Iipropati Physicochemical yerhasi yendalo. Production kunye nokusebenzisa igesi yendalo

Ubume sukube zenkqunto - eqhelekileyo kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iparameters uxhulumaniso lamntu. Ngapha koko, kule meko:

• iinkwenkwezi;
• indawo oluphakathi;
• umhlaba;
• emoyeni;
• yonke nje iphela.

Iimpawu lokwahlula eziphambili yeegesi - yinto aphakathi unxibelelwano uswele yikristale emkhusaneni, ngenxa apho ziboniswa yaye zonke iimpawu eziphambili ezi izinto. Gas, Kakade ke, kakhulu kunene. Noko ke, thina sicinga nto ibalulekileyo kwaye eyesithathu ixhaphakileyo kwiplanethi yethu - i zendalo.

Irhasi yendalo: Uqulunqo

Ukuba agcwele ukwakhiwa esemgangathweni ye- igesi yendalo, eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, kuyimfuneko ukuba amisele nangoko amalungu amaqela ababini. Ngenxa yokuba nangona Kucingelwa ukuba le nto ndiyibhalayo methane, kodwa oku akuyonyani.

amacandelo Organic ziquka:

• methane - CH _4;
• propane - C ₃ H _8;
• butane - C ₄ H _10;
• methane - C ₂ H _4;
• hydrocarbon esinamanzi inombolo carbon ngaphezu ezintlanu.

amacandelo ezingaphiliyo zibandakanya ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• hydrogen (ngezixa ezincinane) - H _2;
• carbon dioxide - CO _2;
• helium - hayi;
• nitrogen - N _2;
• emanzini - H ₂ S.

Yintoni kanye kanye le nokwakhiwa ngomxube ethile kuxhomekeke umthombo, ngamanye iidipozithi. Izizathu ezifanayo kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo physico-chemical yerhasi yendalo. Noko ke, nabani na omnye kubo kufunxwa kunye nexabiso nayo enye. Nje uhlobo isetyenziswa njenge amafutha, kunye ubumdaka olukhulu angaphandle kakhulu amanqatha esetyenziswa kwishishini yemichiza ye kuba Yindibanisela iikhompawundi.

Iipropati Physicochemical yerhasi yendalo

Ukuba ukhankanye ezi parameters kanye, ufanele wazi ngqo ukuba ukwakhiwa mxube igesi. Ngapha koko, ukuba loyise becala methane (97%) kulo, ibe iqhutywa iimpawu, okukhokelwayo phezu kwakhe.

Ukuba icandelo ezingaphiliyo okanye hydrocarbon enzima kwemfuneko (ukuya kwi pesenti ezininzi), lo gama iipropati physico-eekhemikhali utshintsho igesi bulula.

Ngoko ke, kuphela umda iparameters zichanekile Iimpawu zomzimba lingakhankanywa.

1. lobushushu ucinezelo okuzenzekelayo - 650-700 ⁰ C.
2. Inombolo octane - 120-130.
3. Kuye akukho umbala, incasa kunye nevumba.
4. Elula komoya phantse buhlanti-2, kulula ukuba ingqondo kwigumbi eliphezulu.
5. Ukuxinana lukarhulumente oqhelekileyo (gas) - 0,68-0,85 kg / m ^3.
6. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, kusoloko ukwimeko sukube of udibaniso.
7. Xa ugalelwe umoya imiyinge ka-5-15% yinto yingozi dubulo.
8. ixabiso Calorific - malunga 46 MJ / m ^3.

Ngaphezulu, kufuneka kuqatshelwe kwaye parameters negesi icala imichiza.

1. Kuyinto ukutsha kakhulu, ekwaziyo self kwanokubuyisela xa isicelo iintlantsi kwaye ngaphandle kwiqondo elithile.
2. Ekubeni icandelo engundoqo - methane, ukuba inazo zonke iipropati yayo chemical.
3. Asikokungena reactions endaweni, pyrolysis dehydrogenation ivavanywa refraction.
4. Zixinaniswe kwaye kwegesi kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kunye noxinzelelo ephakamileyo.

Kucacile ukuba ezinjalo iipropati physico-eekhemikhali irhasi ukumisela uluhlu olubanzi ukusetyenziswa kushishino.

Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo yerhasi yendalo

Iimpawu ezizodwa ezi zihlanganisi - yeyona ukukwazi ukwenza iidipozithi ukuphilisa igesi, oko kukuthi, urhulumente esiqinileyo. Ezi zithinteli amele agcina iimolekyuli zamanzi wendele umthamo yerhasi yendalo ngendlela ratio 1/220. Ngoko ke, ezi iidiphozithi bazizityebi kakhulu kwiintlobo. Iindawo ingqalelo endalweni:

• pallets umaleko ezinzulu olwandle;
• ukuqokelelana permafrost.

Iimeko khona - xi hydrodynamic lobushushu eliphantsi.

Gas-endle

Ukuba sithethe malunga nokuqulethwe irhasi yendalo kwindalo, kunokwenzeka ukuchonga iinkalo eziphambili ukuzikisa ingqondo:

1. Le intlenge entabeni, iiminerali, oluthi luqokelelane zeminyaka emininzi ukubola anaerobic kwezinto eziphilayo kwiingcamba ezinzulu noqweqwe.
2. Ichithwe ngaphakathi komhlaba.
3. Okubandakanywe ioli, ukwakha oyile negesi cap phezu kwayo.
4. Oku kwenzeka ngohlobo carbohydrate igesi kwiingcamba kwintsele yolwandle, neengongoma kakhulu emntla.

Ukuba ukuchaza ukuba ukwabiwa iidiphozithi ngokobume igesi, iinkokheli mazwe alandelayo:

• Russia.
• amazwe Gulf.
• US.
• Canada.
• Iran.
• Kazakhstan.
• Azerbaijan.
• Uzbekistan.
• ENorway.
• Turkmenistan.
• Netherlands.

Production ehlabathini ngonyaka nama-3,643 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi ^m-3 ngonyaka. Kwezi, kuphela Russia akhawunti 673 460 000 000 m ^3.

Iqondo lobushushu kwerhasi yendalo, apho utshiswe, ngu 650 ⁰ C. Oko kukuthi, izinga apho unako self-kwanokubuyisela. Oku yamkhulula ubungakanani omkhulu nobushushu kunaxa ukutshiswa nayiphi na isibaso. Ngokwendalo, oku kuchaphazela imihlaba ukusebenzisa iziyobisi.

Yiloo nto kumazwe amaninzi musa ukuba oovimba igesi yendalo, kufuneka ukungenisa it evela kwamanye amazwe. Zokuthutha lwenziwa ngeendlela ezininzi:

• yi imibhobho ngohlobo sukube;
• e amatanki of indlela yolwandle - ikwimo yolwelo;
• e kaloliwe iimoto kwitanki - kweLPG sikude.

Ngalinye iindlela zinezibonelelo kanye nobubi. Ngokukodwa, iinketho zaselwandle kunye kaloliwe ezikhuselekileyo, ukususela reactivity lwerhasi engamanzi kwi iisilinda zipholile liphantsi kakhulu kunokuba sikarhulumente sukube. Yombhobho kwandisa transmission uluhlu kunye neencwadi zalo, ukongeza, le ndlela enenzuzo ngokwezoqoqosho.

Methane ekwakhiweni yerhasi yendalo

igesi methane licandelo izinto ekrwada enkulu ekwakhiweni umxube zendalo. umxholo wayo isusela ukusuka 70-98%. Ngokwawo, oku irhasi planethi zixhaphakileyo wesithathu okungena nokwakhiwa ioli, kwendawo oluphakathi, umoya kwezinye iiplanethi.

Ngokwembono chemistry, igesi methane - ifumile, ezizizembiwa, enxulumene uthotho iikhompawundi aliphatic ifumile. Ummeli lokuqala alkanes okanye paraffins. reactivity layo liphantsi, zako ukuzola. Ikwazile ukuphendula:

• kufakwe;
• igcwala epheleleyo;
• ukuguqulwa.

Solid enemibala umsi ngongoma, akukho ivumba.

Types of igesi yendalo

Kukho iindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo iyeza umbuzo.

1. Owomileyo igesi yendalo - yenye apho ngaphezulu kwe-97% methane. Oko kukuthi, okuqulethwe ubumdaka, kuquka ezinye hydrocarbon, lisezantsi kakhulu.
2. Igesi ezinqinileyo. Ngoko wabiza umxube equlathe isixa ezingephi hydrocarbon enzima.
3. negesi yendalo Bold - leyo zizityebi hydrocarbon nzima kunye namacandelo nezingaphiliyo (nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, argon, icarbon dioxide, emanzini).

Ingqiqo njengoko ukungavumelani kwe ukoma igesi, ukuvavanya umgangatho umbandela ekrwada ukusuka apho emva koku iya kuveliswa iimveliso. Ngapha koko, igesi yendalo ngokwayo - kodwa kuphela kwisiseko. Kuba mveliso ezahlukeneyo kufuneka imveliso yabo, ngoko ke luyasetyenzwa ngocoselelo yaye icocwe ngokungqinelana neemfuno ezithile.

umgangatho weemveliso

umgangatho Irhasi yendalo kuxhomekeke ngqo kwi nokwakheka. Ukuba methane kuyanda, ngoko le mveliso iya kuba ngcono njengomthombo yesibaso. Ukuba, ke, inkoliso kuhlanganiselo hydrocarbon okunamafutha, ezo izinto kushishino yemichiza ye - ezifaneleke kakhulu.

Ukuze nikeza igesi ezisemgangathweni ophezulu, kukho kwiiplanti zeekhemikali ezizodwa, apho icocwe kakuhle phambi kokuba nkqubo ukuyisa phambili kwaye kuthunyelwa kwindawo yokugqibela. Iindlela ukusebenza iya kuxhomekeka injongo imveliso senzelwe.

Umzekelo, ukuba iya kusetyenziselwa iinjongo zasekhaya, ngoko idityaniswa izinto ezikhethekileyo, odorants, ezifana mercaptans. Oku kwenziwa ukuze babe ivumba igesi iye, kuba ngelo xa ukuvuza kuya kuba lula ukubona. Zonke mercaptans abe livumba ivuza.

Ukusetyenziswa kwegesi yendalo

Ukuselwa irhasi yendalo oluqhutywa kumashishini kunye izinto ezininzi. Umzekelo:

• Mn.
• amagumbi Boiler.
• iinjini nerhasi.
• imveliso Chemical (nokuveliswa iiplastikhi kunye nezinye izinto).
• Amafutha iimoto.
• Ukufudumeza kwezakhiwo.
• Nokupheka.

Ngoko ke, imveliso lehlabathi izinto ekrwada bukhulu kangaka, yaye kwempahla liqikelelwa kwi iibhiliyoni zeerandi.

Sibonakaliso esingqongileyo

Ukususela ngokombono ntumbuluko ngemo akukho ngcono umthombo amafutha ngaphezu igesi yendalo. imibutho Environmental vumela ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, igesi yokutsha kukhokelela beqokelela omnye iimveliso basabela - carbon dioxide.

Kwaye njengoko inxulumene greenhouse gases, umhlaba lomhlambi wakhe ziyingozi kakhulu. Ngoko baqhube imisebenzi emininzi, iiprojekthi ukukhusela imeko kwemvelo umhlaba yi greenhouse effect isondela.