Imbali yoBukhosi Russian: ubukumkani uNicholas 1 (1825-1855)

indoda kakhulu entle eYurophu ngemihla yobomi bakhe, nto leyo olityelweyo emva kokufa - yi UNikolai 1. Iminyaka karhulumente - a ngamawaka osibhozo, anamakhulu mabini emihlanu asibhozo anamashumi yesihlanu-amahlanu ananye amawaka. Yena ngoko nangoko baba luphawu emehlweni icala lwala maxesha kunye despotism. Kwaye kukho izizathu.

Wobukumkani Nicholas 1. ngokufutshane ukuzalwa yokumkani elizayo

Ubukumkani Nicholas I, nangokusesikweni zibonwa ixesha zazimi ngxi ndaweninye, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ngayo izaliswe eziphikisanayo zangaphakathi. Nguwo lowo zebhola lwenkcubeko Russian, kodwa, kwelinye icala, serfdom ngenkohlakalo. iikhowudi engqongqo systematization yomthetho kunye ayigqitywanga igunya lokuba aliqonde ngokupheleleyo. Ukufunyanwa iwonga ngamazwe bazoyise enkulu kunye yeengxaki ngenkohlakalo kwi iCrimea War.

Little Nicholas wazalwa amabini yesihlanu Juni neeshekele eziliwaka elinamakhulu asixhenxe anamanci asithoba anantandathu konyaka wayengunyana ka yindlalifa ababudala bungaphezu noPavel Petrovich kunye nomfazi wakhe noMaria. Ukuguga uCatherine II wakwazi zinokufukama UNikolai omncinane, nomzukulwana wakhe. Kodwa akazange izicwangciso ukunxulumanisa isiphelo sayo kunye imicimbi emikhulu karhulumente.

Adolescence, imfundo kunye ukhetha kwezemfundo

Ke kunjalo prince kakhulu oselula kwangaphambili ukuba kufumana uqeqesho emkhosini. Yena wonyuselwa ngoko nangoko ngabaxumi Guards Life webutho. Ke kaloku, emva kwexesha elithile, yaye Izmailovsky ke ndaqala ukunxiba iyunifomu yakhe. Lo mlawuli elizayo wafumana imfundo esemagqabini ekhaya, apho waba icala yasemkhosini. Noko kokukuqwalasela oku akwanelisi.

womntwana wakhe, Jikelele Lamzdorf, indoda lukhuni kakhulu kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wanibetha le Nicholas encinane ilukhuni nezizimeleyo, owathi kwiminyaka kamva Wakhumbula ukuba wayesoloko madolw 'anzima, njengoko kubonakala kwinto yokuba kusekwe ngokunyanzelwa okupheleleyo. Kodwa ke umyalelo emkhosini, enqabeni yomkhosi ingqeqesho ubehleli emthanda isikhulu abaselula. Ayizange wakhanga lezingluntu, kodwa ngokupheleleyo babewazi zokudubula yaye wayekuthanda yobugcisa lobunjineli.

uyihlo Happy kunye nejoni engumzekelo

Ngowe elinesibhozo anamanci elinesixhenxe nyaka Nicholas indoda Princess uCharlotte, intombi uKumkani Prussia. Ngo-Orthodox, Alexandra. Yena ngokwenene kukanina ilizwe lakhe kude. Ukuze ukukholisa indoda yakhe amalungiselelo yeyokuqala sikarhulumente Russian umthi wokwenene weKrismesi imbeko yakhe.

Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesibhozo sitshatile kokuba bazalwe abantwana abasixhenxe. I koMlawuli waba nguyise eyonwabileyo empini emangalisayo. Kodwa hlukile sengqondo walihesha sengqondo amagosa kunye nomlinganiswa ukhetho kakhulu, ngoko ayizange kubababala labaLindi.

Kukulahlwa kwawo Constantine, okanye IManifesto elinesithandathu Agasti

Ehlotyeni elinye lamawaka anamakhulu asibhozo, ke ngoweshumi uMlawuli Alexander wavakalisa ukuba uConstantine uyala ukuba ngukumkani, ngokunjalo nolawulo karhulumente uya kugqithiselwa umzalwana olandelayo, oko kukuthi, uNicholas. Agasti elinesithandathu lamawaka anamakhulu asibhozo, anamanci mabini Manifesto yesiThathu yasayinwa, leyo wathi yindlalifa Nicholas.

Kodwa uxwebhu esayiniweyo yayigcinwe ngokungqongqo yimfihlo kwaye ziyachazwa. ukuba ayikafiki ubukumkani Nicholas 1, noAlesandire, ngenxa ezinye izizathu abazange naye ukuya kwimicimbi karhulumente. Ingaba ezi zenzo wabonisa ukuba wayengenakuyijika ingqondo yakhe, kwaye mhlawumbi woyika ukuba kungenzeka ezinye iintshukumo enokuthi isetyenziswe wakhetha Nicholas. Ngenxa yoko, Alexander, yaye yena wayengathethi imiphumo kunokwenzeka, Omnci ufake kuyo i ezinzima.

ukufa ngequbuliso kunye neziphumo wokhetho efihliweyo

Xa umlawuli wafa ngesiquphe baseTaganrog, izifundo ezininzi, Kakade, yamkelwe njenge Constantine geqe. Irhuluneli-jikelele wesixeko St. Petersburg Count Miloradovich zanyanzelisa enze isifungo sakhe. Nicholas, esoyika uqhankqalazo evela kumagosa Guards, ngokukhawuleza ukuthatha isifungo kuqala. Oku kulandelayo kuthe abalindi, iNdlu yeeNgwevu, injengele yomkhosi kunye nabantu.

UKonstantin Pavlovich kuqinisekiswa ngembalelwano ukwala yeBhodi kunye ngenjongo uNicholas e Warsaw, kodwa eSt Petersburg akazange abuye. Ukudideka phezu kwetrone wadala interregnum. Lo mzuzu, ukwenzela ukulungiselela le mvukelo, babesebenzisa amalungu eluntwini eyimfihlo. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa ubukumkani uNicholas 1.

Ukuqala kobukumkani, okutyekisayo egazi zembali

Weshumi elinesihlanu ka December omnye ngamawaka osibhozo, anamakhulu mabini anesihlanu uNikolay Pavlovich isigqibo kwaye uthi yena umlawuli. Wafunga onke amaziko ephakamileyo kunye neBhunga State. Kodwa ngosuku lokuqala, nto leyo eyaqala ebudeni bolawulo Nicholas 1, ziphawulwe kwimvukelo ngokwayo phezu Yeengwevu Square.

Ukumkani oselula wakwazi ukugcina ezolile, yaye xa ubuso ngobuso kunye abavukeli uBomi Grenadiers uLieutenant Panov emasangweni lakwaWinter Palace, yaye xa wabongoza, emi yembutho, le regiments mvukeli ukuthobela. Eyamangalisa kakhulu njengoko ibiya kuthi kamva, kukuba wabulawa ngemini enye. Xa ukweyisela na uye wasebenza, ukumkani wahamba lo zokudubula. Abo bavukeli boyiswa. Decembrists bathole, kunye neenkokheli zabo wamxhoma. Ekubeni iziganeko igazi wokulawula uNicholas 1 waqala.

Ngokufutshane Ebeka le mvukelo, singatsho ukuba iziganeko ngokubulawa kwale elinesine kaDisemba Kwandichukumisa gqitha kakhulu xa intliziyo kakumkani kunye ukwaliwa nayiphi na ingcamango free. Kunjalo, iintshukumo ezininzi zentlalo baqhubeka nemisebenzi yabo nobukho, zisibekele ubukumkani Nicholas 1. Le theyibhile ibonisa izalathiso zabo ezisisiseko.

indoda, usisi kunye nesibindi ngeliso wayelukhuni

inkonzo Military lo mlawuli wenza stroevika nice, befuna siyambonga. Ebudeni bolawulo Nicholas 1, izikolo ezininzi emkhosini zavuleka. I koMlawuli waba nesibindi. Ngelo xesha, ukuba wayengoyiki ukuba aphume, aye kuloo izihlwele kuloo ndawo Haymarket kwekomkhulu ngedlela sorhudo amabini anesibini ka Juni lamawaka anamakhulu asibhozo mathathu ananye.

Kwaye ke kukho ubuqhawe ingundoqo - ukuya kwisihlwele ngumsindo, ngubani bade babulawe oogqirha ababezama ukuba amncede. Ke umlawuli wayengoyiki yedwa, ngaphandle enesihlwele kunye wabasiki, ukuba aye aba bantu uphambene. Ngaphezu koko, wakwazi ukuba umoya kubo phantsi!

Emva kokuba uPetros Enkulu lokuqala irhuluneli-techie ngubani kakuhle kwaye zixabisekile ulwazi esebenzayo kunye nemfundo, liye laba umlawuli Nicholas 1. Iminyaka ibhodi aqhagamshelwe kwi siseko iyunivesithi ephambili yobugcisa, apho umhla kuhlala kakhulu zithandwa.

Eyona mpumelelo zoshishino ngexesha kolawulo

I noMlawuli wayedla ngokutsho ukuba revolution nangona yayisecicini karhulumente Russian, kodwa ukuwela de kweli lizwe liya kuhlala enomoya wokuphila kuyo. Noko ke, kwaba ebudeni bolawulo uNicholas 1 kweli lizwe yaqalisa ixesha wotshintsho yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe, ebizwa njalo- revolution mveliso. Kuzo zonke mveliso umsebenzi wezandla ebegqwese indawo kumatshini.

Kwiminyaka engamakhulu asibhozo mathathu anesine lamawaka kwaye yesihlanu mveliso e Nizhny Tagil, kwakhiwa kaloliwe yokuqala kunye iinkosi kaloliwe Cherepanovs eRashiya. A-wesithathu amane phakathi St. Petersburg kunye neengcali Tsarskoye Selo wabeka kumgca yocingo yokuqala. IVolga wahamba umphunga enkulu. ngcembe umoya mihla baqalisa ukutshintsha ngokwakhe yokuphila. Kwizixeko ezikhulu, le nkqubo senzeka kwindawo yokuqala.

Xa novalo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba beza ukuthuthwa zoluntu yokuqala, oko mayixhotyiswe yamahashe - stagecoaches ezilishumi okanye abantu elinambini, kunye omnibuses, ezibe banzi. abahlali Russian baqala ukusebenzisa imidlalo zasekhaya, waza waqalisa ukusela leti nge sugar beet, leyo impahla bobukoloniyali ngaphambili kuphela.

Babuza iibhanki yokuqala karhulumente kunye nasekutshintshisweni ukuba lokushiywa mveliso kunye iimveliso zezolimo. Amandla magingxigingxi yaye eyomeleleyo yaba Russian. Ebukumkanini Nicholas 1, yafumana a wenguquko enkulu.