Ngubani umLevi Isaak Ilyich?

Isaak Ilich Levitan - umtyholi waseRashiya obalaseleyo, umYuda ngohlanga. Nguye uLeviyiti.

Ubomi bokuqala

Ngowe-1860, unyana wesibini, uIsake, wazalwa kwintsapho ye-Phillips efundisa i-Ilya Levitan. Intsapho ehluphekileyo esecaleni lobukho bukhohlakele yayihlala ngelo xesha eLithuania edolobheni laseKirbaty. U-Ilya Levitan ngokwakhe wayengumtoliki, ngoko wafundisa iilwimi. Ukufuna ubomi obungcono, bonke bafudukela eMoscow. Ubukho bentsapho kule nto akubhetele. Bahlala emaphandleni kwisiteji sesine kwindlu encinane. Kwakungekho nhlobo imali. Abantwana babengenakukwazi ukuya esikolweni, kuba kwakungekho nto yokuhlawula. UBawo uqobo wayebandakanyeka nabo.

Xa wayeneminyaka eyi-13, u-Isaak wangena kwisikolo seMoscow yoPainting kunye nesakhiwo. Ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle kokungabaza, wagqiba ekubeni uya kuba ngumveli womhlaba. Kwaye iindawo zabo ezibuhlungu zazintle kuba ngenxa yoko unokumangalisa ukukhanya kwelanga ixesha elide.

UIsake wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ubudala, unina wafa. Kwaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva, xa wayethatha i-typhus, uyise naye wafa. Ngexesha elifanayo, wagula nge-typhoid no-Isaac, kodwa waphinda wabuya, kodwa imiphumo yathintela ubomi bakhe bonke - wayebuthathaka kwimpilo. Indlela abasinda ngayo, abalambileyo, abane abantwana abancinci abangenayo uncedo lwemali, bayazi kuphela. UIsake okanye umntakwabo akazange atshele nabani na ngobuntwaneni bakhe nangobutsha bakhe. Mhlawumbi iinkumbulo zabo zazinomsindo kwaye ziluhlungu.

Esi si kolweni

U-Levitan wokuqala wafunda noVasily Perov, kodwa kwibakala lesine wamenywa eklasini ye- Alexei Savrasov. UmLevi wayefunda ngokulula, kodwa yonke into yayisebenza nzima nzima. Imifanekiso eyenziwe nguye kwiminyaka eyi-16, "I-autumn. Umgwaqo kwidolophana "nobusuku", ngoku seGrade Tretyakov Igalari. Kwaye ke isikolo sabatshengisa ngeedalesi yesilivere kunye noncedo lwemali.

Ukugxeka amaYuda aseMoscow

Ngomnyaka we-1879, umyalelo wakhutshulwa ukuvimbela amaYuda ukuba ahlale kwindlunkulu yamandulo yaseRashiya. Ngubani uLevi? I-outcast engekho yindawo apho ubomi bubilayo. Abazalwana bahlala kufuphi neMoscow kwindlu yasehlobo yaseSaltykovka. Iindawo zazintle. Yintoni enye ifanele i-landscape? Ipeyin kunye ne-tovas, mhlawumbi nje ipencil nephepha, i-watercolor, inken, ipeni. Yonke into enokusebenza njengempahla yokufundisa ekubonakaliseni isimo semvelo, isimo sayo sengqondo. Kodwa uLeviya uya eMoscow yonke imihla. Akunanto. Ngomboniso ngo-1879 umfanekiso wakhe "Usuku lwangomhla. Sokolniki. " Kuye, umfazi wesifazane wabhala umzalwana ka-A. Chekhov Nicholas. I-Picture-elegy yabuyiswa ngokukhawuleza yathenga PM Tretyakov. I-Levitan ayinayo "imisebenzi yokupasa". Usacacinga, kodwa yintoni imibala yemigangatho ebusa kwi-"Oak", egcwele ilanga! Umdwebi ukhangeleka kakhulu kwiinguqu ezifihlakeleyo kwimvelo kwaye uyazi indlela yokuzithumela. Kodwa akukho talente okanye ubuchule bayivimbela uLeviyithani ukuba athole isihloko somculi ekupheleni kwesikolo ngo-1885. Ngubani ongumLevi emva kwesikolo? Master of calligraphy.

Ukuqhelana no-A. Chekhov

Emva kokugqiba kwakungekho idiploma, akukho mali evela ku-Isaak Levitan. Wahlala kufuphi neMoscow kufuphi neBabkino, apho intsapho yaseKeykhovs yayihlala khona. U-Anton Pavlovich no-Isaak Ilyich baya kudibana okokuqala ngqa apha. Kumntu ogulayo uLevitan umngani wakhe uMikhail Chekhov uya kuzisa umninawa-udokotela. Ngoko bayaziwayo. Udidekile kunye noMalitan osolisayo uqobo, uxoxisana nomndeni waseKkhokhov ovuyayo novuyo, apho wonke umntu ekulungele ukulungiswa kwemigudu kunye neentlangano, kunye no-Anton Pavlovich ngokwakhe ukhonza njengomlawuli. Uvuyo kunye nokunyamezela kobomi kuya kuphuma kwinqanawa ethi "Birch Grove", eya kuqala ukubhalela apha Isaak Ilich Levitan. I-biography yakhe kunye neKhekhov iya kufakwa. Lapha uya kuqhubeka echazela uthando lwakhe lwesiRashiya, ngoko kulula kwaye kancinci, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha uyavuya ngokukrakra. A. Indawo yaseKhokhov yendawo yaseMoscow kwaqala ukubizwa ngokuba yi "levitanical". Emva kancinane, u-Isaak Ilyich Levitan uza kufaka isithombe ku-AP Chekhov enegama lokuzinikezela. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwababini abaculi kunye nemifanekiso emibili emininzi, eyaboniswa ngumdwebi. Omnye kuthiwa "Umlambo we-Istra", kwaye okwesibini yi "Oak kunye neBirch". Kuyo malunga nemvelaphi yecala lehlathi lidlula indlela emncinci, ecaleni kwimilo enamandla, kwaye ngokukhawuleza i-birch emhlophe ibombile ikhula. Zomhlaba zomhlaba zombini zaziphezu kwedeski yase-Anton Pavlovitch kunye nefoto yomculi.

"Birch Grove"

Yonke into kulo mgca igcwele ukukhanya. Yena, u-shimmering, udlala kwii-trunks, ezenza zikhanyise kwaye zicace. Ilanga lijikeleza amahlamvu, umthi ngamnye ufikelela kuwo kwaye uphahla phantsi kwemisebe yawo. Kuyamangalisa ukuba zingaphi iimpawu eziluhlaza okwenziwa ngumculi ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe. Kuphela umbala wombala oyinkimbinkimbi unokusebenza kwimibandela emibili ngaphandle kokubangela ukuba umbukeli abe nombono we-monotony kunye nobukhulu bombala wepeti. Ngokuphambene noko, ityebile kwaye ayidibanisi enye inzima. Kwaye iibhendi eziluhlaza ebusweni ziqinisa ingcamango yentshulu yeengca ezizalisa utshani.

ECrimea ebomini bomculi

Ngeli xesha, kwiminyaka engama-80, imeko yento yomculi yayiphucule, emva kokuba esebenzele uMamontov, kodwa impilo yakhe yahlakala, kwaye isilungiso sakhe waya eCrimea. Kulapho waqala ukunyuswa, wabhala imisebenzi yothando, kwaye ngoko, njengoko wavuma encwadini eya ku-A. Chekhov, wavutha eMntla. Wabuya waza wabonisa imimandla yaseCrimea ("iTermyard, eCrimea", "Kwindawo yolwandle, eCrimea", "Ai-Petri", "indawo yaseCrimea", "kwiintaba zaseCrimea") kwimiboniso yaseMoscow. Baye bahlulwa yonke imihla yokuqala. Ubomi, ekhokelwa ngu-Isaak Ilich Levitan, i-biographie kunye nemidwebo yomdwebi ichazwa inyathelo ngamanyathelo kwinqaku.

Ukuhamba ngesikebhe

Uhambo lokuqala ku-Volga, olwenziwe entwasahlobo ka-1887, lwabonakala lungaphumeleli. Kwakuyimpunga, imvula neyobandayo. Kwavutha umoya ovela kwiVolga. Umculi olahlekileyo waphindela. Kodwa iVolga ayikho enye yale milambo ongayibala. Ngomnyaka ozayo waphinda waya kwiVolga. Lapha wafumanisa idolophu yasePlyos, ummandla owawushukumisela ukuba ubuchule bungabikho konyaka omnye. "Ngobusuku kwiVolga" umlambo oqaqambileyo kwaye uzukileyo ugeleza ububanzi obukhulu. Akukho siphelo kuwo, akukho mhlaba. Kwelinye ulwandle, kwaze kwabonakala nehlathi. Yimi ebhankini esecaleni yeentaba zeentaba nge-blue strip ekuhlanganiseni ukukhanya kwelanga kwaye iyancibilika kumgama, ijika ibe ngumgca omncinci. I-Volga ithule. Amafu asebusuku aboniswa ngamanzi alo. Kuphela ukuphakama okuphakamileyo kukuvutha ilanga legolide, ilanga elitshilo, elingaphambili emva komculi.

"Emva kwemvula. Plyos, 1889

Umlambo ukhulu kakhulu. Kodwa yonke into ehlanjululwa yimvula yokugqibela kwaye ikhanya ngokukhanya okukhethileyo. Ukuhlambuluka kunye nemigqomo emlambo ikhumbuza imvula, eyayivuselela imvelo. Abantu balapha ngqo. Ukunxibelelana nabo kubonakala kwimihlaba yasezidolophini kumgama, kunye neenqanawa, kunye namabhonji. Ihlabathi elibonakalisiweyo liyingqungquthela kunye nokomoya. Ngoko ngubani uLevi? Ungumlobi othe wathatha ibrashi kwaye kungekhona ngamagama, kodwa ngemibala nomfanekiso, uthetha ngokuvisisana, ngamanye amaxesha kunokwenzeka.

Uhambo oluya eNtshona Yurophu

Kwiminyaka ye-1889-1890. ULeviit uya kulwa nomzobo wanamhlanje eFransi nase-Itali. Ukongezelela, wabona esebenzayo ngabaculi besikolo saseBarzon nase-Impressionists, uLevitan ngokwakhe wabhala amaninzi amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, ekupheleni kohambo, wayesele ekhutshulwa ekhaya, yonke into ayayazi kwaye wayeziva ngayo ngentliziyo yakhe yonke.

Ixesha lokuphakama kwezinto zokomoya

Iminyaka engama-90 - i-dayday of creativity Levitan. Kwaye umculi ngokwakhe. Wayesoloko ebengumhle, kodwa ngoku uye waba ngumntu onobuhle onobugcisa othe wathanda abantu ngobubele nobuncwane. Emehlweni akhe kwakhanya, ngoShalyapin, "ngumphefumlo onqabileyo wenkondlo." Ngo-1890, uLevitan wabhala "indawo yokuhlala," edibanisa kunye nenani lezakhiwo ezivela kwiindwendwe zasePles naseMoscow, ebonwa ngumntu waseRashiya ngaphezu kweyodwa, kwaye oko, kwimbono kaChekhov, yavusa umnqweno wokuya phambili kwaye ungene elwandle lolwandle. U-Levitan, ongenjengomnye, wabonakalisa imfihlelo yesiRashiya, ubuhle bayo obuhle.

Ingxolo

Ku-Volga I. Levitan akazange abe yedwa. Phakathi kwabanye wayehamba kunye nomculi S. Kuvshinnikova. Le ntombazana yayithathwa ngu-Isaac Ilyich Levitan owayenomdla kwaye enomdla. I-biografi yakhe yongezwa yincwadi enomfazi ongeyena kodwa ocebileyo onobuchule oneminyaka engama-12 ubudala. Baqala ukuthethwa ngaye. Emva koko, uVavinnikova wayetshatile ugqirha. U-AP Chekhov wabhala ibali elithi "Ukuhlama", apho wonke umntu ebona le mibini. Kwaye u-Levitan waphukisa waza wahlukana no-A. Chekhov. Baxolelaniswe nguL. L. Shchepkina-Kupernik. Kodwa kuLevitan kwakubuyiselwa ngokusemthethweni, kuba wayecaphukile kangangokuba wayefuna i-duel. Loo wayeyi-Isaak Ilich Levitan. Inyaniso enomdla ngobomi bakhe nayo idibene neChekhov. UmLevi othakazelisayo waba lilungu leNdlu kaSenator Turchaninov. Wathwalwa ngumfazi wakhe, kwaye intombi ye-senator yamthanda uLevi. Ngeli xesha, ngokungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambili, u-Levitan wachaza usaphila ngeentyatyambo. Emva koko watyhila enye yokutyelela umzobo "Matshi", ebonisa indawo yeTurchaninovs. Olu luphelo oluqaqambileyo lobusika, olungabonwanga mntu ngaphambili. Ikhephu elimhlophe, isibhakabhaka esibhakabhaka esibhakabhaka, izithunzi eziluhlaza okwiqhwa. Emva kukaLevi, le motif wayephindaphindiwe kwimifanekiso kaYuon noGerbar. Masibuyele endlwini kaTurchaninovs. Kule ncwadi, intombazana encinci iphazamise ngokupheleleyo into, kwaye oku kukhokelela uLeviya ngokulinganisa, kwaye umculi uphupha. U-Chekhov wayeva ngayo uhlobo oluthile lokuziphatha, kuba isilonda sasingengozini ebomini. Ukongeza, ngaloo mzuzu uLeviya wabulala i-seagull, awazisa endlwini waza waphosa ezinyaweni zabafazi. Le nto yayiyingozi apho uIsake Ilyich Levitan walimala khona. Ubungqina obuvela kubomi bezobugcisa baba ngumbono wobuchule be-AP Chekhov kwaye babonakaliswa kumdlalo "I-Seagull".

KwiWhirlpool (1892)

Ngeli xesha, uLevitan wafumana amanoveli angaphumelelanga kunye noVevinnikova kunye noTurchaninova kwaye wavelisa amava akhe angaphakathi kwimvelo. Ukuxhalabisa iinjongo eziphambili zalo msebenzi, ojongene nombukeli. Kwiindawo ezifanayo kunye noPushkin wabhala "i-Mermaid" yakhe.

"UVladimirka" (1892)

Indlela engapheliyo yokugwetywa eSiberia. Kunoma yiphina imozulu, abantu baya emsebenzini okhuni kwiikhonkco kwiindawo ezinkulu kunye nangelanga elitshisayo, kwaye phantsi kwemvula yokubanda ekwindla. Le ngxuwa eyincithakalo yayingumLevi ovuyayo kangangokuba kwimizuzu emininzi yokuphefumula wabhala umfanekiso waza wayibeka kuPavel Tretyakov.

"Ekuphumuleni kokuphakade" (1894)

I-Cape, i-chapel echithekayo, amangcwaba. Umoya uphonsa imithi engqinileyo, kwaye kubonakala ngathi kuncinane kwaye uya kutshabalalisa i-churchard kunye necawa. Isibhakabhaka esiphantsi kwesibhakabhaka kunye namafu ahamba phambili angenasiphelo. Ubume, ukungabi namdla kumntu, kuphakade. Uzisa ubuhlungu obukrakra kunye neengcamango ezingapheliyo-malunga nobukhulu bomntu, malunga nokuncinci kwakhe kwizinto ezininzi. Umntu uziva njengengqolowa yesanti. Ukubunjwa komfanekiso kunzima kwaye kucacile. Iibini zantathu zesitya zihlala esibhakabhakeni. Kuphela idome yesikhungo, eqondiswe esibhakabhakeni, iphikisana negunya lezinto. Ukholo kunye nokholo luya kunceda umntu ukuba ame.

"Spring. Amanzi amakhulu "(1897)

Iminyaka yokugqibela yomdwebi ukunyuka kwakhe okukhulu. Akunakwenzeka ukuchaza yonke into ethi Isaak Ilich Levitan yadala ngeli xesha, umsebenzi wakhe ukhulu kakhulu. Iingoma kunye neenkondlo ezilula - lo msebenzi wakhe "Spring. Amanzi amakhulu. " Ukususela ebuntwaneni, intwasahlobo yinto ekhethiweyo yonyaka. Kwaye ngoku indoda ehlakaniphileyo ihlabelela ingoma ebuhleni obusandul 'ukukhanya kunye nezulu elibhakabhaka elincinci, amanzi ahlambulukileyo, amatye omzimba omzimba omzimba. Apha, kweli lizwe elihle, ukuthula kuthula kunye nokuthula, apho wonke umntu echitha khona, oza kukhangela umgca. Ngoko, ngubani ongumLevi? Umdlali wefilosofi, umculi weengoma, owayengumntu obalaseleyo ukubonakalisa umkhwa wemvelo yaseRussia eyingqondi kunye nomoya wayo onokuthula.

Isifo senhliziyo sisinciphisa ubomi bomdali xa wayeneminyaka engamashumi amathathu nesithoba ubudala. Wafa ngowe-1900. Ngaphambi koko uEsak Ilyich Levitan wadlulela. Ubunono, yonke imifanekiso, eyona nto iphezulu, sazama ukuhlalutya, kungekhona ukulahleka into ephambili - amandla akhe okugcwalisa umoya wokuphila ngemisebenzi yakhe. Ngoku iindawo zakhe ziseMododevichy Emangcwabeni eMoscow.