I iseli inwebu ayikho enye? Isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi imifinya cell

Ngu izakhiwo nadmembrannym plant cells, umngundo kunye ezinye iintsholongwane isebenza isakhiwo ezifana udonga lwawo. Eli nqaku liza kuhlolisisa isakhiwo eludongeni iseli kumaqela ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, kwaye acaciswa imisebenzi lenza. Njengoko yaziwa, eli candelo kwafunyaniswa kuqala ISAZINZULU IsiNgesi uRobert Hooke ngenkulungwane ye-17. Qaphela kwakhona ukuba inwebu iseli angekhoyo izilwanyana elilodwa ezinomzali omnye, kunye eziphilayo multicellular, ukususela coelenterates kunye nesiphelo kunye lomqolo: intlanzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, ezirhubuluzayo, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo.

Kutheni ufuna ukuba

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba isakhiwo kunye imichiza nokwakhiwa eludongeni fungal, izityalo kunye drobyanok yahluka, umsebenzi iseli inwebu ukuba ziyafana kakhulu. Okokuqala, oko nokukhuselwa kukho icytoplasm kunye organelles yayo kwimpembelelo eyonakalisayo ngeemeko zokusingqongileyo.

Next: nadmembranny imbaxa a abafowunelwa zenkxaso ethembekileyo kwaye inika amandla emzimbeni yezityalo kunye nomngundo. Ngezantsi apha siza kuqwalasela ngokweenkcukacha indlela isakhiwo iqokobhe leyo ezihlangene nemisebenzi ukuba yenza.

Iimpawu yeseli eludongeni lwezityalo

Le isakhiwo eziphilayo yezityalo iqulathe ncakasana iziko Polymer ukubayinxalenye udidi polysaccharides - kwincindi. ifomula yayo ezinto iyafana naleyo i otashi emifuno (C ₆ H ₁₀ O _{5) n.} Macromolecules of polysaccharide kukho iintsalela ibeta-glucose, yaye isakhiwo linear kuphela, ngoko ke bangaba zomzimba, eqokelelwe ube zizithungu. Bakha robust isakhelo iseli eludongeni -depth e matrix colloidal, nto leyo nayo ubukhulu becala ziyilwe carbohydrate - hemicelluloses kunye pectin. Kwakhona, neselulosi afunyanwa rhoqo kwezinye iindawo izityalo, umz, umqhaphu ifayibha ka-99% kuquka neselulosi ecocekileyo, iflakisi hemp ziqulathe enqatheni mali ka-75-80% bomthi - ukuya kwi 55%. Njengokuba bekutshiwo ngaphambili, umsebenzi inwebu yeseli zibangelwa eziphilayo kwizicwili apho ungena.

Ngaphandle neselulosi udonga iqulethe iiproteni, lipids kunye nezinto ezingaphiliyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa iindonga iseli kwezityalo aphezulu ibihlungu - horsetails - zibandakanya lesilicon dioxide, ngoko ke isityalo ngokwayo ngqongqo kakhulu kwaye ixesha elide kwaye ezilwanyaneni. Enye zomaleko ezenza le yeentonga izityalo ezikhula wabiza ngesiciko, oqokelela kwi kweqokobhe iziyobisi fat-like - suberin. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba kukho icytoplasm kunye organelles yayo iba kwaye iiseli ngokwabo unokwenza umsebenzi kuphela axhasayo (Isiqu oprobkovevanie).

Ukuba phakathi kwimicu neselulosi baziqwebele lignin, isiHindi kunye nayo iphucula amandla ngoomatshini kwezithungu nezikhondo zezityalo iintlobo enemithi, kunye zombala equlethwe lignin, unobangela kombala amaplanga. Udonga kwakhona iquka pores zazizaliswe inwebu, nebonelela ukuthuthwa kwezinto.

Isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi imifinya iseli ye nomngundo

Abameli namaqela ngamaqela udonga fungi isisekelo ngechitin - a polysaccharide, nto leyo ifumaneka nayo kuphahla zangaphandle arthropods kwaye kwezinye iintsholongwane. Nadmembrannye izakhiwo fungi ziqulathe neselulosi nezilwanyana starch - glycogen. Umzekelo, isakhiwo eekhemikhali udonga yeseli igwele lumelwe ikakhulu carbohydrate - glucan kunye mannan. Wall ngokwayo kubo unamandla ngokwaneleyo kwaye kakuhle zifunxe kwisiqwenga zesisu izilwanyana, ngoko nutrients azifumaneki lula kwaye igwele ukuba kwelifunekayo epithelium ye emathunjini amancinci.

iimpawu iintsholongwane

Ukuba inwebu iseli angekhoyo protists, prokaryotes ke liye isakhiwo entsonkothileyo kakhulu, kuquka murein, lipoproteins kunye lipopolysaccharides, kunye teichoic acid. lipopolysaccharides udonga ukukhuthaza adhesion iintsholongwane kwiintlobo ngeentlobo substrates, umzekelo, ukuze wayesebenzisa izinyo okanye inwebu of eukaryotes. Ngoko ke, udonga iseli amagciwane kanti iipropati antigenic.

Gciwane udonga phezulu egubungele capsule yangaphakathi (capsid), ngaphezulu ezinokuthi zibekwe enye umaleko olukhuselayo - peplos. Ngokuxhomekeka nesakhiwo sayo, kuzo eziphilayo zonke iintsholongwane bohlulwa babe Igram-HIV kunye navumelanayo-Igram.

Ukwahlula iintsholongwane yi kuqamba zengqo-

Indlela inceda ukwahlula prokaryotes phezu nkcukacha ngesakhiwo eekhemikhali amaqokobhe zabo, yaphakanyiswa yi-nzulu Danish G. Igram ngenkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha. Ufumanise ukuba ezinye iintlobo bacterium nebala kakuhle idayi aniline kwaye zibe khompawundi ezizinzileyo umbala omsobo ezakha ndizayo iseli.

Ezo gram prokaryotes HIV ziye igama: umzekelo, Staphylococcus kunye iStreptococcus. Bonke bephela basengozini iqela antibiotics penicillin kunye actinomycin. Ezinye bacterium, ekuthiwa gram i-HIV, musa nebala kunye methyl Violet. Baya abanganyangekiyo penicillin, ngenxa yokuba eqinileyo ephantsi-permeability philisi kunye iseli eludongeni. Ezi ziquka Salmonella, Shigella, Helicobacter. Iseli inwebu ye iintsholongwane, nto leyo eye ikhemikali kuqamba eyahlukileyo, yinto iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ekuzakuqalwa kuzo ibhalwe Pharmacology kunye namayeza.

Iimpawu mycoplasmas

Makhe ukuhlala iqela iintsholongwane ezincinane kakhulu - mycoplasma. izifundo Microbe bekubonakalisiwe ukuba inwebu iseli angekhoyo kubo, ngoko mycoplasmas novakalelo elwa ezithile, ezifana tetracycline. Mycoplasmas ezisasazwa kwindalo, zingabameli causative i zizifo ezininzi, kubandakanywa nenkqubo enzala yabantu.

mycoplasma Inkoliso ukutya kwazo kufuneka asebenzise ioksijini kwaye aerobes engqongqo. Njengoko amagciwane abantu kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo, banda ngokukhawuleza, njengoko kuhlanganiselo iseli inwebu ubukho cholesterol, nto leyo zeendawana ithembisa ukuba ukukhula nokukotshwa mycoplasmas.

Naphaya kwi elula

Eku sunguleni, Sathi sakuchaza ukuba siphethe yokuba inwebu iseli angekhoyo ciliates kunye nezinye izilwanyana olunye-ezineseli, umzekelo, rhizopods. Izazi bafumanisa ukuba protista nigqibelele ephilayo zezilwanyana, nto leyo eye yonke imisebenzi: ukukhula, ukuzala, isondlo, nokuphefumla, zinomgutyulo. Ngaphezu koko, ehlala kwindawo emanzini okanye umhlaba ufumile, protists eyenziwa ngokusebenzisa izithuthi inwebu obhityileyo amanzi kunye nezimbiwa iityuwa, abakulo yemeko ezisingqongileyo kwaye ulilolo plasma inwebu ngokusebenzisa pores nobomi iimveliso metabolic. Ngoko ke, akukho izilwanyana kwiseli unzima nadmembrannyh izakhiwo ukuba idioadaptatsy ukuba iimpawu zeemeko ngumsindo.

Ukukhusela silondoloze ingqibelelo elibangela iqokobhe kufuneka pelikulu - kunakuqala engaphandle umaleko ectoplasm. pelikule ngenxa yokuba luthambe kwaye ihlala igcinwa imilo rhoqo yomzimba isilwanyana.

Kweli phepha, isakhiwo imichiza nokwakhiwa inwebu yeseli uye wafunda uphawu of plant cells of eziphilayo, kwakunye iintsholongwane kunye nomngundo.