela. Not kuqulethwe kubomi iinjongo zayo zobuchule ukufaka eMoscow phambi ubusika 1941. Ngaphambi kuka May 1942 baya ekhubekisayo jikelele imikhosi Soviet, nto leyo eyaqala kunye Disemba 1941 kufuphi eMoscow. Kodwa lo hlaselo wamiswa amaNazi kwi eKharkov bridgehead, apho iqela elikhulu imikhosi sele amrhawula kunye baphulukana edabini.

Emva koko, umkhosi waseJamani lasungula ekhubekisayo, ngoko buyela amajoni eSoviet kwafuneka ukuba ukukhumbula izenzo ukuzithethelela. Hitler wayesazi ukuba bekuya kuba nzima ukuba ukufaka eMoscow, ngoko ke kwengqumbo yesixeko uthumele igama lokomfuziselo Stalingrad.

Kwakhona fascists esebenzayo ekhubekisayo zenzekile kwi bridgehead iCrimea. Ukukhusela Sevastopol waze ngoJulayi 4, 1942. Ukususela ngoJulayi ukuya kuNovemba izenzo esebenzayo Uyalwa wakhokela Red Army kwi Stalingrad neCaucasus. Ukukhusela Stalingrad wangena yemihla zembali umzekelo ubuqhawe invincibility yamajoni Soviet nje. isixeko yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo ngokwakhe, sasinda izindlu ezimbalwa, kodwa amaNazi abazange bakwazi ukuthatha kuyo. isigaba 1 IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic afunyanwa yi-SC kwi Stalingrad kunye ekuqaleni lohlaselo eSoviet. Nangona amanye amacandelo usaqhubeka ukuzikhusela, kodwa zaguquka emfazweni sele apha.

Inqanaba lesibini kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic

Eli xesha yathatha phantse unyaka. Kakade ke, kakhulu, kwakukho iingxaki ezininzi ngowe-1943, kodwa advance jikelele imikhosi zethu singabi nako ukuyeka. Ngamaxesha athile, amaNazi wafudukela ukuhlasela kwiindawo ezithile, kodwa IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, ngezigaba, edabini ezicinga ngoku, safudukela urhulumente xa kwacaca ukuba ekugqibeleni iJamani uza kuphulukana imfazwe.

"Ring" ukusebenza kwagqitywa ngoFebruwari 2, 1943. Army Jikelele Paulus yayibiyelwe. Januwari 18 kulo nyaka, yakwazi ukuba ekugqibeleni bayagqobhoza, bayangena kuvalwe iindlela eLeningrad. Kule mihla, i-Red Army lasungula yosizi ngakwicala Voronezh kunye ukulungela ukusebenza. Voronezh ke lidliwe utshaba ngomhla wama-25 Januwari. Lohlaselo waqhubeka. NgoFebruwari 1943, akakwenzanga Voroshilovgrad ekhubekisayo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, i-Red Army uya kwinkululeko Ukraine, nangona ingezizo zonke lomzi bakucaphukele ngamaNazi. Matshi 1943 ukukhululwa wamkhumbula Vyazma kunye nomkhosi counter uxambuliswano lwe uHitler kwi Donbas. Ekugqibeleni abantu bethu abanyamezela olu hlaselo, kodwa amaNazi izamile ukulawula lula kwangaphambili eentloko ezaxhobela Soviet nzulu Ukraine. Ukulwa kule bridgehead iminyaka engaphezu kwenyanga. Emva koko, eyona nto ibalulekileyo zokulwa idluliselwa Kuban ngenxa yokuba nokukhuthaza ngempumelelo kwi-West kufuneka bakhululwe kwindawo utshaba imimandla Krasnodar kunye aseStavropol. amadabi Active kule ndawo malunga ezintathu iinyanga. Lohlaselo wawunzima yi kufutshane zeentaba nangezenzo moya yotshaba.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini sonyaka wama-1943

Nakule yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi ngoJulayi 1943 likumeleyo. Ngeli xesha, kukho iziganeko 2 ezibalulekileyo kunene. intelligence German yeviwa malunga lohlaselo ezayo enkulu amabutho Soviet. Kodwa ke ngendingasazanga kanye apho iya kuhlasela. Kakade ke, amagosa Soviet aphezulu wamajoni wayesazi ukuba iintlola German asebenza kwizakhiwo ezininzi iziphekepheke (kwakunye yiSoviet eJamani), ngoko ke eliphezulu kuvunyelwa ngethuba inkcazelo ebubuxoki. Julayi 5 kwemfazwe Kursk. AmaNazi kuthenjwa ukuba ngokuphumelela eli dabi, baya kubuya ku avanyisa. Ewe, ukuba nzima ukuhamba, kodwa ngokubanzi, imfazwe le iphumelele, ngoko ke iintsuku ezingama-20 ka-Julayi 1943 ibakala lesibini le Enkulu Patriotic War yafikelela umgangatho yayo incopho. Yaye yintoni isiganeko yesibini ezibalulekileyo? Musa ukulibala elinye idabi Prokhorovka? Endle kufuphi le lali liba kunayo ihlale emfazweni itanki ixesha ukuba isala ngenxa eSoviet Union.

Ukuqalela Agasti 1943 de ebusika ka-1943/1944 kaThixo. I-Red Army iyasikhulula isixeko ikakhulu Ukrainian. Kwakunzima kakhulu ukuba litshitshiswe utshaba kummandla eKharkov, kodwa kusasa ka-Agasti 23, 1943 eSoviet umkhosi yakwazi kungena kuwo umzi. Kwaye ngoko ndaya uthotho yokuxolelwa imizi Ukrainian. NgoSeptemba 1943, kwisiphekepheke wangena seDonetsk, Poltava, Kremenchug, Sumy. Ngo-Oktobha imikhosi yethu wabakhulula Dnipropetrovsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Melitopol kunye nezinye iidolophu eziyingqongileyo.

Battle for Kyïv

Kiev wayengomnye izixeko ezininzi ngobuchule ebalulekileyo ye-USSR. abemi abaninzi beso sixeko phambi kokuba imfazwe wafika 1 yezigidi. Man. Ebudeni beminyaka yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, oko Sehle izihlandlo ezihlanu. Kodwa ngoku eyona nto ibalulekileyo. Red Army ixesha elide ukulungiselela lokufakwa of Kiev, ngenxa yokuba lo mzi waba nayo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba amaNazi. Elaneleyo lokufakwa Kiev kwafuneka ukuwela Dnieper. Battle kuba umlambo, luphawu Ukraine, waqala Septemba 22. Sinyanzela abapase kakhulu kunene, uninzi amajoni ethu wafa. Ngo-Oktobha, umyalelo izicwangciso ukuzama ukuthatha eKiev. Eyona sikuvumela ukuba oku Bukrinsky bridgehead. Kodwa ezi zicwangciso kwazeka kuwo onke amaJamani, ngoko ke yaphosa ibutho apha. Kiev uthathe Bukrin bridgehead yaba engenakwenzeka. Ubukrelekrele wethu uye wafumana umsebenzi ukufumana enye indawo lokuhlasela utshaba. Zahamba kakuhle ukuba ibe yeyona ilungileyo Lyutezhsky amadimoni, kodwa ukulahla amajoni kwakungavumelekanga nzima kakhulu. Ngenxa Kiev kwafuneka ukuba phambi iminyaka elandelayo kaNovemba 7, umyalelo Battle of Kiev ligqibe ekubeni ukuphosa amajoni ayo Bukrin kwi Lyutezhsky bridgehead. Ngenene le sicwangciso ngokuqinisekileyo abazange bakholwe nantoni kuba kwakufuneka bengazi elutshabeni, phantsi ngobumnyama, kabini anqumle Dnieper kwaye ukuqhuba imigama emide emhlabeni. Kakade ke, uninzi ilahleko iziphekepheke, kodwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo ukuthatha eKiev Yayingekho. Le khosi kweenkokeli zomkhosi Soviet ziphumelele. Red Army wakwazi ukuya eKiev kusasa ngoNovemba 6, 1943. Nemfazwe ukuba Dnieper kwamanye amacandelo ngaphambili phantse kude kuye ekupheleni konyaka. Ndikunye KA loyiso kweli dabi kwinqanaba lokuqala IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic.

Kwimfazwe e-1944- 1945 biennium.

Inqanaba lokugqibela le iMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic yaqala kunye Kirovograd ekhubekisayo. January 8 Kirovograd isixeko akhululwa. Kwakhona ngoJanuwari, imikhosi Soviet kuqhutywa ngempumelelo yosizi kwisithili Korsun-Shevchenko (Cherkasy kummandla Ukraine), kwakunye Kiev ne bakhululekileyo njengoko phantse ngokupheleleyo kummandla Zhitomir.

Inqanaba lokugqibela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II wenziwa kuphela Bulelani kunokwenzeka ukuba ubuqhawe lamajoni zethu. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-1944 oko wakhululwa phantse zonke Ekunene-Bank Ukraine kunye eCrimea. Inqanaba lokugqibela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II yabalasela ngomnye kunazo zonke kwiminyaka ukulwa ekuqaleni i-Red Army. Sithetha Proskurov-Bukovina kunye neendawo zokwakha-botoşani ekhubekisayo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekupheleni kuka-Apreli 1944. Phantse iye yakhupha yonke indawo Ukraine kunye nokuzaliswa kwale misebenzi, ukubuyiselwa weRiphabliki emva umlo yindinisa.

Red Army iimfazwe ngenxa kwemida USSR

Le IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, amanyathelo apho siya kuqwalaselwa namhlanje, uza lafikelela esiphelweni esisengqiqweni. Ukuqala ngo-Apreli 1944, amajoni Soviet kancinane ukuqala asuse amaNazi kummandla ukuba ekuqaleni imfazwe babehlangene zazo (umz Romania). Kwakhona Butha asebenzayo senzeka kwi indawo Polish. Ngowe-1944, iziganeko ezininzi ngaphambili yesibini. Xa ngokoyiswa Germany baba kunqandwa, imfazwe ngakumbi inxaxheba namahlakani USSR anti-uHitler womanyano. Ukulwa eGrisi, eSisili, kufutshane Mariana Islands, e-Asia - baye bonke swi kokuphumelela anti-uHitler zokusebenzisana ekulweni Fascism.

zigaba 3 kweMfazwe Patriotic Enkulu yaphela ngoMeyi 9, 1945. Kwangaloo mini, zonke iintlanga elalisakuba yiSoviet Union kubhiyozela le holide omkhulu - uSuku Victory.

Iziphumo kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic

I Patriotic IMfazwe Enkulu, apho amanqanaba umlo zazisengqiqweni ngokupheleleyo, beziza-4 iminyaka emva kokuqalisa. Wayeneminyaka kakhulu ngakumbi ngokungenalusini egazi ngaphezu leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, leyo eyaphela ngo-1918.

Imiphumo lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela ama-3: uqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye ngenkcazo. Xa emasimini ekhankanyiwe, wabatshabalalisa eninzi leenkampani. Inxalenye izityalo kunye mveliso babalekiswa bonke wabuya. Ngokomgaqo-nkqubo okunene zatshintsha yonke inkqubo yobomi ehlabathini, oko kwasekwa elitsha imida. Ngcembe bakha inkqubo yokhuseleko entsha eYurophu ehlabathini lonke. UN New uye waba ngummeli wowona ukhuseleko. Ngexesha lemfazwe, baninzi abantu abaye bafa, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubuyisela uluntu.

Izigaba ezingundoqo kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, kwabakho abathathu, wabonisa ukuba ukuze aphumelele ilizwe enkulu ezinjengezo yiSoviet Union, akunakwenzeka. Urhulumente kuxhaphaka asakhulayo ukusuka ntlekele, ukuba yakhiwe. Ngeendlela ezininzi, ukumimitheka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kuqoqosho USSR ngenxa kwemizamo yobuqhawe yabantu.