I-Cybernetics njengeSiluleko seNzululwazi

I-Cybernetics yenzululwazi yeenkqubo zolawulo kwiinkqubo ezinamandla, esekelwe kwisiseko seengcamango zengqondo, izibalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweteknoloji yekhompyutheni kule nkqubo .

U-Andre Marie Amper malunga neminyaka emakhulu amabini edlulileyo wagqiba umsebenzi onesihloko esithi "Imixholo kwi-Philosophy yeSayensi." Ngomsebenzi wakhe, isiFulentshi seMathematika ne-physicist sazama ukuzisa lonke ulwazi olukhoyo lwesayensi kwinkqubo. Kwikholamu eyahlukileyo, isayense yabeka isayensi, leyo, ngokuboni kwakhe, kwakufuneka ifunde iindlela zokulawula uluntu. Igama le nzu lulwazi, wakhiwa kwigama lesiGrike elithi "cybernetus", elisentsingiselo esithi "helmsman", "helmsman".

Inzululwazi ye-cybernetics ibekwe ngu-Amper kwicandelo "lezopolitiko". Kwangexesha elide, eli gama alizange lisetyenziswe kuzo zonke, ngokulibala ukulibala ngalo.

Ngomnyaka we-1948 uNorbert Wiener , isazi seMathematika saseMerika, washicilela umsebenzi weCybernetics, okanye uLawulo kunye noNxibelelwano kwizinto eziphilayo neeMishini. Le ncwadi inomdla wokwenza umdla kuluntu.

Amacandelo ekhonkco ye-cybernetics yayingumxholo wolwazi, i- automate theory kunye neyory of algorithms, eyayifunde iindlela zokwakha iinkqubo ezijoliswe ekuqhubeni ulwazi. Izixhobo zeemathematika zesayensi ye-cybernetics zikhulu kakhulu. Iquka inkolelo yokunokwenzeka, inkolelo yemisebenzi, ingqiqo yemathematika kunye namanye amasebe eemathematika.

Ekuphuhlisweni kwezindlela zesayensi kwi-cybernetics, indima enkulu idlalwe yi-biology, eqhuba izifundo ezilawulwayo kwizinto eziphilayo. Ingqiqo ekuphuhliseni i-cybernetics yayikukhula kwezenzekelayo kunye ne-electronics, okukhokelela ekuveleni kweekhomputhaza ngejubane eliphezulu. Oku kuvulwe amathuba angenakwenzeka ngaphambili okucwangcisa ulwazi kunye neenkqubo zokulawula imodeli.

Iinkonzo zesayensi entsha zaqala ukusebenzisa i-physics, i-mathematics, i-biology, i-psychiatry, i-physiology, i-economics, ifilosofi, ubunjineli ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Ukususela kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwee-cybernetics , ezi zenzululwazi ziye zafuna ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zolawulo kwiminqweno yazo. Ngenxa yoko, ingqwalaselo esondeleyo yenziwa kwizinto eziphilayo - umntu ngokwakhe, owayeyinkqubo yolawulo oluphezulu, umsebenzi wakhe ososayensi kunye neenjineli bazama ukuvelisa ngoncedo lwe-automata.

I-Cybernetics ihlola iipropati eziqhelekileyo zenkqubo zolawulo ezihlukeneyo eziphilayo kwizinto eziphilayo, umhlaba we-organic kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwabantu.

Into yokulawula (umatshini, umgca wokuzenzekelayo, iseli ephilayo, isimboli esetyenzisiweyo) kunye nesixhobo sokulawula (ingqondo okanye umatshini) rhoqo ukutshintsha ulwazi.

Ulawulo luhambelana nokudluliselwa, ukugcinwa, ukuqokelela, ukuqhutyelwa kwedatha, ulwazi oluchaza into, izimo zangaphandle, inkqubo yeenkqubo, inkqubo yo msebenzi.

Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ziyahlukahlukana komnye ngolwazi lwezithuthi (ukukhanya, isandi, iikhemikhali, umatshini, izibonakaliso zombane, amaxwebhu). Kodwa nangona kunjalo, ezi nkqubo zithobela imithetho jikelele. Zonke zazo zibonakaliswa ngobungqina bempendulo. Kwakhona, zonke izixhobo zokulawula ziquka izinto kunye nemisebenzi ekwabelana ngeempawu ezifanayo kwizinto eziphilayo kunye nomatshini wokufakelwa. Bayakwazi ukuqonda ulwazi, ukuqokelela, ukukhumbula, njl.

I-Cybernetics ithuthuke ngokukhawuleza. Phantse kwikota yeshumi leminyaka, kuye kwaba yinto ehamba phambili yokuqeqesha, ifunyenwe ukufunyanwa kwezenzululwazi kunye nokubaluleka kwendalo yonke.

Namhlanje i-cybernetics iyinzululwazi epheleleyo yemigaqo yolawulo kwiindawo ezithile zesayensi kunye noluntu (ezoqoqosho, ezobugcisa, i-cybernetics nuclear, njl.). I-Cybernetics yenza iikhontrakthi kwaye yakha imodeli yolawulo.

I-Cybernetic luhlobo lolawulo oluqwalasela intlangano njengenkqubo elinezinto ezihambelanayo; Unika isisombululo esiphezulu kwimisebenzi enamandla; Ukusebenzisa iindlela ezithile ze-cybernetics (ingxelo, ukuzimela, njl); Isebenza ngokuzenzekelayo nokwenziwa komsebenzi wolawulo ngokusekelwe kolawulo kunye nobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha kunye neekhomputha.