Imfundo zokufundisa Modern eRashiya

imfundo Mfundisi - inkqubo ezenzelwe ukulungiselela iingcali ngokubanzi, kwakunye pre-school, zaseprayimari, esisiseko kunye esekondari. baqeqeshwe kakuhle ootitshala izifundo ngokubanzi kunye yezandla, ootitshala amaziko abazibandakanya ngemfundo yabantwana, oonontlalontle kunye nabanye. Xa siqwalasela kule kota ngendlela ebanzi, nto idla ngokusetyenziswa xa sithetha uqeqesho bonke abantu abazalana ukuba akhuliswe nokufundiswa isizukulwana esitsha (abazali kuquka).

Okukodwa

Teacher kwezeMfundo Russian Federation uphawuleka iimfuno eziphakamileyo izinto zasemsebenzini, kwakunye ubuntu katitshala, utitshala njengoko isifundo inkqubo zemfundo kunye nonxibelelwano zokufundisa.

Ngoko ke, inkqubo yoqeqesho ofanelekileyo kufuneka luthathelwe ingqalelo kakhulu. Uqeqesho lootitshala Modern swi imisebenzi emibini. Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lobuqu lwentlalo kunye nexabiso utitshala elizayo, ukuvuthwa yakhe yasekuhlaleni kunye yokuziphatha, inkcubeko jikelele, uqeqesho olungundoqo. Okwesibini, imfuneko ukukhuthaza ezikhethiweyo kunye nophuhliso lobungcali endle anyuliweyo umsebenzi zokufundisa. Sinokuthi kwinkqubela phambili epheleleyo ubuntu lukatitshala - yinto isiseko injongo kunye neemeko ukuqinisekisa impumelelo yoqeqesho lootitshala elizayo.

A incinane

Imbali nemfundo yobutitshala eRashiya yaqala ngenkulungwane XIX. Emva koko, le nkqubo ithiwe thaca kwi-uqeqesho olulodwa yoqeqesho ebandleni-ootitshala, 'emfundo nezikolo yodidi lwesibini ngutitshala, izifundo emfundo angezantsi zamabanga esikolweni Diocesan kunye namantombazana, ootitshala bezikolo, kwakunye noqeqesho ezongezelelweyo, leyo kuthwalelwa phandle kwizifundo ezizodwa zokufundisa.

amaziko emfundo avuleka njengenxalenye zeeyunivesithi, eziyimfuneko ukwenzela ukulungiselela ootitshala kwizikolo zesithili kunye zemidlalo. Imfundo kuzo sathatha iminyaka emi-3, uze emva koko lanyuka ukuya kwiminyaka-4 ukusuka 1835. Utitshala ngamnye wayelungiselela ukufundisa izifundo eziliqela.

Ukususela 1859 ukuba kuhlelwe omnye umzekelo kuqeqesho lootitshala abasele banemfundo eyunivesithi. Iikhosi Vula zemfundo ukuze baphumelele Physics, Mathematics and History and Philology. EzeMbali kunye Philological Institute kwisixeko samandulo ezintle (owasekwa ngo-1875) kunye St Petersburg (1867), wakhululwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX, uninzi lootitshala zemidlalo yamandulo. Ezi zikolo zikarhulumente wayelingana zedyunivesithi.

Ngo-Russia, kukho iseti zangaphambili ngenxa ukuvela lemfundo ephakamileyo ngasekupheleni XIX kunye kwenkulungwane XX ekuqaleni. imfundo utitshala kunye nenzululwazi safumana uphuhliso olwaneleyo kwesi sihlandlo sexesha, izazinzulu ezininzi inxaxheba ukubambelela ithiyori (V. P. Vehterov, P. Kapterev, V. M. Behterev, kunye nabanye.).

Iiyunivesithi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX kwakukho amagama amabini imfundo ingqalelo kuthi. Eyokuqala kwezi yayisekelwe ingcamango ngokubonelela ngoqeqesho kwi amandla zokufundisa okanye amasebe emfundo. Obekumele ukuba bazidibanise izifundo theoretical kunye nomsebenzi wophando. Ukuze alungiselele ukufundisa namaziko axhasa zadalwa kwi kwicandelo. Ingcamango yesibini ithetha ukuyilwa emva yunivesithi kwaye lujolise uphando kunye nophuhliso.

Ngelo xesha, kukho imodeli nemfundo yobutitshala, leyo kuthiwa ezifunekayo. uqeqesho Vocational ladityaniswa kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo. kweminyaka emibini ngendlela lweentetho afundiswe lobunzululwazi ngokubanzi, kuba walandelwa efundisa indlela esikolweni samabanga okanye yokuzilolonga.

Ithuba Soviet

In RSFSR emva 2 neziphithiphithi namandla ngumfuziselo kumiswa zokufundisa. Eyokuqala them - amaziko oqeqesho emileyo (izikolo zobugcisa kunye noqeqesho lootitshala namaziko). Umxholo we imfundo ejolise ekuphunyezweni imisebenzi yezopolitiko. Ukhetho lwesibili - iikhosi ezimfutshane-term omkhulu. Bona ezaziququzelelwe ngokuphelisa yokungafundi kunye ubuxoki bepolitiki.

Ekuqaleni-1930. ingqalelo enkulu ihlawulwa uqeqesho lootitshala elizayo engundoqo Marxism-noLenin, imfundo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye noqeqesho emkhosini, yaye pedagogy wanikwa malunga ne-10% yexesha eklasini. Ngowe-1935, yaBantu Commissariat kuqaliswa ngo yonke into anayo lwekharityhulam entsha (ngaphandle historical). ixesha elininzi yanikwa wabongamela izakhono zokufundisa, iingcebiso kunye nezifundo abakhethwayo. Imeko yaba yinxalenye utitshala njenge abasebenzi eceleni. Eyona njongo iphambili yale uqeqesho ukulungiselela ootitshala igcwele iingcinga nolobukomanisi.

Kule 30 woM- ngalinye lizimele waba kwiziko lemfundo ngutitshala. Ngowe-1956, iikholeji zootitshala, esalinikwayo i ezingaphelelanga ephakamileyo zemfundo similise ezikolweni kunye neeyunivesithi zokufundisa, uqeqesho lweminyaka-5.

Imfundo kwixesha post-Soviet

Ukususela ngo-1990, ayenziwa ukulungiswa nemfundo yobutitshala. Iqala isigaba esitsha, nto leyo luphawulwa into yokuba ulawulo yale nkqubo engasekho unxibe yayinepolitiki. imfundo Utitshala kuye into yommiselo ngokusemthethweni. Isiseko yemfundo entsha Russian na indlela umfundi-TAC ukuba umfundi ngamnye. Kwakhona lifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthembakala kweenkqubo ezijolise kwemfundo noqeqesho imilinganiselo yabantu, zobungcali kunye nakuphuhliso lobume ootitshala elizayo. nemfundo yobutitshala Imbali ibonisa ukuba kwachithwa neengxaki ezininzi, iginya zonke ukutyeba.

Eyona ndlela kwemfundo namhlanje

imfundo Modern zokufundisa ivela njenge ekubeni abantu emhlabeni. Izama igalelo kwinkqubela phambili epheleleyo inkcubeko yabantu, ngobuwena yayo. Oku ekwafanekisa le langoku inqanaba lophuhliso loluntu.

Kuya kusiba izigqibo ezibalulekileyo iingxaki ebonakalayo ekuhlaleni zamaziko emfundo katitshala, ezifana uhlahlelo izenzo zemfundo nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lwezibonelelo emfundo kulo mmandla (oko kuxhaswa yi imfuno endalo imimandla ekudalweni kwamaziko inkcubeko kunye nemfundo).

Indima ekhethekileyo olu hlobo loqeqesho kukuqinisekisa ukuba enye enkulu kwamalungelo oluntu mihla - ilungelo lemfundo ukukhusela imeko abafundi, ingakumbi abantwana, ukususela ukuhluleka inxalenye abadala, kuqalwa abazali ootitshala, ootitshala kwinqanaba lobungcali.

Kwinkulungwane xxi kwakukho kuziswa kolawulo kweli imodeli yomtshato izidanga bachelor kunye yenkosi. nemfundo yobutitshala RF badityaniswa isithuba zemfundo yaseYurophu.

iingxaki

Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, abantu bayakwazi ukufikelela kwi-mali mda iinkcukacha. Ebonakalayo naye ukukwazi ukufumana intsingiselo ubudlelwane ukufuna, ukusombulula iingxaki, ukuba kumitha nokuzalisekisa iiprojekthi ukwenza intshukumo non-ezingenamsebenzi.

ingxaki imfundo utitshala ukulungiselela iingcali bakwazi ukusebenza ukuyilwa ubuntu ngokubhekiselele kuphuhliso ezintsha kunye yeyala maxesha, ube nembono yoluntu-utsaleleka yehlabathi. iiyunivesithi zokufundisa Modern kufuneka ukulungiselela abafundi abakwaziyo ukusebenza kuyo ekuziphuhliseni, ofakelwe oluntu ezahlukahlukeneyo, zidityaniswe kwisithuba yesizwe jikelele.

Isiqhelo yoqeqesho lootitshala elizayo ngokusekelwe umgaqo ngeemodyuli indlela bolwazi kuqeqesho kukwadala iingxaki zemfundo zootitshala kwakunye neenkqubo kufuneka itshintshwe ngokungqinelana neemfuno ezintsha leyinene. Namhlanje, ixesha elininzi kuqeqesho yanikwa abafundi ingcamango, xa kusenziwa inikwe ixesha elincinane kakhulu. Kukho imfuneko yokuba amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo ukuba ukusebenza kunye nezikolo kunye neekholeji ukuba bagxininise ekulungiseleleni abafundi kunye namava elungileyo.

Ubudlelwane kunye nenzululwazi

imfundo utitshala kunye nenzululwazi zama ukuyigcina phezulu, nangona oku akusoloko kusenzeka. Uphuhliso yesayensi ezintsha ngokukhawuleza akusoloko ngokukhawuleza kwaziswa kwinkqubo yemfundo. Kutshanje, Noko ke, wasebenzisa ezininzi iindlela ezintsha zokufundisa. Iikhompyutha ukuze baxhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zoqeqesho high-high school managers ukumelana nomsebenzi wolawulo ukufunda. Faka nokuqhubekayo lwezenzululwazi, amaqonga kwabantu, iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuchwephesha emfundo kunye nemfundo-self.

nemfundo yobutitshala uthole

Iprogram yoqeqesho imfundo zabasakhasayo eyenzelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno leyinene. nemfundo yobutitshala uthole byi ingqalelo enkulu pre-school, jikelele, pedagogy yokuqonda kwengqondo. Abo baphumelele yoqeqesho baya kuba nako ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwabo kwiziko lemfundo oluntu nawabucala kwiziko uphuhliso lwabantwana e pre-school, imfundo aphakamileyo, uqeqesho olongeziweyo, kumbindi ubuchule abantwana, ngokunjalo ukwenza umsebenzi elizimeleyo nokufundisa (womntwana, nomncedisi ongumSuthu, intloko kwiziko labantwana , enkulisa).

Iindawo labezempilo yomsebenzi

Utitshala kwemfundo kokuya esikolweni ibamba abantwana umsebenzi emfundo zokufundisa, kudala iimeko ubomi obutofotofo abantwana ebudeni bokuhlala kwabo njengabaphambukeli kwiziko uthole, uzama ukufumana iimpawu ngabanye abantwana. Kwakhona utyhila nezo ulwalamano ngabazali, acwangcise-thethwano, eqhuba imisebenzi zothintelo ezahlukeneyo (iintlanganiso, iindibano zocweyo).

uqeqesho kwezemisebenzi kanye lootitshala

Le nto ibandakanya ukuyilwa umntu unako ukuyiqonda ngempumelelo ngokwabo kwimfundo yaseprayimari neyasesekondari, ungaziphumeza onke amacandelo enkqubo yemfundo ezimanyanisayo, yenza uluhlu olupheleleyo imisebenzi yobungcali-kwezemfundo. imfundo Mfundisi kunye notitshala yobungcali ezinxulumene, kodwa kutsha nje uye waba eqhelekileyo ngakumbi.

imfundo engakumbi

Uqeqesho lootitshala olongezelelweyo kuyimfuneko uqeqesho lootitshala. Kwakhona, ngoncedo lwakhe, uqeqesho yokuzihlaziya ikhutshwa phandle, nto leyo efunekayo ukuze ukuhlaziya ulwazi yabo kwezomsebenzi wobungcali, ukuphucula izakhono zoshishino, ukulungiselela imisebenzi umsebenzi omtsha. Ukongeza, kuqhuba uqeqesho olongezelelweyo abafundi abafundi part-time kwaye ixesha elizeleyo.

isiphelo

Ngenxa yoko, kunokuthiwa ukuba imfundo ngutitshala - multi-level kunye yinkqubo entsonkothileyo igqalise ukulungiselela iingcali, ootitshala, ngonobumba omkhulu, apho baya kukwazi ukuphila ngokuvisisana amathemba abo isizukulwana esitsha uqeqesho kunye nemfundo.