Iifama ezikhulayo njengezoshishino: ukuphononongwa kunye neengcebiso

Yakha ishishini ngeendleko ezincinci okanye ukuhlawula ngokukhawuleza liphupha kubantu abaninzi. Kulabo abathanda ukutyala kunye nokuvuna kwimigangatho yabo yendlu, kukho ithuba elihle "lokukhula" ishishini elinenzuzo elinika imali engenayo. Olu lukulima kwemifuno njengeshishini (ikhaya).

I-shishini lonke

Amakhowa - oku kufuneke umkhiqizo unyaka wonke. Ukusuka kubo balungiselela izitya ezihlwaya kunye nabafazi basekhaya kwiikhikhiti zabo, kunye nabapheki kwiivenkile zokutya nakweyiphi na inqanaba. Kwabaninzi abantu, amakhowe yimveliso enhle kwaye enempilo apho bazimisele ukuhlawula imali. Kwabanye, ukukhulisa ama-mushroom njengeshishini ngumthombo wembuyekezo.

Leyo ndlela yokuqhuba ibhizinisi le-mushroom ayinzima, kwaye unokuqala ukufumana inzuzo kwiinyanga ezimbini. Into ephambili kukuba kuqinisekiswe indawo kunye nomthamo woshishino.

Imigomo neMibandela yoLawulo lwezeMashishini eMushroom

Njengazo nayiphi na ishishini elinenzuzo, ukukhula amakhowe-mushroom njengeshishini kufuna ukulungiswa kweemeko ezithile nokubala.

Ukukhethwa kwendawo ingaqulunqwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Kulo shishino lonyaka luyakunikwa i-greenhouse.
• Ukuba kukho i-cellar, igumbi okanye isiseko, unokuzixhobisa kwi-mushroom ishishini.
• Ukukhula konyaka wee-mushroom - njengeshishini kwixesha lasehlotyeni-ehlobo: phantsi kwemithi yezityalo kwindawo evulekile.

Eyona nto ilula kakhulu kukulima, ngenxa yokuba ayifuni izixhobo ezikhethekileyo.

Iingenelo zokunwa ngamakhowa

Ukuqala kweyiphi na ishishini kufuneka iqalise ngokubala kwi-mali yemali, ixesha lokuhlawula kunye nenzuzo. Ukufunyanwa kwe-mycelium namhlanje akunzima, njengoko kukukhangela imarike yokuthengiswa kwamakhowe, ngoko ke izibonelelo ezicacileyo zale shishini ziyabonakala:

• Ukufumana inzuzo yokuqala kwinyanga yesithathu emva kokubeka i-mycelium.
• Inokwenzeka yokufumana isisigxina semali yonke yonyaka.
• Umsebenzi olula, ufikeleleke kumntu oqalayo.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwanamaphi amaziko ancedisayo.

Isicwangciso seshishini "Ukukhula kwamagqabi" kufuneka kuqale ngokufumana nokulungiselela indawo efanelekileyo.

Shishini lokushisa

Abalimi abaninzi banqwenela ukusebenzisa ii-greenhouses zabo ngenzuzo ephindwe kabini. Bathabatha amakhowe kuwo ukususela ngoSeptemba ukuya kuFebruwari, bese uqala ukutyala imifuno. Le ndlela inika inzuzo eninzi, njengoko imfuno ephezulu yamakhowe ibonakala kwindla-busika, kwaye kwimifuno yasendle - entwasahlobo.

Iifama ezikhulayo njengezoshishino, impendulo yabanomashishini bayakuqinisekisa oku, kungcono ukuqhuba ukusukela ekwindla ukusa, njengokuba kubonakala imifuno imfuno yamakhowe iwa.

Ilungiselelo lokunyusa

Ngama-mushroom, unokuzivumelanisa nokuqhelanisa iifrimu eziqhelekileyo zokufakela ifilimu okanye ukukhenkceza kwaye uyakhe ngokwesiGrachev. Kwakhona kufanelekile ukugubungela iiglasi. Into ephambili kukuba emagumbini anjalo akuyi kuba nzima ukudala ubushushu obufunekayo kunye nomswakama, iimeko eziyimfuneko kumakhowa.

I-greenhouse eyenziweyo yefilimu okanye i-polycarbonate yinto elula kakhulu yokumisela, ukwenjenjalo ukuba iifama ezikhulayo njengezoshishino zingenise inkathazo encinane kwaye zenze imali eninzi.

Amanyathelo alungiselelo lokutya:

• Okokuqala, kufuneka kulungiselelwe ukushisa. Inokutshisa ngegesi okanye umbane. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuphuphuma umoya, kuba umgquba okhulayo ukhupha i-carbon dioxide, kwaye kufuneka ikhutshwe rhoqo. Amafama angenayo ayifakelwe kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo ukuze iifama zifake ukhukhamba, i-zucchini kunye nompu. Oku kuvumela ixesha elingaphantsi lokuchitha ixesha ekusekeleni i-microclimate, njengoko izityalo zizalisana kunye kwaye zihlala zihlangene ngokubhekiselele.
• Iifama ezikhulayo njengenzuzo yezoshishino ziphumo ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwamashalofu. Le ndlela yeDatshi ikuvumela ukuba ukwandise ukusetshenziswa kweendawo, ukushiya indawo yokuvuna ingakuqokelela ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba kukho ithuba lokutshala imali kwiingxowa, oku kuya kunciphisa ukunakekelwa kwamafologu. Iimpahla ezinokuthi zingaphantsi kwiplastiki okanye ibhokisi yeemithi, eziphathwe ngokuchasana nokubunjwa.
• Ukulungiselela umhlaba.

Kwilungiselelo lokugcina izityalo kufuneka utyalomali imali, ukuba uququzelela unyaka-shishino. Ukuba ubhala ngokufanelekileyo kwaye uphumelele isicwangciso soshishino, ukukhusela i-mushroom-fowuni kwiindawo ezizodwa kukubonelela ngokukhawuleza kwi-investment kunye neengeniso.

Amagqabi ephantsi

Ukutyalomali kwi-shishini kwakuncinane, phambi kwendlu yangasese okanye kwipilari ungasebenzisa indawo yabo. Iimpawu zegumbi elifanelekileyo:

• Eyona nto ingcono ibe yinto ephezulu yokumisa isiteji ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ukugcina ucoceko kwaye ungayithobeli i-mycelium ukuba ibumbe intsholongwane.
• Ukuze ukhule ama-mushroom njengeshishini (ukuphononongwa, iifoto zalabo asebenenzuzo ngaphambili, oku kuqinisekiswa) banike umvuzo ophezulu kunye nokuvunwa okuninzi, kungcono ukuxhobisa indawo ngokukhusela. Bayagcina indawo kwaye bavumele ukuba ngamnye umntu atyale amakhowe ngokukhula okungafaniyo, okubeka inkqubo yokuhambisa.
• Amakhowe okukhanyisa ayimfuneko, ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuxhobisa ukukhanya, okwaneleyo ukulungiselela abo banakekelayo kunye nokuqokelela isityalo.

Ngaphantsi kwifama yama-mushroom

• Ukuphuphuma umoya kufuneka kube yinto ephakamileyo, kungeyiyo inambuzane-engaphephekiyo, apho kusetyenziswe umnatha ococekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuba akukho ziqulatho, ngoko ke, ngokungezelela kwiifodhu, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa abalandeli ngaphezu kweebhedi okanye izihlungi zokuhlambulula umoya.
• Iifama ezikhulayo njengezoshishino zifuna ukulawulwa rhoqo komswakama kunye nobushushu bomoya. Kubalulekile ukuxhobisa igumbi nge hygrometer kunye ne-thermometer. Ukwandisa umswakama, kwanele ukupakisha imibhede kunye nomgangatho, kunye nokunciphisa-ukutshintsha okanye ukuvula ukutshisa.
• Ukuba isakhiwo sikhulu ngokwaneleyo, ngoko sinokuhlulwa ibe yindawo yokulima i-mycelium kunye nokukhula kwesebe yee-mushroom, eziza kukwandisa kakhulu isivuno kwaye, ngoko ke, inzuzo.
• Ukuchithwa kwe-disinfection yesakhiwo kuyimfuneko ngaphambi kokuqalisa umsebenzi. Ingaba ngumsila omhlophe oxutywe nge-sulphate yethusi, ukupomfa ngesisombululo se-4% se-formalin okanye i-sming nge- sulfur checker. Iifungi ziyakhathalela ukubunjwa kunye ne-pathogenic microorganms, ngoko ke kufuneka uhlolisise isivuno, kwaye ufake ii-specimens ezigulayo kwisitya esisodwa uze ubatshabalalise.

Iifama ezikhulayo njengezoshishino (ingxelo, indlela yokukhula, ukusuka kwamanye abalimi beloli - kwesi siqinisekiso) yimeko apho kucetyiswa ukuba isebenzise nayiphi na indawo engafanelekanga ukujonga kuqala. Into ephambili kukukhusela kwimida, ukufudumala, ukukhusela kunye nokukhusela kwiintlanzi kunye nokubunjwa. Izityalo ziya kuvuzwa ngomvuno ophezulu.

Umququzeleli

Ukuthengwa kwe-mycelium kunye nokulungiswa kwesidlo esisondlo esifakwe kwisicwangciso seshishini "Ukukhula kwamagqabi" yizona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu kuyo. Isivuno esiphezulu sifumaneka ukuba umgquba wehashe usetyenziselwa umquba. Kodwa ukuba akukho nto inokwenzeka, koko i-cow okanye iintaka zeentaka ziya kwenza.

Izithako zendalo yendalo:

• Umquba wehashe;
• Inkqubo;
• Urea;
• Ammonium sulfate;
• Superphosphate, isikhoksi okanye i-alabaster.

Ukuze ufumane umququzeko omhle, kufuneka ubeke zonke iziqendu. Ukugxinwa ngotshani usuku, faka umgca ongaphantsi, ke umgquba, uphinde uphuthule utshani kunye nomquba. Ezi ziqendu mazibe ziziqhekeza ezi-6-8. Xa ubeka isalathisi ngasinye kufuneka uphuze ngamanzi afudumele.

Emva kweentsuku eziyi-3-4, zonke iindawo kufuneka zidibaniswe, zongeze urea kunye ne-superphosphate kubo. Emva kweentsuku ezine iintsuku ezi-3-4, gubungela kwakhona kwaye ungeze izithako ezisele, kwaye ngoko ke amaxesha angama-4-5, kwaye kuphela kwisitya sokugqibela kwisidlo esisondlo sinegypsum.

Ukutyala kwe-mycelium

Emva kokuba umquba "uvuthiwe", kuyimfuneko ukongeza "imbewu" yee-mushroom ukufumana i-mycelium. Kwi-1 m ² yomgangatho wesondlo, i-500 g ye-mycelium compost okanye i-400 g ye-spores spores.

Bahlwayayo i-substrate, apho umunwe wenziwe ngamagunya angama-20-25 cm, apho kufakwe khona impahla yezinto. Ukuba i-spores isetyenziselwa ukuhlwayela, ngoko yanele ukufafaza umgangatho wesondlo.

Iqondo lokushisa lomoya lokufakelwa i-mycelium kufuneka libe yi-+20 ... +27 degrees. Xa iintsuku eziyi-10-12 i-mycelium iqala ukukhula ngokunyanisekileyo, kufuneka ifefe ngomxube we-peat, umhlaba kunye ne-limestone kwi-5: 4: 1 kunye ne-periodically sprayed, ingavumeli ukuba umgangatho wesondlo ume.

Ukuvunwa

Ukuvuna kwakhe kokuqala "umfama" kuya kuba nako ukuqokelela kwiintsuku ezingama-35 ukuya kuma-50, kunikezelwa ukuba ukuvuthwa komgquba kungama-20-25 iintsuku. Ngokuxhomekeka apho ukuhluthwa kwenzeka khona kwaye indlela efanelekileyo ilungiselelwe ngayo, isivuno sinokuthi sikhulu kakhulu okanye siphezulu.

Iifama ezikhulayo njengezoshishino, ukuhlolwa kwamava "abaqoki bamakhowa" baqinisekisa oko, - ibhizinisi elinenzuzo kakhulu, njengoko umjikelezo wefruiting ungenziwa yonke le minyaka.

Ukushisa komoya ngaphambi kokuvuthwa kwamakhowe kufuneka kube +22 degrees +26. Ukuba itshisa, ama-mushroom aya kunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwaye abe nekhanda elincinci emlenzeni omde. Ezi zinto aziyi kuthengiswa. Kwiqondo lokushisa lama-12 degrees i-mycelium iyayeka ukuvelisa iziqhamo. Ngoko ke, ngokukhawuleza ukuba iichiza zibonakala kwaye i-mushroom iphunga ivakalelwa, ukushisa kufuneka kuncitshwe kwi-+15 ... +16 degrees.

Ukuqokelela amakhowe ngokucophelela, ukuze ungonakali isiseko sabo. Ukuze wenze oku, umntu kufuneka abambe imilenze yesandla esinye ngeminwe yonyawo omnye kunye nomhlaba, kunye nomnye ukujika okulula ukuwahlula kwi-mycelium. Kubalulekile ukuvuna zonke iziqhamo, ezincinci, kuba ukuba unqumle amakhowe amakhulu kuphela, bonke bayeke ukukhula baze baqale ukubola.

Kufuneka ukhunjulwe ukuba ngendlela efanelekileyo, unako ukuqokelela ukusuka kwi-5 kg yee-mushroom kunye ne-1m ² malunga nemijikelezo emininzi. Ngoko ke, xa ubala isantya seshishini, kufuneka ucinge ngokukhawuleza malunga nendawo oyisebenzisa kuyo.

Ukugcina izityalo

Ukugcina isityalo esivuniweyo kwisityalo esikhulu, xa kunzima ukulawula olunye usuku, kufuneka ucinge ngefriji ngaphambili. Isikhundla sabo sibalwa ukusuka kwisixa se kilogram yomkhiqizo ogqityiweyo kunye ne-1 m ² . Ngoko, kwigumbi eli-30 m ² eli liza kuba ngumyinge we 150 kg ngosuku.

Ukuthaka amakhowe yinkqubo enobunzima, kwaye akayikunyamezela ukukhawuleza. Ukongezelela, isityalo esivuniweyo kufuneka senziwe ngohlobo kunye nobukhulu.

Ngaphambi kokubeka ama-mushroom efrijini, kufuneka ahlile encinane kwigumbi eneqondo eliphantsi lokushisa.

Akukhuthazwa ukuba uzalise ibhokisi ebandayo kunye neebhokisi kunye nemikhiqizo ekulungele ukuthumela izinto, kuba kusekho ama-mushroom adinga ukujikelezwa komoya.

Ukuba, ngenxa yesizathu esithile, intloko ye-mushroom ihlanganiswe ngeentlanzi ezibomvu okanye ezimpunga, kwaye umlenze uphazamisekile, kuthetha ukuba kuphuthumayo ukususa i-mushroom yegciwane elivela kwi-mycelium kunye "nezihlobo" eziseduze. Faka i-lesion efafazwe yetyuwa yetyuwa. Ukuba awukuzifezekisi le miqathango, unokuchaphazela isityalo sonke, kwaye kuya kufuneka uqale ibhizinisi kuqala.

Ukuba isifo sifumanekile, kufuneka ukuba sifumane umthombo kwaye uyiguqule. Oku kungabangela ukubunjwa, okupheliswa lula. Kuyinto enqwenelekayo ukutshisa amakhowe avuthiweyo, kwaye emva koko ucocele ngokugqithiseleyo impahla kunye nezandla.

Akunjalo na kufuneka usebenzise amalungiselelo emichiza okanye iibhokhwe ezinambuzane. Emva kokusetyenziswa kwabo, amakhowe aya kuba yingozi kwimpilo kwaye kufuneka achithe. Kungcono ukulahlekelwa i-mycelium okanye ezininzi kunokubeka umngcipheko ngobomi bomntu.

Amakhowe azinakunqweneleka kakhulu, ngoko kwanele ukutshekisha umoya ngokucophelela , akukho sikhunta kunye nezinambuzane ukufumana ishishini elikhulayo nelinenzuzo.