I-Louvre isebenza: imizobo, imizobo, imizobo

Imyuziyamu yeLouvre eyaziwayo emhlabeni ikhanga izigidi zabantu abakhenkethi minyaka yonke. Imisebenzi yeLouvre - iqoqo eliqulunqwe ngokugqithiseleyo elikuvumela ukuba ulandele yonke imbali yobugcisa. Kukho izinto ezingenakuphikwa ukuba wonke umntu ovakalisa ukufundiswa kufuneka awazi kwaye abone ubuncinane kanye ebomini bakhe.

Ukusekwa kwembali yaseLouvre

Ngo-Agasti 10, 1793 ngokokuqala ngqa wavula iingcango zayo enye yezona zinto ziyimyuziyam ezibalulekileyo kwihlabathi-iLouvre. Ingcamango yokudala i-museum yoluntu eneembonakalo zemisebenzi yobugcisa yabuya emva kweSifuduko saseFransi, xa kugqitywe isigqibo sokubeka ixabiso lobukhosi kwibala. Ukususela ngomhla wokuguqulwa, urhulumente wesizwe uqale ukuthatha imisebenzi yobugcisa kwi-aristocracy, ngoko ke kwakuqala kweqoqo lembali lemyuziyam. Kwiminyaka embalwa, inani elikhulu lezinto ezixabisekileyo liqokelelwe, kuba ukufunyanwa kwazo kwakudingeka ukuba sibe nesakhiwo esikhulu, esiba yinqaba elidala.

Isakhiwo seLouvre

Imisebenzi yeLouvre yayifuna indawo eninzi, kwaye iimbono zabaququzeleli bemyuziyam ziye zajika kwikhotwe elikhulu elingenanto ngaphakathi eParis. Esi sakhiwo sinembali ende. Intliziyo yeLouvre yiNqaba eNkulu, eyakhiwe ngo-1190. Injongo yalo yayingumntu osebenzayo - ukusuka ekuphakameni kwagqalwa iVikings esondelayo. Ngo-1317 uCharles the Fifth wenza indawo yakhe yokuhlala, apha i-Treasury yeParis iyahamba. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka yokusebenza loo ndlu endala ilahlekile kwaye idilizwe, ingakumbi ukususela kwinqaba yokulahlekelwa umsebenzi wayo wokuzikhusela waza waba yindlu yokuhlala. UFrancis kuqala ngo-1546 wachaza lo msebenzi uPerre Lescaut. Ngaphambi kwakhe kwakunomsebenzi wokwakha kabusha inqaba, okwenza igosa lenene. Umqambi ucebisa ukwakha intendelezo yebala, amacala amathathu ahlotshiswe ngamagumbi anesityebi, kunye neyesine-ukuphuma evulekile ukuya kwidolophu. Ngethuba lobomi bomakhi wezakhiwo, kuphela iphiko le-ntshona liye lakwazi ukugqiba ukwakhiwa, okwakuthiwa namhlanje. Iprojekthi yakhe yazaliswa ngowe-1555 kwaye yaba ngumzekelo omangalisayo wobugcisa bokuvuselela i-Renaissance. Ngomnyaka we-1594, uHenry weNqununu wagqiba kwelokuba kwakudingeka ukudibanisa uLouvre kunye neNdwendwe yaseTuileries. Ngo-1655-1670 uLouis Prevost wandisa ibrome kwaye uyandisa ngokuphindwe kane. Ngaphantsi kweLouis ngo-Okweshumi nesine, ubuqhophololo basempumalanga buhlotswe ngepolonade, ludonsa abaninzi abaqulunqi bezakhiwo baseYurophu, kodwa ngowe-1682 lakhupha kwiprojekthi kwaye yafudukela kwindawo yaseVersailles. Kwaphela phantse iminyaka, iLouvre ayinalutho, ilahlekile, kwaye neemeko zokudiliza kwayo ziyavela. ULouis XVI wacinga ngokudala iimyuziyam ebhotwe, ingcamango yakhe yazaliseka emva kokuguquka.

Ngaphantsi kweNapoleon Okokuqala, isakhiwo esisekumantla sakhiwa kwakhona, kwaye ngo-1853 zonke iindawo eziqinileyo zeLouvre zagqitywa. Ngowe-1891, ukubonakala kwebhotwe kuphuhlisiwe, esiyibonayo namhlanje. Ukugqibela ukulungiswa kobugcisa okwenzekayo ngo-1989, xa i-pyramid yeglasi yakhiwe egcekeni ngumenzi waseMelika uYo Ming Pei - umnyango omkhulu kumyuziyam.

Iqoqo leLouvre: imbali nemigaqo yendalo

Imisebenzi yokuqala yeLouvre yaqala ukuqokelela naphantsi kweLouis onesine-14, owathi ngomoya wexesha lakhe waqala ukudala iqoqo lobugcisa. Isiseko sokuqokelela kwakuyimidwebo yamatriki aseItali, athengwa nguFrancis First. ULouis onesine-14 uthenge iqoqo elikhulu lemifanekiso (imizobo engama-200) evela kwi-Zhabakh yasebhanki. Ukumkani uhlala efuna ithuba lokuzalisa intlanganiso yakhe. Wandisa ingxowa yexesha elizayo lemyuziyam ukuya kuma-2500, afumana izinto zobugcisa ezahlukeneyo. Emva kwenguqulelo, iqoqo lemyuziyamu liqala ukuzaliswa ngenxa yexabiso elithathwayo. Ingxowa yeMyuziyam yoBumbe ifakwe kwiLouvre. Ngethuba lokunqoba kweNapoleonic, i-Louvre iimali zizaliswe ngokugcwele ngenxa yamatye, ngenxa yokucwaningwa kwezinto zakudala eYiputa naseMpuma. Kwakhona, ulawulo lwemyuziyam, kunye nemali yalo, luqhuba umsebenzi ekukhetheni nasekuthengeni izinto zobugcisa. Iqoqo ayilwanga ngokukhawuleza, ukhetho lwemisebenzi lugqitywa lixabiso lobugcisa, kuphela i-masterpieces engena kwiLouvre. Abaninzi abaqokeleli baqokelele iqoqo zabo kwiLouvre. Ngoko, ngowe-1936 i-museum yamkela iqoqo yemifanekiso yeBaron Edmond Rothschild kwinani leemiboniso ezingaphezu kwe-45 zamawaka. Kwakhona ingqalelo enkulu ihlawulwa ekubunjweni kobutyebi belizwe lobuFrentshi. Namhlanje kwiLouvre kukho imiboniso engama-400, kwaye ukuqokelela kuyaqhubeka nokwenza. Ngokumalunga nokukhula kweemali ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukwabiwa ngokutsha kwemisebenzi yobugcisa phakathi kweemyuziyam zaseFransi kuqala. I-Louvre yanciphisa i-assembly ye-Soviet ukuya ngomhla we-1848, kwaye yonke imifanekiso yokudweba yahlukana kwezinye iikholeji.

Namhlanje, iqoqo lembali lembali lihlukaniswe ngamaqela: ubugcisa be-Ancient East, iYiputa yaseYiputa, ihlabathi la mandulo, ubugcisa bamaSilamsi, ukudweba, imifanekiso, ubugcisa kunye nemisebenzi.

Ubugcisa behlabathi la mandulo

Ininzi yemali yamyuziyamu yimpahla yobugcisa basendulo. Imisebenzi yeLouvre kwiSebe lezobuGcisa bamandulo imelwe yimimandla emininzi. Inxalenye enkulu yeqoqo yenziwe ngezinto ezifunyenwe ngexesha lokuphanda eYiputa, kubandakanywa nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo weRamses II, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo "Ukuhlala ikati", i-sphinxes, i-sarcophagi, i-ceramics, imihlobiso kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi, kubandakanywa imifanekiso yodonga, i-bas-reliefs, izinto zangaphakathi. Ubugcisa baseMandulo yasempuma bumelwa yiqoqo yezinto zobugcisa ukusuka kwiinkcubeko zaseMesopotamia, i-Iran, iMeditera.

Imifanekiso yobunjwa bamandulo

Isiseko sokuqokelelwa kweso sakhiwo kwakunokufunyanwa kukaLouis weshumi elinesine. Namhlanje kwiqoqo loomyuziyam kukho izinto zobugcisa, ezifana "neVenus de Milo" - umfanekiso okhangisa ezininzi iindwendwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuze ubone lo mboniso, abavakhenkethi bafika eLouvre. Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo wamaxesha amandulo ngumfanekiso othi "Nika Samothrace", okwenziwa yi-Archaeologist yaseFransi uS Shampozo waza wazisa eParis. Ixesha lamaRoma limelelwa likhulu leemifanekiso, iziseko zokuhamba. Inkundla yemifanekiso yasendulo eLouvre, ihlamba elangeni ngephahla leglasi, ikuvumela ukuba uzicwilise kwihlabathi lokuvisisana nokufezekisa.

Ifa likaLeonardo da Vinci

Ukukhanga okhethekileyo kubakhenkethi kunye nabathandi bezobugcisa ngumzobo "Mona Lisa". Abantu abaninzi beza kumyuziyam ukuba babone ukumamatheka okumangalisayo. Kodwa ngaphandle kwalokhu, iLouvre inokuziqhayisa ngeminye imisebenzi emine yenkosi enkulu. Akukho nto engabalulekanga, kodwa umncinane kangako udumo ngumsebenzi "Madonna kwiindawo." Lo msebenzi, owenziwe kwiminyaka engamashumi asibhozo ekhulwini le-15, sele iqokelelwa kwibukhosi ukususela ngo-1625. Ikwahluke ngendawo ecacileyo emiselweyo emva kweempawu zobuntu, apha umbhali uzama ezo zinto, eziza kusebenza ngokupheleleyo xa ubhala "Gioconda". "IMadonna emadwaleni" - ngulo hlobo lokuqala lomsebenzi kweli bali, ingqungquthela yesibini kwiMyuziyam yaseLondon. Kwakhona, uLouvre uyaziqhayisa ngokufanayo ngemisebenzi enjengokuthi "Umfanekiso weNtombikazi", "Madonna kunye noMntwana kunye noSt. UAna "kunye" noYohane uMbhaptizi ".

Iimpawu zobugcisa behlabathi

I-Louvre yenye yezinto ezincinci kwiimyuziyam ehlabathini, kwaye udumo lwayo, ngokuqinisekileyo, lenziwe ngumbono wobugcisa bomhlaba. Ezi zibandakanya, okokuqala kuqala, "Mona Lisa" nguLeonard da da Vinci, kodwa nakhona ungabona umsebenzi ophawulekayo kaTheodore Gericault "I-Raft of Medusa", iindidi ezisebenza nguJacques David, ngokukodwa, "I-Coronation of Napoleon". Umsebenzi onqabileyo ka-I. Bosch "Umkhumbi wezilumko" uyiparele yeqoqo lembali. I-Louvre ngumnini onwabileyo wepeyinti yeS S. Botticelli, uRafael Santi, H. Memling, A. Durer kunye nabanye abalobi abaninzi. Kwisebe lobunqambileyo ukutshitshiswa ngokungathandabuzekiyo kubini imisebenzi kaMichelangelo: "Ikhoboka eliLawulayo" kunye "Nakhoboka elivusiweyo".

Ubugcisa beFrench

Ukuqokelela ubugcisa bobuzwe kwiLouvre kubonisa onke amaxesha kunye neentlobo zobugcisa. Kukho ubugcisa obuninzi kwiqoqo, umzekelo, umfanekiso kaEugene Delacroix "Inkululeko ehola abantu". Ichaneka ngokuchanekileyo isimo esilawula kwilizwe ngexesha le-Revolution. Yaba ngumqondiso wezobugcisa obutsha neRiphabliki. Ubugcisa beplastiki yeli lizwe limelelwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngomfanekiso womdlali waseGrike owenziwe ngemarble. "UMilton waseCrotone eneengonyama" - umsebenzi obalulekileyo umdwebi waseFransi uPierre Puget kwindlela abaphathi bamandulo abazenza ngayo. Lo msebenzi uyamangalisa ngokuzibonakalisa kunye namandla okuvakalelwa. "UMilton weCrotone kunye neNgonyama" ubonisa umonakalo wokubandezeleka kwabantu, amandla omdlali kunye nomoya wakhe.

Imifanekiso

Kwiqoqo ebonakalayo yeLouvre kuneemiboniso ezingaphezu kwei-130 zamawaka. Ezi iholo azifumaneki ngokukhenketho kubakhenkethi, abaqhelanisi bezinto ezilungileyo bahamba apha. Emva koko, kwiqoqo leLouvre kukho ezininzi iincwadi, imidwebo, iimpapasho zabalobi bezona zibalaseleyo. Kubandakanya imifanekiso nguH. H. Rembrant, J. Chardin, E. Delacroix.

Ukuhlobisa nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa

Ikratshi elikhethekileyo lemyuziyam liqokelela ubugcisa kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Izinto zokuhlobisa, ukuhlobisa, iingubo, iimpahla zeefriji ezahlukeneyo zimelelwe kwiiholo eziliqela zeLouvre. Okokuqala kukho konke baqwalasela iindlu zeNapoleon yesithathu. Kukho ukubonelela okupheleleyo kunye nokuhlobisa iholo elikhulu kwigumbi likaLouis XIV nelesi-15. Apha ungabona ifenitshala ephathekayo, izitya, izinto zangaphakathi. Kodwa kunye neyamyuziyamu inemizekelo emihle kakhulu yezixhobo kunye neempahla ezivela kumaxesha okubuyiselwa kunye nokulawula kukaNapoleon wokuqala. Inomdla omkhulu kukuqokelela impahla, imihlobiso kunye nemihlobiso ye-Gothic, isiBaroque, isiTaliyane nesiFrentshi. Ukuqokelela ifenitshala kwiLouvre yenye yezona zinto zilungileyo kwihlabathi.

Yintoni ongayibona

Ukubona yonke imiboniso yeLouvre, ayanele ngokweziinyanga ezimbalwa, kwaye ukuba uyayibheka ngokucophelela, emva kweminyaka embalwa. Kodwa, xa kungenakwenzeka ukunika i-museum ixesha elininzi, kufuneka ucinge ngendlela kwaye uphendule umbuzo: into engayi kuphantsi? Kukho ukhenketho oluthile lweLouvre, oluya kukuvumela ukuba ubone into ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukukhawuleza abhenkethi kwiimyuziyam, ubugcisa bubekwe kwiiholide zokuqala emnyango, kwaye kukho iimbosi ezikhethekileyo zokuphepha ukulahleka. Kodwa abanye basebenza ngokufanelekileyo ukuba baqwalaselwe bafakwe kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo, ngoko, umfanekiso ka-Eugene Delacroix "Inkululeko, abantu abahamba phambili", ekuqokelelweni kobugcisa beFransi. Ngoko ke, kufuneka uhambe ngendlela ye-museum kwaye ufumane igumbi elungileyo. AmaSikimu akhutshwe emnyango ngaphandle kwentlawulo kwiilwimi eziliqela, kubandakanywa isiRashiya.

Ukuze ungaphumeleli kwindawo enkulu kwaye ubone into ebaluleke kakhulu, ungasebenzisa uluhlu olukhethekileyo lwezobugcisa ezinkulu, ezibandakanya: umfanekiso "Venus of Milo", umfanekiso wesidla - "uNika Samothrace", imizobo "Eyona nto inkulu kakhulu" J. Ingra no "Lacemaker" J. I-Vermeer, umsebenzi kaLeonardo da Vinci, umfanekiso kaRamses II.