Yintoni na ke uzinzo le isicombululo? Indlela ukufumanisa uzinzo yezisombululo? Formula solution uzinzo

Ngenxa izisombululo kwezinto ezahlukeneyo sidibana yonke imihla. Kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba ngamnye kuthi, big ngayo indima edlalwa zezi ndlela. Ubukhulu becala ukuziphatha kwabo yacaca namhlanje, enkosi isifundo oluneenkcukacha amawaka eminyaka. Ngalo lonke eli xesha uninzi ngokwemigaqo ziye zaziswa, indoda engavakaliyo zesiqhelo. One of them - uzinzo yesisombululo. Yintoni na? Oku kuza kuxutyushwa kwinqaku lethu. Kwaye siza kuqala singene kwixesha elidlulileyo.

zophando ngezembali

Iingqondo yokuqala eqaqambileyo, ukuqalisa isifundo kwezisombululo ziye zaziwa ekhemisi ezifana Arrhenius, van't Hoff kunye Ostwald. Phantsi yempembelelo yomsebenzi wabo kulo kwisizukulwana esilandelayo ekhemisi baqalisa ukuba sijonge isifundo amanzi yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano izisombululo. Kakade ke, ukuba sele efunde isixa esikhulu ulwazi, kodwa ngaphandle ingqalelo wahlala izisombululo non-zolwelo, leyo, ngokuzenzekelayo, nabo badlala indima ebalulekileyo kokubini kushishino kunye namanye amacandelo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.

Ngethiyori, izisombululo ezingezo-zolwelo waba ezininzi ayaziwa. Umzekelo, ukuba amanzi kunye ukunyusa iqondo dissociation of yokwanda ixabiso conductivity, ngoko inkqubo efanayo, kodwa omnye kwisinyibilkisi kunokuba amanzi, oko okwahlukileyo. amanani amancinane Unikezelo lombane rhoqo iqondo eliphezulu dissociation. Okungahambi ingqondo izazinzulu ukufunda eli candelo chemistry. Kuye efunde isixa esikhulu lweenkcukacha apho unako ukufumana iipateni ukuba zincedise ngobhalo dissociation electrolytic. Ukongeza, kuyenzeka ukuba ukwandisa ulwazi malunga electrolysis kunye nohlobo ion oluntsonkothileyo iikhompawundi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo.

Waza waqala ngenkuthalo ukuze aqhube uphando entsimini kwezisombululo kanzulu. ndlela ezahlukeneyo kakhulu zokuhlola ukusuka exutywe ngenxa yokuba ukunyuka xi kwezinto zichithakala kusanda indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa intsebenziswano zawo kuphela. Kuba ngakumbi kule - kwicandelo elilandelayo.

theory

Okwangoku, intle ucacisa yokuziphatha ion, athom kunye molecule e isisombululo kuphela ngobhalo dissociation electrolytic. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwalo, Svante Arrhenius ngenkulungwane XIX, ukuba unenzondelelo utshintsho. Ezinye imithetho baye bafumanisa (ezifana umthetho ukuxutywa), apho abaliqela akazange abonela ingcamango zoqobo. Kodwa ke, ngenxa yomsebenzi elandelayo izazinzulu, ithiyori iye yafakelwa izilungiso, yaye ngohlobo olulo ngoku ngayo isekho ngokuchanileyo ichaza iziphumo ezifunyenwe ngeendlela zovavanyo.

Umongo iphambili ngobhalo dissociation electrolytic loo xa zichithakala disintegrates zibe ion yayo candelo - amasuntswana ukuba abe isigxina. Kuxhomekeka ubuchule ukuze kucaciswe (kwahlula) ngaphandle, ukwahlula electrolytes omeleleyo buthathaka. Strong ngokuqhelekileyo kwahlula ngokupheleleyo zibe ion e isisombululo, ngoxa buthathaka - ubukhulu encinane kakhulu.

Amasuntswana Elizifihla kuyo molecule ukuze banxibelelane sijike. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba solvation. Kodwa ayisoloko kwenzeka, njengoko ngenxa yobukho isigxina kwi ion kunye iimolekyuli kuphela. Umzekelo, zinemoletyhule amanzi yamasuntswana dipole, ngamanye amazwi, ngolwaa icala kakuhle kwaye kwelinye - negative. A ion, ezinyibilikayo i electrolyte, nathi, sibe isigxina. Ngenxa yoko, la masuntswana bathanda emacaleni oppositely ityala. Kodwa kwenzeka kuphela izinyibilikisi polar (ngoko ke amanzi). Ngokomzekelo, xa isisombululo kwento in hexane solvation lungenzeki.

Ukufunda izisombululo ngokufuthi kufuneka ukwazi ngesixa. Ifomula kukuba ngamanye amaxesha kunzima kakhulu ukuba kufakwe endaweni ethile ubukhulu. Ngoko ke, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zoqhaphelo, phakathi kwabo - le uzinzo yesisombululo. Ngoku ke masikuchazele ngokweenkcukacha ngazo zonke iindlela ukubonisa umxholo kweziyobisi isisombululo kunye neendlela izibalo zalo.

Uyondelelwano lwee- yezisombululo

Xa chemistry, isicelo iseti neefomula, yaye abanye babo sele yenziwe ukuze kube lula ngakumbi ukuthatha ixabiso ngendlela ethile.

Eyokuqala, yaye inkoliso eziqhelekileyo kuthi, uyazikhomba indlela yokuthetha - iqhezu abaninzi. Oku kubalwa kakhulu nje. Thina nje kufuneka wabelane eninzi into isisombululo yokondliwa ogcweleyo. Ngaloo sifumana impendulo njenge lokugqibela. Phindaphinda ukuba inani kalikhulu, siya kufumana impendulo njengepesenti.

Kancinane ngaphantsi eyaziwa ifomu - iqhezu umthamo. Amaninzi ke olusetyenzisiweyo ukulicacisa uyondelelwano lwee- utywala iziselo ezinxilisayo. Kubalwa kuba nalo ilula: bayahlule imali sisinyibiliki ukuba umthamo sisombululo iyonke. Kanye njengokuba njengakwimeko yangaphambili, unako ukufumana impendulo njengepesenti. Iileyibhile kudla ngokubhekiswa kuzo, "-40%.", Yiyiphi kuthetha ukuba ama-40 ekhulwini umthamo.

Le imichiza isoloko isetyenziswa kunye nezinye iintlobo ukuzikisa ingqondo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uye kubo bathethe into nolovane wenkqu. Isixa iziyobisi ngokugqithisileyo luboniswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: umthamo abaninzi. Kodwa molecule kwento nganye ubunzima bayo kunye ubunzima isampuli kunzima ukuqonda indlela molekyuli kulo, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuqonda icandelo ubungakanani zinguquko imichiza. Ukulungiselela le njongo ixabiso enjalo iye yaziswa njenge into nolovane. Enyanisweni, omnye nolovane - inani elithile iimolekyuli: 6.02 * ^{23 Oktobha.} Le nto ibizwa ngokuba inani Avogadro. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iyunithi onjalo izinto Mol kusetyenziswa ukubala ubungakanani naziphi iimveliso yokusabela. Kulo mba, kukho olunye uhlobo yokuvakalisa ukucinga - izinyo. Esi sisixa kwento nganye kwiyunithi umthamo. Molarity ochazwa Mol / l (funda: iintuku ilitha nganye).

Kukho into efana kakhulu kwimo yangaphambili isiqulatho ibinzana ukwimo kule nkqubo: molality. Oku kwahlukile molarity egqiba isixa iziyobisi ayikho icandelo umthamo kunye neyunithi mass nganye. Kwaye ngoku ngendlela abamenzelayo khilogram (okanye omnye iphindaphindeke ngomzekelo gram) nganye.

Apha siza kwifom lokugqibela, ngoku apho kuxoxwa ngokwahlukileyo, njengoko inkcazelo yayo ifuna inkcazelo encinane theoretical component.

Le uzinzo yezisombululo

Yintoni na? Kwaye ezahlukeneyo ukusuka ixabiso wangaphambili? Ukuqala ukuqonda umahluko phakathi iingqiqo ezifana uzinzo kunye molarity izisombululo. Enyanisweni, ahluke kwixabiso enye kuphela - inani ngokulinganayo. Ngoku unokuthelekelela into isisombululo eqhelekileyo. Yinto nje molarity iguqulwe kancinane. inombolo Ekvivaletnosti ibonisa inani ngamasuntswana ezinokuthi xa enye adla of ion ze-hydrogen okanye unako hayidroksayidi.

Siye zazi ukuba isisombululo eqhelekileyo. Kodwa simele uphanda, yaye siza kubona indlela elula oku, imilo entsonkothileyo uyondelelwano lwee- inkcazo apha phambi kokuqala. Ngoko ke, siya ukuqonda ngokweenkcukacha yintoni na uzinzo lwe sisombululo.

ifomula

Bekulula ukucinga kubonisa inkcazo yomlomo. Bekuya kuba: C _n = z * n / N. Apha z - equivalency factor, n - isixa iziyobisi, V - ivolyum sisombululo. Ixabiso lokuqala - kakhulu umdla. Njengoko ixesha kubonisa into elingana, ngamanye inani amasuntswana okanye ecingelwayo kungaba asabela omnye komnye yamasuntswana kweziyobisi ubuncinane. Oku, enyanisweni, uzinzo yesisombululo, leyo kumelwa ifomula ngasentla ezahlukeneyo ngokomgangatho ukusuka molarity.

Kwaye ngoku enye inxalenye ebalulekileyo: ukujonga indlela uzinzo yesisombululo. Oku ngokungathandabuzekiyo imbambano ebalulekileyo, ngoko ukufunda kuyimfuneko ukuba masisondele ekuqondeni ixabiso ngalinye eboniswe lenxaki ngasentla.

Njani ukuze ufumane uzinzo yezisombululo?

Ifomula, esixoxe ngasentla, nguye umlinganiswa onombono pfunaka. Konke okuxabisekileyo ekuthethwe ngabo kuyo, kungaba lula zibalwa practice. uzinzo okunene ngekhompyutha yezisombululo kulula kakhulu, esazi ezinye izixa: ubunzima enyibilikayo, ifomula kunye nesisombululo yalo mqulu. Ekubeni siyazi formula molecule iziyobisi, ngoko singafumana yayo ubunzima eziphilayo. Umlinganiselo Ubunzima enyibilikayo isampuli yayo ubunzima izinyo lilingana nenani abamenzelayo of kweziyobisi. Ke ukwazi umthamo yesisombululo iyonke, singatsho kakuhle into izinyo ingqondo.

Inyathelo elilandelayo ukuba kufuneka bachithe ukuze ukubala uzinzo yesisombululo - it is isenzo ekufumaneni ukulingana factor. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka siqonde indlela ngenxa dissociation ye amasuntswana kwakhiwa athabathele protons okanye ion hydroxyl. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-sulphuric acid ekvivaletnosti into 2, yaye ngenxa yoko ke uzinzo yesisombululo kule meko kubalwa phinda nje ngo-2 molarity.

isicelo

Analytics imichiza badla kufuneka sithembele izisombululo uzinzo kunye molarity. Kuyinto elula kakhulu vychileniya fomyula ngemolekyula kwezinto.

Yintoni enye ukuhlola?

siqonde ukuba yintoni na uzinzo lwe isisisombululo ngcono, kuhle ukuyivula incwadi kwemithi jikelele. Ukuba sele uyazi yonke le nkcazelo, kufuneka ujonge kwi kwincwadi zemichiza yohlalutyo ukuze abafundi amakhono imichiza.

isiphelo

Ngenxa yesihloko esithi, ndicinga ukuqonda ukuba uzinzo yesisombululo - yinto luhlobo nkulumo xi ukwimo, nesetyenziswa ikakhulu kucazululo kwemichiza le. Kwaye ngoku akukho mfihlakalo siyifumane nendlela ethe yabalwa ngayo le mali.