Uphando: Ukuqulunqa umzekelo ngokuba abafundi kunye nabafundi

Injongo yokuyila nokubhala kwenzelwe umsebenzi wokuphanda ukubonisa izakhono zabafundi ekuphuhliseni okuzimeleyo, ezenziwa ziindlela zanamhlanje. Ngaphandle koko, kubandakanya ukuhlalutya iziphumo ezifunyenweyo nokuzifanisa neenkcukacha zeencwadi. Abantwana besikolo kunye nabafundi kufuneka babonise ukuba bakwazi ukufikelela kwizigqibo zesayensi.

Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngesakhiwo somsebenzi wophando kunye nemigaqo-siseko yokuyila kwayo. Iimfuno eziphambili apha zichanekile, amandla, ubuqu kunye nokuthotyelwa ngokupheleleyo ngokugcweleyo nomxholo. Kukho imizekelo yokubhaliswa kwemisebenzi yophando kubafundi bezilwane! Kodwa siya kuthetha namhlanje malunga nokusebenza kwabafundi nabantwana besikolo.

Yintoni ebhaliweyo kwisingeniso

Injongo yale candelo lichaza ngokukhawuleza ingxaki kwiimeko zayo zangoku, ziqikelele ukubaluleka kokuphunyezwa, ukubaluleka kwindlela yokujonga isayensi (kunye nokusebenza). Ukongezelela, ukulungiselela imisebenzi ephambili kunye neenjongo zomsebenzi, ukuchonga isihloko sophando kunye nenjongo yaso, ukubeka phambili ingcamango engundoqo. Nangona umzekelo wokwenziwa komsebenzi wophando kwisikolo esiprayimari iqulethe iimfuno ezifanayo (mhlawumbi ngendlela elula).

Ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwesihloko esikhethiweyo, thintela ukungqinelana. Into ephambili kukubonisa ukufaneleka kunye nokukhawuleza kwayo, kunye nencoko yenkalo ekhoyo.

Umzekelo weklasi wemigaqo yoyilo lomsebenzi wophando we-schoolboy okanye umfundi ufuna ukuba ukuqulunqwa kwenjongo ephambili kunye neenkcukacha zemisebenzi ethile ekufuneka ixazululwe ngumsebenzi owenziwe kuncitshiswe. Njengomthetho, ulwazi lunikezelwa ngoluhlobo lwezinto - zeziphi iinkalo ezifunekayo ezichongiweyo, ezifundwe, ezibuyiswe, ezichazwe njalo njalo. Ngomnqophiso omnye, imisebenzi emininzi ingafakwa phambili ngokukhawuleza. Inani elona liphezulu livela kwiintathu ukuya ezintlanu.

Igama lomxholo kufuneka liqulethe inkcazo yentsingiselo ebanzi kunye nolwalathiso lwesifundo. Kumele ifane nesigwebo esisodwa. Injongo ibanjwe ngokusisigxina kwesihloko kwaye kufuneka idibene ngokupheleleyo.

Yaye yintoni imisebenzi?

Ngeemisebenzi ezikhethiweyo, sihlaziya iinjongo zethu kwaye sivula indlela yokuphumelela kwayo. Ukuqulunqwa komntu ngamnye kuhambelana nesigaba esilandelayo somxholo kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo sikhonza njengesihloko sesahluko esithile.

Kwisingeniso, kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela zombini into yophando kunye nesifundo sayo. Ngaphantsi kweyokuqala ziqondwa iziganeko (okanye iinkqubo) eziye zanikezela kwisimo sengxaki esinikiweyo, eziza kufundiswa. Isihloko sophando luyingxenye yento. Baqaphela isihloko esinikwe njengegama kwikhasi lephepha.

Ukuba kukho umzekelo woyilo lomsebenzi wophando kunye nokuqulunqwa komxholo kwisita esingumfuziselo, igama kufuneka liphindwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokwemigaqo yenzululwazi.

I-hypothesis yenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zokufunda. Yintoni na? Eli gama liqondwa njengengcamango yenzululwazi ngokubhekiselele kwingcaciso (ngokuqhelekileyo) izinto ezithile, izizathu zabo okanye ukudibana rhoqo. Indawo yokutyunjwa kweengcamango yendalo yendalo, ubomi bentlalo okanye ingqondo yomntu.

Icandelo lokuphononongwa kweencwadi

Ifuna umbhali ukuba abonise ulwazi ngemisebenzi ephambili ekhoyo kwisihloko esicatshulweyo. Olunye ubuchule obuyimfuneko lubhekiselele kumandla okusebenza kunye nezixhobo zeencwadi, ukhethe, uhlalutye uze uqhathanise inyaniso kuzo. Nawuphi na umzekelo wokubhaliswa komsebenzi wophando ukhuthaza umbhali ukuba abonise ukuba uyazi kakuhle indawo ekhethiweyo kwimimandla emininzi imithombo, evumela ukuba abeke imisebenzi enzulu yesayensi.

Isicatshulwa secandelo sihamba kunye nezikhokelo eziphathekayo ezisetyenziselwa umsebenzi. Kuyafana nakwetafile ezikhoyo kunye namanani. Ngoxa uhlolisisa uncwadi, kubalulekile ukukhathalela kuphela izifundo ezikhethiweyo. Akuyimfuneko ukufumana yonke inkcazelo efundwayo, ininzi leyo leyo ingathintela ngqo ingxaki ngqo.

Imizekelo yokubhaliswa komsebenzi wophando kwabafundi besikolo nabafundi ibonisa ukuba eli candelo licetyiswa ukuba liphephe ngesigqibo esicacileyo malunga nethuba lokufunda ngokuzayo kwesi sifundo.

Ukuba umsebenzi wethu ukhulelwe kwisayensi yesendalo kunye nezinto ezixhalabisayo ezifunyenweyo kwimiqathango yasemgangathweni, maza kunikwa amacandelo alandelayo.

Inkqubo kunye nophando

Umzekelo wokubhaliswa komsebenzi wophando kule ngxenyana uqulethe inkcazo yendawo apho idatha iqokelelwe khona, umhla wokuqokelela izinto, ulwazi malunga nokubekwa kweliso, izinto zalo zidweliswe. Ukuba ngumbuzo womsebenzi wokulinga, kubalulekile ukucacisa indawo yokusebenza kwayo.

Ngeendlela zokuphanda kuthetha ezo ndlela kunye nobuchule, obuniweyo umlobi emsebenzini wakhe. Zixhomekeka kwimisebenzi eyabelwe kwaye isebenza njengezixhobo ekufumaneni izinto eziyimfuneko. Phakathi kwabo, umntu unokukhetha iindlela ezihambelana nokubanzi (ngendlela yokujonga, ukuthelekisa, ukulinganisa, ukulandelelanisa, ukuxubusha, ukuhlalutya, ukuvavanya, ukubuza imibuzo, ukuvavanya, ukudliwano-ndlebe) kunye nabanye (kwimeko yangasese) esetyenziselwa ukucima kuphela uluhlu oluncinane lwemisebenzi.

Uthini umahluko phakathi kwendlela kunye nendlela? Ezi ngcamango ozakuzifumana kuyo nayiphina umzekelo woyilo lomsebenzi wophando. Ezi zilandelayo zixhalabisa ukuxilongwa kunye neendlela zokucwangciswa kwedatha, kwaye ichaza umphumo. Ukuba indlela ayiyiyo umbhali (inkcazo yayo iqulethwe kwiincwadi ezikhoyo), inkcazo ecacileyo yesitshixo ayifuni. Kwanele ukuba uzibophelele ekubhekiseleleni kumthombo ofanelekileyo. Kwimeko yokwenza utshintsho kuyo, kufuneka ichazwe ngokucacileyo kunye nokulungiswa kwesi sidingo. Kuyafana nokusebenza kwindlela yokuqala.

Yintoni enye efunekayo ukubonelela

Umzekelo woyilo lomsebenzi wophando womfundi kunye nomfundi uchaza phakathi kwezinye izinto, kule ngxenye ukuhlaziywa kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswe kumsebenzi, ezibonisa iphutha elivumelekileyo ekulinganisweni kwazo zonke iiparitha.

Icandelo elichaza indawo yocwaningo lihlanganiswa ngokusebenzisa iincwadi. Ixabiso layo likhulu kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwezenzululwazi zendalo, geo ne-biological, njl. Ngomsebenzi ofanayo le candelo likhulu kakhulu.

Kwiziphumo zophando

Icandelo "leZiphumo", njengomthetho, liyintloko. Apha ungayifumana imizekelo yendlela yokwenza inxalenye yempumelelo yomsebenzi wophando. Ngokuqhelekileyo ikwahlula kwiindawo ezininzi ngokuhambelana nenani lemisebenzi ethile. Umxholo wayo uqulethe inkcazo ecacileyo yeziphumo eziveziweyo kunye nomzekeliso (ukuba kuyimfuneko) yamanani, amatafula, iirafu, imifanekiso kunye neefoto. Uthelekiso lwenziwe kunye nedatha efunyenwe kwimithombo yamanye abantu.

Ukubhekisela kwietafile okanye amanani kwisicatshulwa kweli candelo kunyanzelekile. Ngokwemigaqo yoyilo, esiza kuxubusha ngezantsi, ngalinye icandelwana lifingqa amanqaku angundoqo (ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "intsingiselo").

Kwimeko enkulu yempahla, icandelo elithile lingazinikezelwa kuhlalutyo olulinganiswa nolwazi oluchongiweyo. Apha umbhali kufuneka akhanyise ngekhono lokubonisa, udwebe izigqibo eziyimfuneko uze uqhathanise iinkcukacha kunye nedatha. Kulapha ukuba isivumelwano sakhe nesimo sengcamango esamkelekileyo okanye isichaso esichukumisayo sinikezelwa.

Iziphumo ezidweliswe kumyalelo ochanekileyo kufuneka zixhomekeke ekusebenziseni izibalo. Oku kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zekhomputha eziyaziwayo njenge-Excel okanye kunye nezilungiso ezikhethekileyo ezibhaliweyo ngokukodwa kule sifundo (enokuyinto enye yemisebenzi yayo).

Izigqibo

Umsebenzi kweli candelo liza kushwankathela ngokufutshane iziphumo zento nganye, ukubonelela ngeengcebiso kunye nokucacisa ikamva lophando. Ukungabikho kweziphumo zekhonkrithi, izigqibo zithatyathwa yinto engaphezulu okanye encinane. Izalisekisa indima yokuphela, ngokucacileyo ifomisa iziphumo ezifunyenweyo kwaye iyazibophelela kwimisebenzi ekufuneka isombulule kunye nenjongo yonke yomsebenzi.

Kwiingqungquthela, kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba umbhali ufezekisile injongo, kwaye kungakanani. Le mfuneko ihlala isetyenziswe umzekelo oyilo oluchanekileyo lomsebenzi wophando.

"Iincwadi" kunye "nezicelo"

La macandelo anikezelwe ukubeka uludwe lwe-alfabhethi uluhlu olupheleleyo lwemisebenzi esetyenzisiweyo. Kwimeko xa ezinye zazo zipapashwa ngeelwimi zangaphandle, zikwahlulwa ngokulandelelanayo, emva kohlu lwemithombo yolwimi lwaseRashiya. Ukubalwa kwenani ke kukuphela kokuphela.

Kwi "Izicelo" zithatha ininzi yezixhobo ezongezelelweyo nezongezelelweyo ukwenzela ukuphepha ukudibanisa itekisi ebalulekileyo. Umxholo wabo unokuhluka kakhulu. Kwakhona malunga neemvelaphi zamaphepha athile kunye neenkqubo zokuphanda ngeenkcukacha ezithile.

Ifom yezinto eziphathekayo ingaba imifanekiso, umbhalo, imephu, itafile, umzekeliso, umfanekiso, njl. Nayiphi na yezi zicelo zikhoyo njengephepha elilodwa, kwikona (phezulu kunene) apho igama elithi "Isicelo" ngesihloko esithile. Ukuba kukho ezininzi, ukubalwa kwazo kubanjwe ngaphandle kwencwadi ethi "Hayi" ngoncedo lweenombolo zesiArabhu. Kwakhona kunesimo sokunqumla ukuhamba kunye nokuqhubeka kwamanani amaphepha eencwadi yonke yomsebenzi. Izicelo ezinxulumeneyo kunye nomxholo ophambili ngokubambisana ("bona iSithasiselo 1").

Uphando: umzekelo (isampuli) ukuyila

Yenza ngokusemgangathweni kwiphepha elimhlophe lokubhala iphepha e-A4. Indawo ichanekile. Iphepha ngalinye liqulethe amasimu (2 cm ngaphezulu nangaphantsi, 1 cm ngakwesokudla kunye no-3 cm ngakwesobunxele). Awudingi ukuyijikeleza.

Hlanganisa nesayizi epheleleyo yeshidi. Akufanele kube mkhulu kakhulu. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, xa inani lamakhasi-ukusuka kwi-15 ukuya ku-20.

Isicatshulwa sinyatheliswa, njengomgaqo, kwikhompyutyana usebenzisa ulwahlulo lomgca omnye wabalinganiswa. Beka kuphela kwicala elinye kwiphepha ngalinye, uhambelane nokudluliswa kwamagama kunye nobubanzi bombhalo. Iqondo lokugqibela lisetyenzisiweyo.

Nuances eziyimfuneko

Zonke izifinyezo zingaphantsi komyalelo wokugunyaza. Ukuba zifunwa izifinyezo, inkcazo nganye nganye yenziwa kwintetho yokuqala.

Ukubalwa kwamaphepha kuvela okwesine kwi-akhawunti. Isalathisi sibekwe kumgama ophezulu phakathi kwephepha. Ikhasi lokuqala liphepha lephepha. Ukuba kukho ukubhekisela kwizityalo, izilwanyana, ii-microorganisms, emva komnye wabo, igama lezilwanyana linikezelwa kwiibakaki ngesiLatini. Inkcukacha yombhali oqale uchaza le nto ibonakaliswa.

Ukuba uphando luqhutyelwa kwintsimi ye-botany, kuyimfuneko ukufakela i-herbarium efanele kumsebenzi.

Ulwakhiwo lomsebenzi

Ishicilelo sokuqala (isihloko) sibonisa igama elipheleleyo (uhlobo lomthetho) lesikhungo apho umsebenzi wenziwa khona. Ngokulandelayo kwiibrari ezinkulu - igama lomsebenzi ngokwawo, ngoko igama, igama lomenzi, iklasi okanye iqela, kunye nedatha malunga nenkokeli kunye nomcebisi (ukuba kukho). Ukuba zikhona, khankanya isihloko kunye nesifundo semfundo nganye. Oku kusebenza ikakhulu kwimimiselo yokubhaliswa komsebenzi wophando lwabafundi. Igama lokuhlala kunye nomnyaka wokuphunyezwa kuboniswe ngezantsi.

Iphepha lesibini lihlala lizinikezela kumxholo wezabasebenzi (itheyibhile yokuqukethwe). Iqulethe isethi epheleleyo yezihloko kunye neengqungquthela zeso sifundo, ekuthotyelwa kwayo ngokungqongqo kwimixholo kufuneka kugcinwe. Amanani ephepha apho iqela ngalinye liqala khona.

Nawuphi na umxholo ubhaliwe ngencwadi enkulu. Ingongoma ekupheleni ayifakiwe. Ezi zihloko zibaliwe ngokwemiqathango yenkcazo (1.1, 1.2, ...).

Masiqhubekele ekubhaliweyo

Ikhasi lesithathu lizinikezelwe kwisingeniso. Umthamo walo, njengomzekelo weklasi wokubhaliswa komsebenzi wophando, ngokuqhelekileyo awugqithisi ubungakanani bephepha.

Ukuqala ngephepha lesine, siqhubela phambili kwinxalenye ephambili yomsebenzi kunye namacandelo angentla apha. Kuhlala kwenzeka ngeendlela zesicatshulwa esiqinileyo, ezahlukana ngamaxesha amancinci. Icandelo ngalinye kufuneka liphawulwe ngamanani aphindwe kabini (3.1, 3.2, njl. Njl.), Izihloko zazo zonke izigatshana kufuneka zifakwe kwiincwadi.

Ekupheleni kweyona nxalenye ephambili, isiphelo sithathwe (okanye izigqibo zibhalwa). Kule nto, kusetshenziselwa amaphepha amaphepha ahlukeneyo. Uluhlu lubhalwe kwakhona kwiphepha elitsha.

Indlela yokudweba izinto ezibonisa umzekelo

Zonke iitafile zibalwa ngokulandelelana. Indawo yabo kwiphepha linokuthi lilandele. Ngakwesokudla, kufuneka sikhethe: "Inombolo yetafile ...". Phakathi komgca ongezansi ligama layo.

Kwimeko yeempendulo ezivela kuyo nayiphi na imithombo yombhalo, isibonakaliso kubazali kuba emva kwesihloko soqhagamshelwano kuyo. Ukuba itheyibhile yindlela yokutshintshana kweziphumo kunye nolwazi lweencwadi, izikhombisi zifakwa kwiindawo ezihambelana netafile. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, itheyibhile engezantsi iqulethe onke amanqaku afanelekileyo.

Xa ubukhulu bayo bukhulu kakhulu (abuhambelani kwiphepha elilodwa), kunokwenzeka ukuba uye kwinqanaba elilandelayo (kubakaki - "ukuqhubeka" okanye "ukuphela"). Isihloko setafile sinikwa kanye kuphela.

Yonke imifanekiso eqingqiweyo enokuthi ibe khona ngemifanekiso yemifanekiso, imifanekiso, imifanekiso, iirafu okanye imidwebo, nayo ine-nombolo yokuphela kokugqibela kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yimanani. Yenza nge inken okanye kumnyama omnyama. Okuyimfuneko yokubhaliweyo kwombhali kuthathwa kumzobo usebenzisa amanani okanye iimpawu. Ngaphantsi kwesibalo kufakwa uxwebhu lwaso - "Fig. (Inani)" kunye negama. Ngezantsi uluhlu lweempawu.

Njengoko kwimeko yetheyibhile, unxibelelwano lubekwa kwimidwebo ebolekwe kwincwadi. Ukuba umfanekiso uphinde uphinde uveliswe ngeenguqulelo zangaphambili, oku kufuneka kuboniswe ngasemva kwayo.

Umsebenzi wophando: umzekelo wokubhaliswa kweziqhagamshelo

Ifom yokubonisa ixhomekeke kwimvelaphi. Ezi zilandelayo ziinqununu okanye iincwadi ezinombhali okanye ezininzi, kunye neencwadi zokufunda, izichazili kunye neencwadi zezikolo.

Ukuba incwadi okanye inqaku linombhali okanye ababhali ababini, iinqununu zenziwa kunye nabazali babo kubazali babazali abangenawo ama-initials, ezahlukana ngama-commas, kunye nomnyaka wokupapashwa. Enye inketho kukubonisa igama lomlobi kwisicatshulwa somsebenzi. Kule meko, ama-initials angeniswa, unyaka wokupapashwa uboniswe kubakaki.

Ukuba iqela lombhali liqukethe abantu abangaphezu kwembini, igama lookuqala kuphela likhankanywe ngokukongezwa kwe "et al." Okanye "kunye nabalobi be-co-ordinates". Kwimeko yamabhali amaninzi (oku kubhekisela kuma-encyclopedias, izichazili, njl.), Endaweni yesinti, kuphela isihloko esichazwe kwincwadi.

Njengomthetho, amagama amade wemithombo yombhalo ayinikezwa ngaphezu kweyodwa. Kwixesha elizayo baphantsi kokunciphisa. Kwimeko yokusebenzisa isicatshulwa sokubhaliweyo kwisicatshulwa, inombolo yephepha enecatshulwa ecatshulweyo iboniswe nge-comma.

Indlela yokwenza uludwe lweencwadi

Oku kwenziwa ngokwemigaqo ethile yebhaloliyali kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo wokubhaliswa komsebenzi wophando womfundi okanye umfundi uqulethe iimfuno ezifanayo. Nawaphi na amanqaku okanye iincwadi zibhalwa ngokulandelelwano lwe-alfabhethi ukusuka kumgca obomvu. Ekuqaleni, njengoko sele kukhankanywe, umsebenzi useRashiya, ngaphantsi - ngaphandle.

Qiniseka ukuba ukhankanye zonke iintlobo imithombo yolwazi malunga ababhali, izihloko, iinkcukacha zokugqiba kwabo kunye neempawu lobuninzi. Phantsi output data ibhekisela ulwazi malunga igama lompapashi, indawo yayo kwaye khupha nyaka. Amagama imizi ngexesha elifanayo ngokupheleleyo, ngaphandle eMoscow ne St Petersburg, ezo ngokuqhelekileyo zidliwe ekunciphiseni.

Phantsi uphawu oluninzi kubhekisela kwinani lamaphepha. Ukuba sithetha kulindixesha okanye ingqokelela, oko kuphela ezo maphepha ezinxulumene ngqo le ncwadi. Kulo mzekelo, ulwazi olukhoyo ngohlobo liyahlasela kubonisa yokuqala neyokugqibela kubo.

Ethetha kule website, uluhlu imithombo ukongeza umbhali kunye isihloko, wabeka idilesi yephepha lewebhu.