Chechens and Ingush - mahluko. Inkcubeko, amasiko kunye nembali abantu

Uluntu lokuqala kwizizwana ezimbini ikhondo ngandlel yehlukana of the abaseAfrika War of kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo we-mandla tsarist. Ke inxalenye yabantu, ekuthiwa abantu abaqhelekileyo, bazinikezela ngakumbi kumanyano, bekholelwa ukuba abantu abangatshatanga - Chechens kunye Ingush. Umahluko kugxininiswa kuphela nezazi yokuyila izinto, ubona akukho qela olunye uhlanga.

ulwimi

I Chechens ulwimi Nakh-Dagestani icala, kwaye ngowona usondeleyo Ingush. Noko ke, iyantlukwano dialectal yangoku kunzima kakhulu ngakumbi. Ngokomzekelo, amanye Chechen intaba iziyelelane ngakumbi kakhulu ukuba Ingush nangaphezu kwi Chechen zomthonyama. Kwaye ngokuphathelele kulwimi, leyo sizibandakanya Chechens kunye Ingush, umahluko mncinci kakhulu ngaphezu koko phakathi Russian kunye Ukrainian. Wonke umntu uya kuba ethetha ulwimi lwabo lweenkobe, kodwa ukuqonda omnye ngaphandle kobunzima encinane.

Nezinye izithethe kubonisa kwindawo enye nexhoba. Zenethiwekhi Ingush kunye Chechen nolwimi ezinawo kushicilelo bakholelwa ukuba ukuqonda kwenziwa hayi ngaphezulu kwe-80%, nendlu lingaphantsi ngokucacileyo kanye. Sekunjalo, iingcali, ethnographers bona aba bantu babini kangangokuba kwimithombo emininzi kuvela phantsi kwegama elinye - Vainakh (veynahi) - Chechens kunye Ingush. Umahluko, ngoko, phezu inxalenye phantse ayibonakali.

kwamiswa ulwimi Vainakh zoncwadi hayi kwangoko. Ngaphambili, yena waye obschenormirovannym wemka ukuxoxa - illanchi. yemihla entsapho baba - teptari - Chechen, kodwa Arabhu. Baye wasinda, nangona ibe ncinci kakhulu. Isiseko ulwimi lwabantu Chechen zifumaneka phakathi kumaThafa iziyelelane - Urus-Martan kunye Shali. Ababenako kakhulu. Kwakhona esondele kakhulu kubo Gudermes iziyelelane podterechny ukuba yasasazeka ngokubanzi kakhulu. Isiseko Ingushetia Nazran yaba nakozalelwe lwesigodi phantse asibhozo ekhulwini labantu, oko kukuthi, yonke weRiphabhliki Ingushetia uthe waba phezu kwakhe.

amasiko

Ethnographers bathi Chechen inkcubeko ilahlekelwe ingqiqo enkulu kwezithethe uhlanga ngaphezu Ingush. Chechens musa zona tosch lwabo njengoko imihla yangaphambili, zingatya yeendwendwe isuphu eyaphula isiko izinyanya. Ingush okufanayo njengokwamandulo, iindwendwe ezidla ukutya inyama ezikhethekileyo - uxhomekeke imvana, yenkukhu okanye pipi, kwaye toschami uzame ukuba nayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla jikelele. Imitshato okuninzi ngokukhululekileyo ngakumbi lihlaleni Chechens kunye Ingush umtshakazi kweli siko yamandulo zonke kwisiko na ekoneni.

Noko ke, Chechens, Ingush, umahluko phakathi kwabo ekuhambeni kwexesha kodwa ukusekwa, bazi ngokucacileyo nomini abalulo, yaye ethnonym "Vainakh" asinto sandi engenanto kubo. Abaninzi kubo ezibonakala zingaqhelekanga malunga isibakala sokuba eli gama muva yaye zadalwa ngumntu omnye, asisiso naluphi na uhlanga okanye omnye. Bona ozinikiweyo ngenxa nxalenye zikholelwa ukuba imbali wemileniyam eli gama.

izizwe ezincinane

Kwelinye icala lasempumalanga ecaleni kunye Chechens Dagestani - Avars, Kumyk, kunye nabantu abaninzi nani aphantsi. In Kumyks inkcubeko Arabized kakhulu, baba ngenxa kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba Chechen imithetho yokuziphatha, weza phantse bonke abashumayeli evela kwinani lawo. Avars azaba nakuvuka kuphela ngamaxesha Soviet, xa iinombolo zabo lakhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphambili, baba anganayo yaye yaqeshwa ukuba Chechens abelusi.

Le imbali Chechens kunye nabamelwane babo ngenxa yokuba phantse zonke iilali Chechen na indawo yonke apho ahlala Avars. Alwe yabasebenzi - phantse ikhoboka, kuba Chechens abanekratshi, yena ingqalelo kakhulu non-ehlonitshwe, yaye ndisenayo intlonipho ngokwaneleyo for emanyumnyezi zabo elidluleyo Avars. Kodwa okwangoku kulityalwa ukuba kukho amaxesha xa Chechnya kwiinkulungwane wathobela yaseAvar neenkosi. Kuphela ukuya kweyeshumi elinesibhozo Chechen izithethe baqalisa ukuba bafumane inkululeko, uze kuphela ngenxa yokuba ilizwe iye yakwazi ukuba balahle le dyokhwe.

Vainakh: nokuhlaliswa

nokubanga Political ngokukhawuleza esilala into yonqulo. Akufuphi Dagestan wathumela entshonalanga rhoqo kwaye ngamandla amandla ayo of Islam ngawo Chechens kunye Ingush ezichongiweyo ngakumbi Abase. Ubume zombini uhlanga candelo Chechens ibandakanya iqela elikhulu Dagestanians wamfikela amakhasethi Daghestanian.

Kwisithili plain Khasavyurt of Dagestan, yena, tywa Akkin-Chechens, kukho malunga ikhulu elinamanci amawaka abantu, nto leyo nekhaya kwiRiphabliki Ingushetia kunye Chechnya. It mountaineers, phantse ulwahlulo indala Vainakh, lowo bafudukela ukusuka borderland phakathi republic ezimbini. Emva ekuhlaselweni Tamerlana Akkin phantsi kunye ashushu ekhohlo ukuya ngasempuma, kubandakanywe iiteyiphu ezahlukeneyo Chechens. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuba babe kwimeko ngokwabo njengoko uluntu Chechen.

Vainakh izinyanya belimiwe emaqeleni kunye North Caucasus, ezikufutshane kwintsimi yangoku Chechen Republic. Kule nkulungwane yokuqala isingathwa Khazar Khanate kunye unqulo karhulumente, kude Islam - kubuYuda. Chechen ezizwe nangoku igcina uqhagamshelwano abanye elumelwaneni, ukushiya uphawu olubonakalayo kwi kwimbali kwasekwa Vainakh, ekubeni nenxaxheba yabo kubomi zezopolitiko Khazar Khanate wawusebenza kakhulu. Ezinye iiteyiphu kuwenze ngqo uhlanga lwakhe ukuya kwenye kookhokho amaYuda, oko kukuthi, i-Khazar odlulileyo imbali Chechens kunye Ingush iivenkile ngaphezu ibonakale.

kwemida

Kutsha nje, le Chechens kunye Ingush, umahluko phakathi leyo kakhulu ngaphezu koko phakathi Russian kwaye Belarusians, ngelithi kwimida yezolawulo. Ezi abantu emaqandeni - gxebe, abantu Vainakh mnye, yahlulwe yaba ezikhoyo ezimbini, wagqiba ekubeni kwahlula. Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukho osemthethweni ngesigqibo abasemagunyeni Chechen andizamkelanga. Kodwa ke isimo Uyadubula. Tshintsha umda phakathi republic - ukuvula ibhokisi Pandora kaThixo, qiniseka ukuba ukuqalisa iingxabano, kungekhona nje Chechen-Ingush, kodwa Ossetian-Ingush, ogama iingcambu Kunzulu.

Imbali i Ingush kunye kwiiOssetian yinduli esezantsi kolundi, nezahlulo nezihlambo zazo Ingushetia kunye North Ossetia ithatha ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, kuba apha baphila mfumba ezahlukahlukeneyo kangangokuba njengoko yokuba abakwazi azi ukuba ngubani na: nokuba eluntwini okanye Vainakh Ossetian. Phofu ke, ukutyhubela iinkulungwane la mazwe belimiwe omnye ke omnye, yaye bakhonza rhoqo ukuxuba njengesikhuseli ethile umda phakathi kwamaqela eentlanga ezinkulu abahlala kwimimandla. Umhlaba, kuqwalaselwe Ossetian apha ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ngoko Ingushetia, yi Ossetia kunye ezi zizwe baye indawo Kabardians babehlala apha. Kwathi ukususela ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe.

Ngoku, ukuba benze konke "ekunene" kwi Chechen, ukwaphuka iya kuba iintlanga ezininzi ohloniphekileyo. iinketho Equity zininzi, ngamnye unezakhe. Le disengagement iya kudala iingxabano ezingeyomfuneko ngokupheleleyo yaye mhlawumbi posodeystvuet nokukhulisa ungquzulwano. amabango indawo, nkqu ixesha ngummiselo enjalo, ngakumbi ngoku kunokuba engafanelekanga. Xa bahlabe ikhwelo ubulumko, yaye kwakukho impendulo umbuzo malunga kutheni Chechens awuyithandi i Ingush. Kukuba nzima yaye besilela, ingakumbi xa sikhumbula ukuba Ingushetia yasingatha iimbacu ebudeni ezimbini iimfazwe Chechen - amakhulu amawaka abantu baye bafumana indawo yokufihla apho.

Kwakutheni ukuze oku kwenzeke

Kakade ke, nemida yee-90 yokuqala ngayo yokugqibela de facto. Chechnya walwa kunye Ingushetia wahlala phakathi nemigaqo esemthethweni yomGaqo-Russian Federation, ukuthatha inxaxheba zimvo nolonyulo ezininzi. Kuqhamko lwe- kumda imfazwe phakathi Ingushetia kunye Chechnya yayeka ukuba zeemeko, lukhuselwe amabutho yase kanye neminye imikhosi zokhuseleko. Konke oku aqinisa ukwahlulwa - kunye noqoqosho kunye nezolawulo.

Kakade ke, aba bantu babini, i Chechens kunye Ingush, umahluko phakathi leyo ngaphezu zexeshana, kufutshane kakhulu omnye komnye. Babelana eminyaka ubudala ubudlelwane, amasiko, nolwimi. Kodwa Ingush, unqulo nalo ayikuvumeli ukuba spineless, musa ukuvumela ukuba ukunyanzelisa ukuthanda yomnye umntu. Akukho nokuba ngomnye akayi kuvunyelwa. Kwapasa-ungquzulwano kunye ngaphantsi exhobileyo, ukukhula kakhulu kwaqala kwakhona. Yaye xa sicinga ngenani zonke iintlobo izixhobo, nto leyo ngoku kule ngingqi, oko kuyoyikisa ngokwenene.

prehistory

Xa iRussia weza eCaucasus, abaninzi Ingush baphulukana namazwe azo, apho Cossacks zimi behlise cross-umda. Kungenxa yoko le nto intsalela War Civil wajika ngolu hlobo: kwiiOssetian baba cala, i Cossacks akhusela White and Ingush - kuba Reds, ngokuba baye bathembisa imbuyekezo imimandla eyayihlala Cossacks.

Emva kokuba ngoloyiso i Terek Cossacks kwafuneka bashiye indawo omiweyo ukususela urhulumente waseSoviet waligcina ilizwi zisoloko. ASSR wayengomnye - Highland - de 1924, ngoko sathi qheke kwi ukuzimela North-Ossetian kunye Ingush kunye kwisithili Sunzha. Kwesihloko iyonke - Vladikavkaz. Ke kaloku, ekuqaleni 30 kwabakho Chechen-Ingush Ukuzilawula Oblast ku-1937 ukuya kuba CHI ASSR.

impi

Operation nesityu ngo-1944 kwakhokelela ekubeni eli ASSR kwayekwa. mmandla wabonakala Grozny kunye neminye imimandla anikwa Georgia, Dagestan nomNtla Ossetian ASSR. Izizathu baba ngaphezu okulungileyo: ukusilela badibane kwaye kukushiya uninzi Vainakh, ukudalwa amaqela axhobileyo, yiMDC, ukufukama paratroopers waseJamani, inkonzo ukuya amaNazi - uluhlu mkhulu. The main igama apha - uninzi enkulu.

Ukuze ukuba hit ngasemva (ngokufuthi kwenzeka), Vainakh wasiwa Central Asia. Kwaye kulo mzekelo, akukho ibonakale, ayahluka Chechens Ingush. Ngowe-1956 Vainakh waqalisa imbuyekezo elikhulu kumakhaya abo. ASSR, waphila, kodwa inkoliso kwintsimi (ngaphandle sikunike kude Georgians) yayisele enabantu abaninzi. KwiiOssetian efanayo. Ngaphandle koku, phantse bonke kususwa yi Chechen kwaye babuyela kumazwe Ingush. Nangona kunjalo, kuba le ndawo enabantu yaqala iimfazwe zasekuhlaleni.

yee-

Sona kanye ekuqaleni yee- yabalasela a ngezikhondo zamehlo kwamaxabiso elibukhali kwi nolwalamano oluhle olungileyo; nomzabalazo sesithili Prigorodny (Chermen Kambileevskoe, i-Oktobha), apho kwiiOssetian yafuna zingafuni yonke Ingush kwiRiphabliki. Udlame yaqala, sikhatshwe ukuqaliswa kweeyunithi zomkhosi ngenxa Ukusekwa komyalelo yehlabathi. Ingush umda yokuhlala, abathi ngokufanelekileyo ingqalelo calulo. Ukuqhubeka phezulu okubulala nokubethwa.

Konke oku waya kwi '90, kunye Ingush rhoqo zikhunjuzwa imisebenzi yabo ngexesha Second World War, uninzi imigulukudu amakhonkco kunye Wehrmacht, ke ingcinezelo ekhohlaleleyo i-Red Army. Ngowe-1991, i-Ingush zakonfliktovali amapolisa Ossetian kangangokuba eyaqaliswa lwemo yonxunguphalo, kwakunye neBhunga Ephakamileyo wada bagqiba ukwenza umnyinyiva ebantwini, ukugxothwa akhubeke. Kodwa isiphelo wawuthe ngenye indlela.

ESoviet Union yaphela, Chechnya ukuzimela, Ingushetia waza wagqiba ekubeni sihlale kwi Russian Federation. Ngowe-1992 Ingushetia kwakhona waba republic ngaphakathi Russian Federation. Ngelo xesha kwisithili Prigorodny kwakukho uthotho lonke nokubulawa Ingush, emva koko bathwalwa ngaphandle umda phakathi Ingushetia kunye North Ossetia, kwaye isithili yokugula-lombutho yokugqibela yalahleka. KwiiOssetian - Abantu kushushu kakhulu: endlela waqalisa batole Ingush, emva koko yokugqibela lavunyelwa ukuba ukunxiba nje kuphela, kodwa ukusebenzisa imipu. Imfazwe akafuni ayeke. Ingush kuvalwe isithuba eentloko ezaxhobela lwangaphakathi babefuna ekurhoxisweni semkhosini Russian Federation ukusuka ntsimi. Le nokulwa.

Ukuba ushiya lo eCaucasus Russian

Sithini na ke ngoko? Kuya kubakho isiphithiphithi wegazi, ngokutsho kubahlali balapha, wafundisa ngamava ekrakra. Ekhumbula into eyenzeka Chechnya emva extrusion epheleleyo bonke abemi Russian: kwakukho okuchasene nomthetho mthetho, abantu laye laxhwilwa nje kuphela Chechnya, kodwa kulo lonke ilizwe, yaye emva koko kwakukho Wahhabis kunye ideology sigqibo esalimanyanisa, yaye phantse kwaoko waqalisa imfazwe yamakhaya.

Umyalelo kunye nokuthula eCaucasus akazange, oko ngokubanzi akuyi kubakho nje nga karhulumente namandla ngokwemveli apho amzeke ndawo. Abamelwane zisoloko kancinane ngakumbi, lo esebenzayo ngaphantsi bambulale omnye komnye. Kwaye ngaphandle, ubusela iinkomo, ukubamba inkunzi, ubusela abafazi, uze emva koko konke oku ngenkohlakalo ngenene. Loko kwakukho wokulawula zangaphandle - into ethile, kodwa hhayi umyalelo ngokupheleleyo nangoku waphawula. Ngokomzekelo, xa zegunya i-Russian Empire okanye eSoviet Union.

Ngaphandle Ngesandla esithe nkqi Ingush kwaye Chechens kuphinda isichenge iingxabano ndawo omnye komnye, kunye nabamelwane yawo yonke. Ubunye kungenzeka neze. Okwethutyana, ukuxolela alwayo ngokuqhelekileyo kunceda elifuna kunye adat (isiko). Kodwa ukusombulula neCaucasus, ngokutsho elifuna, okanye adat kuphela kufutshane kakhulu 'yabo' - amanye lali, izalamane, okanye kwiimeko ezigabadeleyo, abameli isizwe sinye. Ngenxa kulo mmandla inani elikhulu iintlanga, isigqibo akunakwenzeka ukuba kuza.

Le elingabalamli oyintloko eCaucasus - inzuzo. Kwaye ke amandla. Chechens Ingush unako ukuthenga ngokulula: uncedo kwi pogrom ye kwiiOssetian, umzekelo. Okanye ukuba bathembise ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi "Chechen ubukhosi." Kuphela kulo mzekelo ukuqaphela igunya Chechen Ingush, yaye, mhlawumbi, ukuba banqule. Ngaphandle iibhonasi, zonke ezi iimbambano kusingathwa kuphela ngenkani. Njalo kuye, yaye oko akuthandeki ukuba into ezitshintshileyo mashumi yakutshanje.