Iikhompawundi nesalfure. Degree ngayo sulphur igcwala kwi zinto. Isalfure iikhompawundi ubisi

chalcogen kwama kuquka isalfure, - inkalo yesibini olukwazi wokusungula inani elikhulu nsimbi. Sulfates, sulfides, oxides ezinye iikhompawundi sulphur zande kakhulu, kunye nohlobo mveliso ebalulekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku siza kukhangela ukuba yintoni na, ukuba emele sulphur ngokwayo, umbandela yayo elula.

Isalfure kwabalinganiswa yayo

Le element kwisigxina zilandelayo kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile.

1. Iqela lesithandathu, iqela engundoqo.
2. A ixesha elincinane wesithathu.
3. mass Atomic - 32,064.
4. inani Uthotho - 16, protons kunye electron kwakunye neutron 16.
5. Ibhekisela izinto, non-iintsimbi.
6. In iifomyula ifundwe 'es', igama sulphur element, nesalfure Latin.

Kwindalo, kukho izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezine esitalini amanani mass 32,33,34 no 36. Le elementi yesithandathu ixhaphakileyo indalo. Ibhekisela iinkalo biogenic, njengenxalenye iimolekyuli ebalulekileyo.

Isakhiwo yekhompyutha i-atom

iikhompawundi Isalfure kubangelwa iintlobo kwiimpawu ezininzi isakhiwo ngekhompyutha ye atom. Oku kubonakaliswa kuqwalaselo ndlela ilandelayo: 1 2 ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3 3p ^4.

Umyalelo ingentla ibonisa imo ngcembe le element. Kodwa siyazi ukuba xa atom ukunika amandla ezongezelelweyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukumatanisa electron ligqobha indlu kwi 3p abeBanga 3-sublayer, kulandele omnye lenguqu ukuya 3d, kuhleliyo free. Ngenxa yoko, litshintsha kuphela Valence i-atom; kodwa zonke kunokwenzeka igcwala ithi. Inani labo landa kakhulu kwakunye nenani lezinto ezahlukeneyo isalfure.

Degree ngayo sulphur namachibi xa iikhompawundi

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezingundoqo zesi salathisi. Sulfur ngu:

• -2;
• -phinde ngo 2;
• 4;
• 6.

Kwezi, i S ^{ezinqabileyo-phinde ngo 2,} uninzi saa yonke indawo. The degree of igcwala of iikhompawundi sulphur kwi reactivity ixhomekeke kwaye oxidizing amandla zonke izinto. Umzekelo, eqhola nge -2 - it sulfides. Bona ingqalelo ukuba into eqhelekileyo ye-arhente oxidizing.

I inyuka degree of igcwala kwi ezimbaxa, i ucaca ngakumbi iya kuba oxidizing kweziyobisi amandla. Oku kalula xa sikhumbula asidi ezimbini ezingundoqo fomu nesalfure:

• H ₂ SO ₃ - kabi;
• H ₂ SO ₄ - sulphuric acid.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba yokugqibela uzinzile kakhulu ngakumbi nezixandileyo onamandla ukuba xi eliphezulu ubuchule esinzulu gqitha ukuba oxidize.

into elula

Njengoko sulphur into elula ziikristale etyheli ezintle caba evuthelweyo echanekileyo. Nangona oku kuphela enye iifomu zawo, ngenxa yokuba kukho ezimbini eziphambili iinguqulelo allotropic weli. Okokuqala, monoclinic okanye orthorhombic - oku mthubi crystalline kweziyobisi, hayi enyibilikayo emanzini, kodwa kuphela organic izinyibilikisi. ubu esibonakala nesakhiwo imilo ezintle zimelwe ngokohlobo isithsaba. Lokunyibilika - malunga ne-110 ⁰ C.

Ukuba ngaba ukutsiba ingongoma eliphakathi ngokushushubeza kwako oko, kunokwenzeka ukuba babone ngexesha elinye likarhulumente - sulphur yeplastiki. Kuyinto isisombululo yirabha viscous brown, leyo phezu ukufudumeza olunye okanye ucimayo kwakhona ludlulele ifomu rhombic kulo.

Xa sincokola ngayo sulphur iikhemikhali nyulu, elifunyenwe filtrations ezininzi, yinto ziikristale eliqaqambileyo etyheli amancinci, ethe ezingenakunyibilika ngokupheleleyo emanzini. phemba esikwaziyo kwi wadibana ukufuma neoksijini komoya. Ziyahluka umsebenzi sezingeni eliphezulu chemical.

Ukuba indalo

Kwindalo, kukho imali yendalo apho iikhompawundi sulphur kumbiwa kwisiqu into elula. Ukongeza, ziqulethe:

• kwizimbiwa, nezentsimbi ekrwada kunye namatye;
• kwizilwanyana, izityalo kunye nabantu, njengoko inxalenye molecule organic;
• bayo, petroleum kunye namalahle zendalo;
• kwilitye lenkumnkum oli kunye namanzi zendalo.

Uyakwazi sibala nje ezimbalwa izimbiwa sulphur bazizityebi:

• cinnabar;
• pyrite;
• sphalerite;
• stibnite;
• galena nabanye.

Uninzi sulphur wavelisa namhlanje uya imveliso sulphate. Enye inxalenye asetyenziselwa iinjongo zonyango, ezolimo, iinkqubo zokuvelisa imichiza yemizi-mveliso.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Ukuba uyakwazi ukuchaza iziqendu ezimbalwa.

1. Amanzi ezingenakunyibilika carbon disulfide, turpentine, okanye - lichithakale kakuhle.
2. ukuxabana elide oluhlala kwentlawulo negative.
3. Lokunyibilika ka 110 ⁰ C.
4. Iqondo 190 ⁰ C.
5. Emva kokuba 300 ⁰ C udlula emanzini-elibaleka.
6. A into inyulu unako lokuzimela kwanokubuyisela iimpawu olunokutsha zilungile kakhulu.
7. Ngu kukodwa phantse akukho ivumba, kodwa iikhompawundi hydrogen sulphur kukhutshwe ivumba elitsarhayo amaqanda abolileyo. Njengoko kwakunye abameli binary sukube.

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ukwimo kuthethwa wayesaziwa kubantu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Kungenxa Ukungabinakutsha yabo sulphur waza igama layo. Kwiimfazwe kusetyenziswa asphyxiating kunye imisi eyingosi nenetyhefu eziqala ngexesha ukutshiswa umchiza, njengoko isixhobo nxamnye neentshaba. Ukongeza, acid isalfure kwakhona njalo ukubaluleka mveliso.

iipropati chemical

Isihloko: "Isalfure kunye nemixube yayo 'akathabathi isifundo kule khosi chemistry yesikolo, kodwa eziliqela. Ngapha koko, into eninzi kubo. Oku kungenxa umsebenzi eekhemikhali kweziyobisi. Kunokuba zombini iipropati oxidizing nge arhente eyomeleleyo ukunciphisa (izinyithi, boron, njalo njalo), kunye nokubuyiselwa abaninzi non-iintsimbi.

Noko ke, nangona umsebenzi onjalo kuphela fluorine intsebenziswano wabe phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Kuba wonke umntu, ufuna ukuba shushu. iindidi ezininzi zezinto ukuze kutyunjwe, ezinako zakudibana sulphur:

• ezimbiwa;
• non-iintsimbi;
• alkalis;
• strong acid oxidizing - sulphuric, kunye ne-nitric.

iikhompawundi sulfur: uhlobo

Ezahlukeneyo ixabiso labo iza kuchazwa ngokuthi izidanga ezahlukeneyo ilungu base igcwala - nesalfure. Ngoko ke, kukho iindidi ezimbalwa ezisisiseko izinto ezinakho kuqatshelwa ngokusekelwe:

• ezimbaxa kunye namachibi -2;
• 4;
• 6.

Xa siqwalasela iiklasi, hayi sisalathisi valences, lwesi sakhi Iifomu molekyuli ezifana:

• acid;
• oxides;
• iikhompawundi hydrogen sulphur;
• ityuwa;
• iikhompawundi lokubini ne non-isinyithi (carbon disulfide, kloride);
• izinto eziphilayo.

Ngoku cinga ezona ziphambili, uze unike imizekelo.

Izinto kunye namachibi -2

sulphur zithako 2 - i Ukumila layo kunye nesinyithi, ngokunjalo:

• carbon;
• hydrogen;
• phosphorus;
• electronic;
• esiyityhefu;
• boron.

Kule meko, oku lisebenza njenge-arhente oxidizing, ekubeni zonke ezi zinto electropositive ngakumbi. Cinga obaluleke kakhulu.

1. Ikhabhoni dayisalfayidi - CS _2. Ulwelo eselubala livumba kaEtere elithozamisayo. Ingaba ityhefu, izinto ezinokutsha kunye elanda. Isetyenziswa nje kuphela, kunye neentlobo ezininzi-oyile, amafutha, non-isinyithi, nitrate zesilivere, nentlaka kunye rubbers. Kwakhona indima ebalulekileyo ekuvelisweni isilika ngumntu - viscose. Le industry kuhlelwe kukuninzi.
2. Hydrogen sulphide okanye hydrogen sulphide - H ₂ S. Irhasi, ngokuba akukho umbala kunye ngolangazelelo. Sinevumba, zingambi kakhulu, sifunda egg obolileyo. Ityhefu, depresses iziko sokuphefumla umdla ion zobhedu. Ngoko ke, xa kufikwa ityhefu ukutsarhwa kunye nokufa. Sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi amayeza, kuyondelelaniswe eziphilayo, ukuveliswa kwe-sulphuric acid kunye nezinto njengokuba ngenkuthalo evumayo ekrwada.
3. sulfides metal ezisetyenziswa kakhulu amayeza, kwimveliso acid sulphuric, ukufumana phosphors ipeyinti yokuvelisa, kunye nezinye iindawo. formula Jikelele - Me _x S _y.

Zithako ukuba iqondo igcwala ka +4

Isalfure zithako 4 - kuba ekukhethwa i oxide kunye neetyuwa esihambelanayo kunye acid. Bonke bephela iikhompawundi kakhulu eqhelekileyo ukuba ixabiso ezithile kolu shishino. Baya inokufana iioksidenti, kodwa inkoliso ukubonisa iimpawu ekunciphiseni.

Formula sulphur ezihlelwe igcwala zikarhulumente +4 zilandelayo:

• oksayidi - sulphur dioxide SO _2;
• acid - H kabi ₂ SO _3;
• iityuwa unayo indlela jikelele Me _x (SO _{3) y.}

Enye le iqhelekileyo sulphur dioxide, okanye acetic. Kuyinto into enemibala ukuba ivumba yematshisi elinyukayo. Yangamacandelo ezinkulu lasekwa ngo kuqhambuko mlilo, zayo ngeli nqanaba kulula ukuba ubazi ivumba.

It unyityilikiswa emanzini kunye nokusekwa okubolileyo ngokulula acid - nesalfure. Iziphatha njenge eqhelekileyo acid oxide Iifomu iityuwa, ezibandakanya kwaku- sulfite SO ₃ ^2. Le acetic - igesi zaseprayimari, ethi ichaphazele ungcoliseko umoya lokusingqongileyo. Ukuba ichaphazela ukuyilwa imvula eneasidi. Namuhla ezisetyenziswa sulphuric acid ukwenziwa.

Ezihlelwe ngayo sulphur kwi igcwala zikarhulumente +6

Ezi ziquka acetic ikakhulu sulphuric kwaye sulphuric acid kunye neetyuwa yayo;

• sulfates;
• hydrogen sulfate.

Ekubeni atom sulphur kwalo kwi igcwala zikarhulumente liphezulu, yaye iimpawu ezi zihlanganisi kakhulu explainable. Yokuba iioksidenti olomeleleyo.

Isalfure oxide (VI) - sulphur trioxide - imele ulwelo enemibala aziphethe ngayo. Eyona uphawu - enamandla ukukwazi desiccant. Ngaphandle uyatshaya. Xa unyityilikiswa emanzini inika enye asidi kakhulu izimbiwa - sulphuric. Isisombululo kanzulu ngayo ulwelo olunamafutha elityheli kancinane enzima. Ukuba acetic unyityilikiswa sulphuric acid, sinokuyifumana yikhompawundi ethile ebizwa oleum. Oku kusetyenziswa kushishino ekuveliseni acid.

Phakathi iityuwa - sulphate - nto iikhompawundi kubaluleke kakhulu ezifana:

• gypsum CaSO ₄ · 2H ₂ O;
• baryta BaSO _4;
• i iityuwa;
• sulfate abaphambili kunye nabanye.

Zisetyenziswa ekwakheni, imichiza kuyondelelaniswe, amayeza, eyimveliso izixhobo ezisebenzisa amandla iiglasi kunye yokudla.

Hydrogensulfates ezisetyenziswa yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, apho kusetyenziswa wampompoza. Kwaye zinceda ukuguqulela ezininzi oxides ezimbaxa zibe kwifomu sulfate enyibilikayo ukuba esetyenziswa kumashishini efanelekileyo.

Uphononongo lwe sulphur kule khosi chemistry yesikolo

Esingcono lo nokwenziwa kolwazi ngabafundi ukuba isalfure, ziziphi iimpawu zayo, nto leyo ambaxa nesulfure? Grade 9 - elo xesha lifanelekileyo. Le nto kakhulu ekuqaleni, xa bonke abantwana ezintsha engaqhelekanga. Oku phakathi kuphononongo of chemistry, xa iziseko babeka ngaphambili, kuya kusinceda ngokupheleleyo ukuqonda isifundo. Ngoko ke, Kwakungokuba data sakhulula kube kwisiqingatha sesibini iklasi yabaphumeleleyo. Isihloko yonke yahlulwe iibloko eziliqela, nto leyo umi lesson "Isalfure iikhompawundi. Class 9" ngokwahlukeneyo.

Oku kungenxa yokuba inani zabo ezinkulu. Kwakhona ngokwahlukileyo ingqalelo ukulungiselela ukuveliswa kwe-sulphuric acid kolu shishino. Ngokubanzi, oku isihloko unikwa avareji iiyure ezi-3.

Kodwa organic ngayo sulphur angeniswa ukufunda kuphela kwibakala 10, xa imiba zithathwa organic. Kwakhona nale kunye eziphilayo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Eneneni, nesulfure yinxalenye emvelo, ezifana:

• thioalcohols (thiols);
• iiproteni (isakhiwo ephakamileyo, nto leyo ukuyilwa iibhulorho disulfide);
• thioaldehydes;
• thiophenols;
• thioesters;
• sulfonic acid;
• sulphoxides nabanye.

Bona idla iqela eyahlukileyo ye iikhompawundi organosulfur. Zibalulekile kuphela kwiinkqubo ngokobugcisa eziphilayo, kodwa kushishino. Umzekelo, sulfonic acid - isiseko amachiza amaninzi (aspirin, sulfanilamide okanye streptocid).

Icandelo esisigxina Ngaphezu koko, nesulfure iikhompawundi ezifana ezinye:

• acid;
• enzyme;
• mzimba;
• hormone.