Yintoni na Valence oksijini iikhompawundi?

Ukuze kumiselwe kunokwenzeka amaxabiso Valence ioksijini kufuneka sihlolisise imeko sakhi etafileni ngamaxesha athile, iinkalo eziphambili ubume athom yayo. Le nkqubo luncedo ekufundeni umbuzo wokuba yintoni Valence oksijini ekuso yaye yintoni na aziqhelekanga kuye. Ezi zinto zixhaphakileyo ukubonisa valency yesiqhelo - II. Olu phawu ikuvumela ukuba ukuchaza inani kwiqhina omnye atom kwi fomyula igqityiwe yokubini ebandakanya ioksijini.

Yintoni na Valence oksijini?

Ngelo lokuqala ukuqokelelana ulwazi iimpawu kunye nesakhiwo kwezinto ekhemisi babecinga ukuba Valence - ukukwazi sokuwubopha inani elithile athom kwi molecule iziyobisi. izazinzulu ezininzi emva kokufunyanwa element baye bazama ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na Valence oksijini. Impendulo yayifunyenwe eksperimenti: oxygen likubona monovalent ezimbini hydrogen atom kwindawo basabela imichiza, oko kuthetha divalent. Umelo ngeendlela ezohlukeneyo gqithisela kunye ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga nesakhiwo kwezinto. Ithiyori wakhe Valence ka H. Lewis W. Kossel aveze uhlobo intsebenziswano kwemichiza kunye nesakhiwo electronic umbono. Abaphandi uchaze ubuchule atom ukuba ukwenza inani elithile kokufakelwa abalwela ukuba urhulumente amandla kakhulu izinzile. Kwimeko ekufezekiseni kwisuntswana zincinane nto iya iba womelele ngakumbi. Ithiyori kunye nezakhiwo Lewis oluninzi ingqalelo ehlawulwa indima elektroni yangaphandle abathatha inxaxheba ekudalweni ibhondi wemichiza.

Iimpawu oksijini nokubekwa kule lwezakhi

Ukuze kumiselwe banayo Valence oksijini, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ezinye zezinto yayo isakhiwo elektroniki. Oxygen iqela intloko 16 lwezakhi. Igama oqhelekileyo amalungu entsapho - "chalcogens" yokuhlelwa sezishiywe lixesha zezethu VI (A) Iqela. Xa periodic table of oxygen kwisisele phantsi №8. Isiqalo iqulethe kumafa yayo 8 kunye nenani elilinganayo amasuntswana ezintle cala sabaqalayo. Kwisithuba se-atom, kukho amabini amanqanaba amandla ukuba kwenzeka xa elektroni 8, 6 apho - zangaphandle.

Yintoni ubudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi nokwakhiwa i-atom kunye Valence?

Kwinqanaba lokugqibela atom oxygen iqulethe electron ezimbini unpaired. Le fluorine sakhi enasilela ngayo ixabiso electronegativity (ukukwazi ukutsala isibini nisondelelane electron). Xa lokusekwa iikhompawundi kunye nezinye izinto oxygen ezitsala inzondo imolekyuli a electron ingxinano iyonke (ngaphandle electron fluorine). Ukufikelela imo ngcembe iqokobhe engaphandle mhlawumbi kongezwe amacala amabini athabathayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba mpilo efunekayo electron-2. Kunokwenzeka nakoku kulandelayo: ukwamkela electron omnye (Valence II), kude nabanye electron atom-2 (Valence II), angavumi electron kwezinye athom (0 Valence). ukuziphatha ioksijini lohlobo ubonakalise ityala yesibini. Le ndlela ungasebenzisa ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni na Valence oksijini kakhulu eqhelekileyo iikhompawundi yayo eqhelekileyo. Ezi ziquka isininzi oxides lwesinyithi kunye nonmetals.

wenza njani Valence in iikhompawundi?

Oxygen uyakwazi ukunxibelelana ngqo ezininzi imichiza. Eyaziwa zithako zalo phantse yonke nabameli lwezakhi (ngaphandle yeegesi egalelwe argon, helium, neon). Indlela abasabela ngayo halogens kunye nesinyithi ezindilekileyo, oxygen ayikwazi ukuthetha ngqo, kodwa oxides Au _{2 O-3,} F ₂ Owu, Cl ₂ O ₇ kunye nabanye zikhona (ngokungathanga ngqo ifunyenwe). Kuba iikhompawundi yokubini ekubunjweni ioksijini leyo ethatha inxaxheba, ebonakala ngu ngokuzikhanyeza covalent kunye wokwephuka. Valency e molecule anjalo kuxhomekeke kwinani naziphi ngababini electron, apho uthanda ukuya yingxenye ye atom ezahlukeneyo. Xa uninzi iikhompawundi ze-athom ioksijini inxaxheba ekudalweni iintambo ezimbini covalent. Umzekelo, kwi oxides ka CO _2, P ₂ Owu _5, SO _2, SO _3, K ₂ Owu, B _{2 O-3,} Mo _{2 O-5,} kunye nezinye iimolekyuli. Le hydronium zesiqinisekiso H ₃ O + oxygen imiboniso Nedlac kuye valency III. Ubukho peroxo -OO- yabangela uhlobo angaqhelekanga iperoksayidi yehidrojeni H ₂ O _2. Le umchiza liveza uphawu mpilo Valence II.

Indlela ukufumanisa Valence kwezi zinto?

Ingcamango Valence oxygen kunika amathuba Lewis isakhiwo - element isimboli imichiza kuyo electron amachaphaza eziphawula umaleko engaphandle. Bona bathathe inxaxheba ekudalweni molecule eziyinxalenye ngababini electron ekwabelwana. Formula Lewis ubonisa ioksijini valency ehambisana inani elektroni yayo unpaired (2). Isiphumo efanayo yayifunyenwe ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo umfanekiso elektroniki. ezimbini iiseli inqanaba ioksijini lwangaphandle electron unpaired ibekwe (eboniswe neentolo kwifomula). Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo malunga nokuba siyintoni na Valence oksijini, ngokuvumela kwi ifomula sokugqibela ixabiso compound yokubini-athom ezikufuphi. Ukuze wenze oku, nokwenza izibalo ezilula. Ingaba kuqala liphindaphindwe ngenani O atom nereyithi oqhelekileyo Valence oksijini. Ixabiso eliphuma kufuneka bahlulwe isalathisi njengoko kucacisiwe kule formula uphawu yemichiza kufuphi enye inkalo lokudibanisa mpilo. Nge indlela elula esibala le carbon kunye phosphorus kwi valency oxides zabo.

1. Phindaphinda i index kwi ekunene emazantsi uphawu O dioxide boqobo CO ₂ valency element 2 • 2 = 4. Inani kubangele ukuba zahlule index elikhankanyiweyo carbon: 4/1 = 4. I-carbon dioxide CO ₂ ukho Valence yayo ephezulu karhulumente IV .
2. Index ezantsi ekunene phawu ioksijini amachiza e-phosphorus oxide P ₂ O ₅ phinda boqobo Valence atom O 5 • 2 = 10. Le yantlukwano inani bathi yokubala kwisalathiso kwi ekunene emazantsi athom phosphorus: 10/2 = 5. I Phosphate oxide it is at Valence yayo ephezulu V.