Izikolo loqoqosho nophuhliso lwabo

uluntu osulelwe ezinxulumene ekuphunyezweni eziphathekayo kunye neemfuno zokomoya zabantu. kufuneka waneliseke ukuba intshukumisa ephambili nxaxheba lwabantu bakaThixo ubudlelwane bezoshishino kunye isiseko sophuhliso loqoqosho.

Iimfuno Ixabiso

iimfuno zabantu yenza abantu ukuba bathabathe amanyathelo. Iimfuno ezikhoyo kunye zishunyayelwa ngayo ulwaneliseko kubo. Ezi "zixhobo" akhiwa ngqo ukuhamba. Umsebenzi - umsebenzi ngenjongo. Oku kubonakala kakhulu ukukwazi kwabantu ukwenza izinto kunye neendlela zokuvelisa izinto eziphathekayo. Xa ekubunjweni central ipropati ngelihambisana sabelo kwezibonelelo zabasebenzi.

nomdla kwezoqoqosho

Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba kukho ezahlukeneyo kwiimfuno. Economic izinto - nenjongo ezibalulekileyo zomsebenzi. Xa ngcono imveliso kwandisa inani kweemfuno. Nabo ke, igalelo kuphuhliso ngakumbi kwezoqoqosho. Formation kufuneka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezikhathazayo. Ezi ikakhulu ziquka ezithandwa notyekelo womntu, iimfuno zokomoya bomntu, nokomzimba kunye neempawu ngokwasengqondweni, kwakunye amasiko esizwe kunye nemikhwa. Ngokunxulumene nale fom iimeko apho umntu onyanzelwayo ukuba ukumisela ixabiso iinkonzo okanye impahla.

umsebenzi production

It lwenziwa ngoncedo kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho. Le yokugqibela yindlela kawonke-ezithile bombutho. Ngenxa izibonelelo ezimbalwa ezikhoyo, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo bonke amalungu oluntu ayikwazi kuphunyezwa. Noko ke, impucuko kusa loo njongo oyinto. Oku kubangela abantu ukuphuhlisa ezahlukeneyo izixhobo, nto leyo iza kuvumela ukwenza lo msebenzi. Njengoko omnye iindlela ezinjalo izenzo economics.

izinto zokuqala

Iimpawu zokuqala yokucinga kwezoqoqosho zifumaneka imisebenzi iinkcuba waseYiputa yamandulo kunye azibhala yakudala Indiya. imiyalelo ezixabisekileyo ngokuphathelele ulawulo, nazo khona eBhayibhileni. Njengoko ulwalathiso lwenzululwazi theory kwezoqoqosho baqala ukuvela ngokucacileyo ngakumbi imisebenzi zobulumko zamandulo zamaGrike. Iimbono yokuqala ziqulunqwe noXenophon, uAristotle, uPlato. Yaba abo bafaka elithi "imali", ukukhomba kubo imfundiso kwendalo kunye nokugcinwa kwikhaya kwiimeko ngamakhoboka. Le ndlela isekelwe phezu iziqalelo yabasebenzi zendalo kunye nemarike.

Nokuphuhliswa kwezikolo loqoqosho

Works of iinkcuba zamandulo zamaGrike yaba isiseko kuphuhliso olungaphezulu zokufundisa. Kamva zahlulwe phakathi imiyalelo eziliqela. Ngenxa yoko, lisungulwe izikolo ezinkulu zoqoqosho:

• Mercantilism.
• Marxism.
• Physiocrats.
• School Classical of Economics.
• Keynesianism.
• isikolo Neoclassical.
• Monetarism.
• Marginalism nesikolo zembali.
• Institutionalism.
• yokuqaphela Neoclassical.
• isikolo olukhulu.
• Inqubo.
• Esi sikolo sibonelela ingcamango kuqoqosho.

iimpawu ngokubanzi kwiindawo zemveli

Izikolo ziphambili kwezoqoqosho baphenjelelwa yi iimbono ezahlukeneyo zabaphengululi ezahlukeneyo. Indima ebalaseleyo kuphuhliso imfundiso lwemveli ebidlalwe ngamanani ezifana F. Quesnay, uWilliam Petit, uAdam Smith, uDavid Ricardo, DS Miles, Jean-Baptiste Say. Xa umahluko phakathi izimvo ukuba babelane ngezimvo eziliqela eziqhelekileyo, leyo kwabunjwa ngokusekelwe yesikolo yamandulo kwezoqoqosho. Okokuqala, bonke aba ababhali beseka of liberalism kwezoqoqosho. kubume bayo kudla oluvakaliswe ibinzana bayise iso kakhulu le nto, igama elithetha "masenze ntoni". Umgaqo kwisinyanzeliso kwezopolitiko laliqulunqwe yi-Physiocrats. Lo mbono yayikukumisela epheleleyo inkululeko yezoqoqosho bomntu kunye nokhuphiswano, unlimited ungenelelo ngoncedo kurhulumente. Ezi zikolo zibini kwezoqoqosho kuthathwa umntu njenge "iqumrhu loshishino". Umnqweno ngamnye ukuya phindo ubutyebi bayo kunegalelo ukuba kuluntu lonke. mechanism oluzenzekelayo self-hlengiso ( "isandla esingabonakaliyo," njengoko Smith wambiza) yalathisa izenzo saa kwabathengi kunye nabavelisi ukuze lwesilinganiso ixesha elide lusekiwe kwinkqubo yonke. Kulo mzekelo, ukuba khona kuyo underproduction, imveliso perevyrabotki kunye ngqesho akunakwenzeka. Ababhali ezi zimvo ziye zenza igalelo elibalulekileyo ukuyilwa yesikolo ezoqoqosho. Kamva, bezisetyenziselwa kwaye yaphuculwa. Izikolo ezininzi zoqoqosho wenza izidanga zabo kwezi nkolelo. Ngenxa yoko, kwasekwa inkqubo lowu wu fanaka neqonga ethile ukuyilwa yoluntu. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, yezentlalo noqoqosho.

umbono Smith

Ngenxa yesikolo ezoqoqosho, obeyindoda njengomxhasi kulo mzobo, ingqikelelo iindleko zabasebenzi iye yaphuhliswa. Smith kunye nabalandeli bakhe bakholwa ukuba ukuyilwa ezinkulu ikhutshwa phandle kuphela ngokusebenzisa ezolimo. Kule nkqubo, kwaye okubaluleke kakhulu kukuba abasebenzi kunye namanye amacandelo oluntu, uhlanga luphela. Abaxhasi kwesi sikolo ithiyori yezoqoqosho baye babonisa ukuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yemveliso, abasebenzi onke amanqanaba kungena intsebenziswano, intsebenziswano ukusebenza, nto leyo akubikho nawuphi na umahluko phakathi nemveliso kunye nemisebenzi "ludlolo". Le intsebenziswano iphumelela kakhulu xa kwenziwa ngohlobo kwimarike yorhwebo.

Isikolo lwezoQoqosho: Mercantilism and Physiocrats

Le mfundiso, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, eyayikho kwiinkulungwane 18-19. Ezi zikolo yezoqoqosho yaba izimvo ezahlukeneyo ekuvelisweni ubutyebi lwentlalo. Ngenxa yoko, mercantilism yabamba ingcamango ukuba isiseko lorhwebo limi. Ukwandisa inani kobutyebi loluntu lonke kuthetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka ukuxhasa abenzi zasekhaya kunye nabathengisi, ukuvimbela izinto kwamanye amazwe. Physiocrats babekholelwa ukuba isiseko kwezoqoqosho kwezolimo. Society, ukuba ziye zohlulwa iiklasi ezintathu: abanini, abalimi kunye ayiphumelelanga. Njengenxalenye yale theyibhile ziye zavela mfundiso, nto leyo, yaba sisiseko ukuze kwakhiwe kwimodeli eseleyo interbranch.

Nezinye iindawo eminyaka 18-19

Marginalism - an School waseOstriya, ukuba ndingahlangani ingcamango eluncedo ebekiwe. A ehamba phambili kweli endle kwaba Carl Menger. Abameli kwesi sikolo wachaza ingcamango "ixabiso" ngokwembono psychology yabathengi. Bazama kutshintshiselwano isiseko singavulwanga iindleko zemveliso, kodwa uvavanyo zesimo ixabiso lempahla bathengisa ethenga. isikolo Neoclassical, ummeli leyo Alfred Marshall, uphuhlise isigama kobudlelwane ezisebenzayo. Mathematics waba nomxhasi Leon Valras. Yena luphawulwa uqoqosho kwintengo isakhiwo unako ukufikelela kulingano yi intsebenziswano yonikezelo kunye nemfuno. Bathi ulinganisele yasungulwa ingqiqo kwimarike jikelele.

Keynesians kanye institutionalists

Keynes Imibono yakhe phezu nokuphonononga ngokuqhubekayo inkqubo yoqoqosho lonke luphela. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukwakhiwa kwemarike ekuqaleni hayi zilingana. Kulo mba, wakhuthaza ulawulo karhulumente engqongqo yorhwebo. Abalandeli institutionalism, Earhart kunye Galbraith, kuqwalaselwa ukuba uhlahlelo lweshishini kwezoqoqosho akwenzeki ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo ukuyilwa kokusingqongileyo. Bamcebisa lihlolisisa le nkqubo yezoqoqosho nemiba zazivelela.

Marxism

Le ndlela isekelwe phezu ingcamango yexabiso surplus kunye siseko lokusekwa okucwangcisiweyo loqoqosho lwesizwe. A ehamba phambili kweli mfundiso yaye yaxhasa uKarl Marks. zaye imisebenzi yakhe kamva yaphuhliswa imisebenzi Plekhanov, Engels, uLenin, kunye nabanye abalandeli. Ezinye izibonelelo iqhutywe Marx, zaye zahlaziywa "abahlaziyi". Ezi ziquka, ngokukodwa, ezifana mizobo Bernstein, Sombart, Tugan-Baranovsky, kunye nabanye. Kumaxesha Soviet, Marxism wakhonza njengesiseko wemfundo kwezoqoqosho kunye ulwalathiso yenzululwazi ezisemthethweni kuphela.

Russia Modern: i nokuye

School of Economics yi lweziko lophando uphumeza le projekthi,, imisebenzi yemfundo zentlalo nenkcubeko kunye nengcali-kwanabacazululi. Oku kusekelwe nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe. School Higher of Economics, osebenza njengenxalenye yoluntu kwizifundo, oyena ndoqo umsebenzi wabo uthathwa ukuba babandakanyeke ngentsebenziswano lwehlabathi eyunivesithi, intsebenziswano namaziko amazwe. Ukuba eyunivesithi Russian, iziko ukusebenza kuba zonke izinto ezilungileyo zelizwe kunye nabantu bayo. Eyona engundoqo iziyalezo nokuye - kuphando ngokwamava kunye nemiqathango kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi. Ukufundisa kwiYunivesithi ayiphelelanga iinkalo ezibalulekileyo.