I-Cathedral yeZiqu zintathu ka-Alexander Nevsky Lavra: inkcazelo, imbali kunye neenkcukacha ezithakazelisayo

Kumzantsi-mpuma kwiphondo laseSt. Petersburg, kufuphi neenxweme ze-Neva, yidome ye-Greatest Catedral Church, eyindawo yokwakha kunye nomhlobiso we-Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Iimpawu zayo eziqhelekileyo ziyaziwayo kwaye ziphantse kuzo zonke i-Petersburger. Baye bafana nekhadi lokutyelela kweso sixeko, njengesikebhe esiphambanweni se-Admiralty kunye "nomkhweli womkhweli owaphakamisa iRashiya".

Indwendwe, izalwe ngumyalelo kaPetros Omkhulu

Imbali yembali ibonisa ukuba ngo-1710, emva kokuhambela iNtlambo yoMnyama kwi-Neva - eli ligama lomlambo wamanje we-Monastyrka-uMlawuli uPetros Omkhulu wayala ukuba akhiwe apho iindwendwe ezazinikezela kwintloko engcwele kunye neyosikelelekileyo uAlexander Nevsky. Umnqweno wakhe wawungekho umzuzu. Le yiminyaka yemfazwe yaseSweden, kwaye uncedo lomphathi wasezulwini, obenolwazi oluninzi lokubetha amaSweden, kwakudingeka. Ukukhethwa kwendawo yokwakhiwa kweendwendwe kwakubangelwa ngumbono ophosakeleyo owawukho kuloo minyaka ukuba kwakukho kule ndawo apho iNkosana Alexander eyinqobile.

Emva kokubeka "ummelwane onobukratshi" onomzi wakhe omkhulu, uTsar Peter wabeka ukwakhiwa kwakhe kwinqanaba elibanzi. Kuye kwaphuhliswa isicwangciso esinqununu, ngokubhekiselele kuyo izitalato zedolophu ezongeziweyo kwi-geometri eqinile. Abaqulunqi bezona zakhiwo bangaphandle bamenywa ukuba bakhe izakhiwo zikaRhulumente, iicawa kunye neendonga zeenduna. Umsebenzi wezinkulungwane zama-serfs, oqhutyelwa kuyo yonke elaseRashiya, ukusuka kwiimvula zamanxweme aseFinnish wasuka eNyakatho Venice.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi, xa iziseko zePetros noPaul yasePoleni zakhiwa kwaye iinqanawa zokuqala zeenqwelo zaseRashiya zazisungulwa kwi-Admiralty Shipyard esandula kwakhiwa, uMlawuli wayekhathazekile ngesidingo sokwakha isikhungo esingokomoya. UTsar Petro wayefisa ukuba abo bahloniphekileyo beentloko, kude nomsindo wesixeko, bahlala bethandazela ukuthumela iintsikelelo zikaThixo kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe. Ukongeza, njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, imfazwe nabaseSweden yayigcwele, kwaye imemori yongcwele onokuyitshabalalisa, yayikukukhuthaza abo bahlabayo.

Ukulungiselela ukwakhiwa kweendwendwe

Kwi-monastery entsha, uMlawuli wayebelwe isabelo esikhulu kumhlaba we-Neva, ngaphezu koko, wayebhekiswe kwiindawo ezininzi kwiindawo ze-Olonets. Ukusebenza kwiprojekthi yobuncwane bwakhiwo yenziwa emva kweminyaka emibini ngumqambi waseNtaliyane waseSwitzerland uvela eDenico Trezzini.

Project D. Trezzini

Ekuqaleni, kwacetywa ukuba izakhiwo eziziimfesane zezakhiwo, ezahlukana ngokwemimandla phezu kwayo yonke indawo eyabelwe kuyo kwiNxweme yeNeva, yayiza kuba esinye isakhiwo sokuzivikela esempuma-ntshona ye-capital capital, ngoko yakhiwa ngokwemiqathango yokukhusela.

Ukudibanisa i-monastery eSt. Petersburg kucetywayo ukuba ibekwe kwinqanaba lehlathi, elibizwa ngokuba yi "Nevskaya Pershpektiva" - indlela ezayo yeNevsky Prospekt.

Isakhiwo sokwakhiwa kweendwendwe ekwakhiwa kwakuza kuba yitempile, indawo eyaboniswa kwisicwangciso seTrzizini ngokwakhe, kwaye apho wayefuna khona ukuqala ukubeka i-Nevsky Prospekt. Ukudalwa kweprojekthi yetempile kwaphathiswa umvelisi osemtsha waseJamani owayesandula ukuvela eJamani, kodwa ophumelele ekufumaneni udumo ngumakhi wezakhiwo uT. Schwerfeger, owayengumdlali onomdla we-baroque yaseJamani eyayimfashisa ngaloo minyaka.

I-pancake yokuqala i-lumpy

Le ngqungquthela yokuqala yeZiqu zintathu yeAlexander Nevsky Lavra, engagcinwanga kude kube ngoku, yayisakhiwo esikhulu esicetywayo ngeendonga ezimbini zeentsimbi kunye neentonga eziphezulu. Ngomnyaka we-1719 isakhiwo esilungelelaniso saqala. Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, esihlala iminyaka elishumi elinanye, sagqitywa ngo-1733, kodwa ngokukhawuleza kwacaca ukuba iimpazamo ezinzulu zenziwe kwimihlaba yazo.

Ngokukodwa, umhlaba owakhiwe ngawo isiseko awuqinisekanga ngokwaneleyo. Ngenxa yoko, kwakukho indawo engalinganiyo yezinye iindawo zekontrare, eyabangela ukubonakala kweentsimbi kwiindawo zayo. Eyasungulwa ngo-1744, ikhomishoni yafika kwisigqibo ngengozi yangempela yokuwa kwesakhiwo kunye nokungakwazi ukusetyenziswa kwayo.

Ukugqitywa ngokupheleleyo kwethempeli, okwaqala ngo-1753 kwaye iveliswe phantsi kolawulo lwekhansela likarhulumente u-Ivan Yakovlevich Rossi, igama legama elidumileyo uKarl Rossi, lithatha iminyaka emibini. Emva kokuqala kweCathedral Cathedral ka-Alexander Nevsky Lavra eSt. Petersburg yachithwa ngokupheleleyo, yahlala iminyaka emithandathu eyona nto ingaphelelanga yenkqantosi yonkqantosi eyakhiweyo ngelo xesha.

Umyalelo ophakamileyo weCatherine Catherine

Isigaba esitsha sokwakhiwa kwethempelini sinokulawula koMpress Catherine II, umyalelo wakhe ngo-1763 wawukhuphiswano lweeprojekti. Kwaye kwabakho abavakalisi abakhulu beli xesha, njengo Yu. M. Felten, AF Kokorin, FF Vist, SA Volkov kunye nabanye abaninzi. Akukho nanye kwimisebenzi efakiwe efumene imvume eyona mvume, kwaye iprojekthi yokwakha yayinqabile enye iminyaka elishumi elinanye.

Kuphela ngo-1774, xa ukulibaziseka okungeke kwenzeke - kwakhiwa i-monastery, kwaye akukho necawa ephakathi - uCatherine Catherine wayala ukuba ibeke iprojekthi yendalo yayo kumprofeti waseRashiya u-Ivan Yegorovich Starov. Ukusebenza kwimiqulu yobugcisa kuthatha iminyaka emibini, kwaye ngo-1776, emva kokuvunywa kweyona projekthi, umlobi walo uphathiswe ulawulo lokwakha. I-Impress yayikho ngokusemthethweni kwi-cathedral. Kanye emva kokuphela kwemibhiyozo, intsikelelo, baqala ukusebenza.

Ukugqitywa komsebenzi nokulungiswa kwetempile

Kwiminyaka emine kamva amabini anqabileyo amabini e-tower tower-bell avukela esibhakabhakeni. Kwesinye sawo, esezantsi, ngelo xesha i-chimes zafakwa, kwaye kwelinye, isenyakatho, i-bell ye-ton-tell yaphakanyiswa, eyayisakuba kwi-Monasteri ye-Iver kwaye iphoswe ngo-1658. Ngo-1786, umsebenzi wokufakela wawugqityiwe kwaye iminyaka emine kamva, kufuneka ukuba uqedele ngaphakathi kwaye uvumele ixesha lokuba isakhiwo semvula, singcwalise i-cathedral.

Kwakuqhutywe ngobungqina obuqhelekileyo phambi koCatherine oMkhulu ngokwakhe. Ngelo xesha, ukusuka kwibandla elikufuphi laseBlagoveshchenskaya, phantsi kwe-cannon salute isingenangqondo, i-carcass yesilivere, igcinwe khona kude kube ngoku, igcinwe kwi-Trinity Cathedral ka-Alexander Nevsky Lavra, apho kwakukho indawo engcwele engcwele ka-Alexander Nevsky.

Ithempeli liwubhaso kumaqhawe

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo, iCathedral Cathedral ka-Alexander Nevsky Lavra eSt. Petersburg ikwahlulo olubizwa ngokuba yi-capitulatory, oko kukuthi, i-Temples Order. Kule meko sithetha nge-Order yaseSt. Alexander Nevsky. Ekuqaleni, umda ozinikezelwe kuwo wawukho phantsi kwinqaba yasezantsi, kodwa ngo-1838 kwagqitywa.

Njengomqondiso wentlonelo ekhethekileyo kubo bonke abo banikezelwa eli bhaso, ngo-1791 ivulo ekhethekileyo yavulelwa kubo kwiFedorov Corps edibene nekontrare, kwaye umfanekiso wesiphumo woo myalelo wabonakala kamva emnyango wetempile.

Ukuqala kwexesha lokuphela kukaThixo

Ngokuqala kolawulo lweBolshevik, iCathedral Cathedral ka-Alexander Nevsky Lavra ayizange iphunyeke kwinkqubo yokutshatyalaliswa kwindalo ebandleni. Yonke into abaphathi abatsha bakholelwa ukuba yintengo yathathwa kuyo, kwaye isakhiwo ngokwawo sanikelwa ngonyaka kwiRenovationists - abameli beentshukumo ezibonakalayo emva kweNguqulelo kaFebhuwari phakathi kwabafundisi ababethetha "ukuvuselelwa kweCawa" kwaye bazama ukuhambelana namaBolsheviks.

Ukususela ngo-1928 ukuya ku-1933, i-Trinity Cathedral ka-Alexander Nevsky Lavra yayingowesebe elithile labefundisi ababeye kwimbali "ngokungenakwenzeka." Eli qela labafundisi belenqabile ukudibanisa kunye nabaphathi bamaSoviet kunye nokuthandaza kwiinkonzo zabo kwiMetroropolus Sergius (i-Stargorodsky), owasebenzisana naye. Ngaloo xesha, ukuphambuka okubonakala kungabalulekanga kwiCawa yoMqulu kungabonwa ngabaphathi njengento yezopolitiko, kwaye ukuze kulungiswe, kwakudinga isibindi.

Ithempeli kwiMinyaka yoLawulo lweeNtlanga

Kodwa ngowama-1933 i-Cathedral yeZiqu zintathu ka-Alexander Nevsky Lavra, eneembali ezininzi kwiintlobo ezininzi ezinxulumene nembali yezona zicawa kunye neendwendwe zamatye zalo xesha, zavalwa. Inkonzo yokugqibela kaThixo yabanjwa ngoDisemba 7. Kwakha ishedareli, eyona nto ebonakalayo ebonakalayo yokwakhiwa kwetempile, yakha ipropaganda. Ngethuba elilandelayo, indawo yecawa yesikhungo yayihlala kwindawo yokulawulwa kwezindlu zesithili, indawo yokugcina impahla kunye neyamyuziyamu. UAlexandro Nevsky Lavra wapheliswa.

I-Cathedral yoBathathu Emnye yabuyiselwa kubantu base-Orthodox ngowe-1957, kodwa kuphela kumalungelo ecawa yasepareni kwaye kwimeko yokuba uluntu lwenza ngeendleko zalo ukwenza yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokulungiswa nokubuyiselwa kwayo. Ngethamsanqa, ngexesha leminyaka edlulileyo ukususela ekuvaleni kwayo, i-icblestasis yemarble yabazalwana abaxhamliweyo ayichangekanga, eyakhawuleza ngokukhawuleza ukubuyiselwa kwethempeli. Ngomnyaka kamva, xa isigaba sokuqala sokulungisa sagqiba, itempile yagqitywa ekugqibeleni.

Ukubuyiselwa kwemirhumo

UZiqu-zintathu u-Alexander Nevsky Lavra uqobo lwavuselelwa njengendwendwe kuphela ngo-1989. Ngelo xesha, i-charter yamukelwa kwakhona kwaye abantu ababephethe izikhundla eziphezulu zokuphatha kuyo, njenge-economist, dean, sacristan, confessor, njalonjalo, kwachongwa. Ngelo xesha, uluntu, olulawulwayo yonke imicimbi kwiCathedral Engcwele yeZiqu zintathu ka-Alexander Nevsky Lavra, yachithwa. Oku kungenxa yokulahlekelwa kwimeko yecawa elizimeleyo yebandla. Ekugqibeleni, zonke izakhiwo ezazisetyenziswa kwi-monastery eziyinkimbinkimbi zabuyiselwa kuma-laurels ngo-2000.

Ithempeli - umhlobiso wezakhiwo zobugcisa

Namhlanje i-St. Petersburg ka-Alexander Nevsky Lavra yenye yezikhumbuzo eziphambili zeso sixeko, isikhungo esakhiwa kuso esilungele ukuba siyicingisise ngeCathedral engcwele. Isakhiwo esine-single-dome sakhiwo, esihlotshiswe ngeendonga ezimbini ezinqabileyo-iindonga zeendonga, ziyabonwa njengenye yezinto zobugcisa bokuqala. Ngaphakathi kweemiloni zayo ezinamandla ezintathu, ukwahlula indawo yonke kunye nokunika ifom efana nomnqamlezo, ukuxhasa uphahla lwesakhiwo. Iloggia yesango esiphezulu sihlotshiswe nge-portico yeeDonic ezintandathu.

Ngaphambi kweenguqulelo, i-cathedral yayinemibala edwetshwe yi-Impress Catherine II kwaye yabanjwa ngamaBolsheviks. Phakathi kwazo kwakuyimisebenzi yamakhosi amaninzi aphelileyo. Kodwa nanamhlanje iCathedral Cathedral ka-Alexander Nevsky Lavra, eneenkcubeko eziye zaqala ngekhulu le-18, zihlobisa umsebenzi weematriki ezibonakalayo zobugcisa obuhle. Kuze kube ngoku, silondoloze umzobo weedome kunye neendonga, ezenziwe ngokulandela imidwebo yaseQuarenghi. Ngaphezulu kwesango elingasentla nelasemantla yi-bas-reliefs ebonisa izigcawu ze-Old and New Testament, umsebenzi we-sculptor waseRussia owaziwayo F. Shubin. Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo nayo ifanele imifanekiso yamasango obukhosi, eyenziwa ngabaculi abadumileyo IA Akimov noY. Mettenleyter.

Ezi zintathu zokudweba kunye nokubunjwa kwekamelo elingaphakathi lithempelini liqhubekile ngokuqhubekayo umgca wobugcisa, ekuqalekeni kwawo owabekwa ngu-IE Starov. I-Cathedral yeZiqu zintathu ka-Alexander Nevsky Lavra, nangona zonke ilahleko ezithintekayo kuye kwiminyaka yokulwa kukaThixo, zahlala ziyimodeli ephezulu yeRussia yobugcisa be-18th and 19th.