Chain Derivational amagama anzima. Indlela ukwakha nomxokelelwane umsebenzi wokwakha? Imizekelo amatyathanga derivational

Fumana hang of ukwakha indlela nomxokelelwane yelizwi-ukwakheka, kubalulekile kakhulu. Obu buchule kuya kuvumela ukulandelela ukulandelelana yokudala iyunithi intetho entsha kwaye uphephe owawenza elizayo.

Uvumelane bathele amagama

Yonke le miba intetho-elisanda ngolwimi Russian lisivezela esukela. chain Derivational of amagama anzima bakhelwe ngokusekelwe elula - ukuvelisa iiyunithi (khuthaza). It Sisiseko. Onke amagama amatsha akuloo zivela (ishukunyiswa). Lo mthetho usebenza kuzo zonke iimeko, ukuyilwa kweeyunithi intetho entsha.

igama bakhuthazeke has isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi ngokuphathelele kwimveliso yokutya. Oku kubonakala imiba kwisemantiki, morphological okuloba.

Siqwalasela chain derivational - imizekelo avela kunye nezinto ezivelisa:

• Glass <= phantsi-glass-nick, apho iglasi - khuthaza unit. umnini Cup - ithe.
• Beat <= nawe-bit *, apho isingqi - ukuvelisa lizwi. Ndinkqonkqoza - bengakhuthazwa.

Non-ithe (unmotivated) igama

In Russian kukho iiyunithi yokuthetha, ezo ayakhekanga kwezinye amagama ingcambu efanayo. Kwezi fom bathi qho non-esukela. Derivational chain igama ukuba zeendawana unmotivated ukuze kuyilwa kuphela kunye neyunithi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Ifom non-livela nokudala <= ifomu elizimisele. Elo ke leli lizwi esisiseko yeyona elula kumafa.

iiyunithi intetho Unmotivated lidla nengcambu enye. Umzekelo: mzalwana, isitulo, imini.

Yintoni na chain derivational

Iyunithi incinane ukubunjwa gama evelisa ifomu. Ngokusekelwe kuwo, beziyakulifuna zonke izinto ezinxulumene. chain Derivational yi ukulandelelana ngeendlela intetho ukuba ingcambu enye. Ukongeza, isiqalelo ngasinye esitsha lulandelayo kowangaphambili. Oko kukuthi, ukulandelelana unalo isakhiwo oluneqela elinegunya.

unit entsha iifom chain yokukhula sibini yangaphambili ilizwi nganye kwaye yemvelaphi kuyo. Elinye igama, nto, nto kukhuthaza.

Xiya xikombiso lexi. Xa aluka chain <= neyomluki <= wabaluki 'womluki' lithatyathwe ngokunxulumene "lawo", ngoxa ngokunxulumene "neyomluki" Kuya khuthaza.

Yintoni na le chain derivational

chain Derivational elithi - ukulandelelana iiyunithi intetho entsha. Ulwimi - indlela yokuhlala ihlaziywa rhoqo. Ekubeni uninzi units yokuthetha omtsha ngolwimi Russian - okunye, ukubunjwa gama isitshixo elibalulekileyo ekuqondeni ixabiso lolwimi kunye amathuba nokwenziwa.

Ukuze kwakhiwe izakhono kunye nokugxininisa izakhono isakhiwo ngokulandelelanisa kufanelekile ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo:

• ukudala chain ilizwi-lokusekwa ilizwi kunikwa;
• Fumana ukuma wesiseko;
• abone ukuba yintoni chain formative of ngokulandelelana;
• ukuchonga isiseko ekhuthazayo;
• ukumisela imixokelelwane ezininzi kangakanani na ngelizwi-uluhlu kwindlwane.

gama-yakheka indlwane

Ngemixokelelwane derivational sidibanisa stemmings unit intetho kunye nentsingiselo efanayo lwesemantiki ngayo ukwakhiwa enye ulandelelwano. Ibizwa ngokuba ngonyawo. Lo gama uninzi kakhulu sele ukwakha iindlela ezintsha lungelelanisa.

ILizwi-ngokwakha indlwane - iseti imixokelelwane ezidibanisa iiyunithi intetho kunye ixabiso lilonke elabelwe. Kubalulekile ukuba siqwalasele kuphela kumthombo omnye, kodwa enyanisweni isondele yesemantiki. Kwincopho indlwane lizwi-eyakha nguye zilula. ebalaselisa elula phakathi izinto ezizalanayo ngomlomo kuphela, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukujonga indlela kwakhiwa ulandelelwano ezininzi ngokusekelwe kuyo.

Umzekelo, chain derivational: ubuso <= depersonalize <= depersonalize ukwakha indlwane ngomtya: ubuso <= phambi <= ngamatshe. Intetho unit "ubuso" lithatyathwe kule kwindlwane.

iindlela wesiseko elithi

Ukwenzela ukuphepha iimpazamo ekulungiseleleni amatyathanga derivational, kucingwa indlela ulwimi Russian kukho ulwakhiwo eziqalelo intetho entsha.

Chonga iindlela ezininzi:

1. Ukudibanisa. Iyunithi sitsha senziwa ngokujoyina isiseko igama elinye isiseko lomnye (okanye iziseko ngaphezulu). Kukho iindlela ezilandelayo:

• ukuvelisa stem + connecting bezikhamiso + amagama khuthaza: gas-o-silicate, full-of-ofunda. Kwezinye iimeko, izikhamiso ukudibanisa ukuba ulahlekile: Kaliningrad;
• ukuvelisa isiseko isiseko + uvelisa iibhedi isofa, lengubo idlabhuzwe, igosa non-ethunywe;
• ukuvelisa ukuvelisa isiseko + isiseko + isimamva: intloko inkunkuma--to-a;
• abbreviation: ukubunjwa amagama ambaxa ngokongeza iziseko thumbanails ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye: eyunivesithi, nomkhosi, zavskladom.

2. indlela Morphological - encediswa affixes:

• isimamva (ngokusebenzisa izimamva): rasberries-nick <= raspberry;
• prefixing (esebenzisa izimaphambili); re-run <= run;
• Postaffixal (-Yintoni-okanye, ngenye imini, xia): atshate xia <= batshate;
• Kolimo (ziqaliswe-Isimamva, suffixal prefixing et al.)

3. Conversion (indlela Morpho-syntactic). Kulo mzekelo, ilizwi alikho phantsi naluphi na utshintsho. Inkqubo ukusekwa kweeyunithi ezintsha ikhutshwa phandle usuke kwelinye ukuya kwenye inxalenye intetho.

• substantivizing - ukuyilwa yesibizo ukusuka kwenye inxalenye intetho: ngokokusebenza ngocwangco, vuka;
• adjectivization - ukubunjwa Isichazi ngokuthutha kwezinye izigaba zentetho: Amehlo avuthayo (thelekisa: ezikweni ilahle elivuthayo);
• pronominalizatsiya (kwinguqu esa izimelabizo): Kule meko, kuloo mzi;
• adverbializatsiya (angenise isihlomelo): in ngokwayo iya kwenza (thelekisa: isenzo kwi isicwangciso y yakho);
• kwinguqu esa izalathandawo: enkosi sisihlandlo sovuyo (thelekisa: sibulela kuye uncedo lwakhe).

4. Indlela lungelelanisa-esemantiki. ILizwi ayitshintshi isakhiwo sayo morphological, ukufumana intsingiselo eyahlukileyo: itswele (sisityalo) - isaphetha (isixhobo), ibhrashi (umzobo) - Brush (entabeni uthuthu).

5. indlela lexico-syntactic: ukuhlanganisa iiyunithi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu abe mnye. Umzekelo: Oku kulandelayo (ezidweliswe ngezantsi), yinto (esebenzayo kuncinane).

Algorithm sokuzoba chain formative

Ukuze siqonde ukuba ukwenza njani nomxokelelwane ngelizwi-ukwakheka, kuyimfuneko ukuhlola ngokulandelelana yezenzo. ukubambelela ngokungqongqo zonke izinto ziya lula kakhulu umsebenzi.

1. Faka igama kwi imilo yokuqala.
2. Khetha zonke affixes ezikhoyo - izimaphambili, izimamva neengcambu.
3. Ukumisela indlela yemfundo.
4. Fumana intsingiselo lwesemantiki element kwentetho (ukuba kuyimfuneko - ngoncedo lwe-magama).
5. Kuthotho iyunithi enye-njengengcambu pick up okuvelisa zexabiso efanayo.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ufuna ukukhangela yemveliso elithi "umnini".

Khetha yingcambu kwaye affixes: i-indebe-nick, apho i - isimaphambili, isiqhulo - iglasi nesimamva - ingcambu. Prefixal-isimamva indlela ukubunjwa lizwi. Thina ukuchaza intsingiselo lwesemantiki: umnini indebe - into esibekwe phantsi kweglasi. Ngoko ukuvelisa igama elithi "iglasi" uya kwenza ngayo kule meko.

Imizekelo amatyathanga derivational

Nantsi imizekelo embalwa ukulandelana ukuzoba.

"Yimani" kufuneka chain derivational kunye ilizwi.

Ngokutsho algorithm:

1. Le yokuqala uhlobo - "nangokuchwayita."
2. Khetha affixes: ixesha-sibheqwayo-and Th-xia. Izimamva: ekubumbeni - kwaye - uhlobo yawo -t i-, iintlobo postfix of the ukubuya yesenzi xia. isimaphambili ezahlukeneyo. iingcambu -vesel-.
3. Ukumisela uhlobo ukuyilwa elithi: sakwazi ukubalaselisa isimamva formative isimaphambili. Ngoko ke, le ndlela - platformers-nesimamva.
4. Khetha intsingiselo element intetho "nomxhelo": eze ibe imo elungileyo, kumnandi.
5. Inkqubo ukubunjwa elithi - phambili-nesimamva. Ufuna ukwenza unit nge lula. igama ekhuthazayo isenzi ejoliswe kumenzi "Yomelelani" non-ukubuya isenzi "nangokuchwayita." isimaphambili ezahlukeneyo, kule meko iba ixabiso isenzo ngamandla amakhulu. Generating igama isenzi "Yomelelani" yi isiqalelo "Yomelelani" ilula kakhulu, nto leyo luqokelelane, ke, lo Isichazi "ochwayitileyo". Ngenxa yoko, chain derivational iya kuba:

Ochwayithileyo <= hlekisa <= nomxhelo <= Yomelelani

Yenza umxokelelwane ngelizwi-zokwakha isibizo "yityuwa."

Ngokutsho algorithm:

1. Ifomu yokuqala - "yityuwa."
2. Khetha affixes kunye ingcambu; kuba Sol-to-kakuhle. Isimaphambili: ingcambu za-: -hydrochloric - isimamva: -k-, flexion: s.
3. Indlela Ukuveliswa: prefixal-nesimamva.
4. Thina ukuchaza intsingiselo lwesemantiki "yityuwa": ulondolozo usebenzisa ityuwa.
5. Sifuna sisincoko elula uvelisa igama. Isimamva -k - ibonisa ukuba isiqalelo yelizwi igama inyathelo, kwaye zivela isenzi. pair Derivational ukuba niyinikele nesenzi yesibizo "pickle". Ngenxa yoko, le isimaphambili za- kuthetha isiphelo intshukumo - ". Ityuwa" isenzi wabumba iindlela ezilula zokukhangela "Ukuze ityuwa" - ukwenza into zifakwa ngokusebenzisa ityuwa. Velisa igama elithi "ityuwa". chain Derivational uya uhlobo:

Salt <= ityuwa <= pickle <= yityuwa

Ukuze ukwakha nomxokelelwane ngelizwi-sakhiwo ukuba Isichazi "nepedagogichno".

Ngokutsho algorithm:

1. Yokuqala ifomu - nepedagogichno.
2. Khetha morpheme: non-padagog-DBS kuqala. Isimaphambili non-ingcambu -pedagog-, usibonise isimamva -, -s flexion.
3. Indlela Ukuveliswa: prefixal-nesimamva.
4. Chaza intsingiselo lwesemantiki "nepedagogichno": akuthethi ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho pedagogy.
5. Inkqubo ukubunjwa elithi - prefixal-nesimamva. Sijonge ukuba elula kuqamba morphemic unit. Isichazi "nepedagogichno" luqokelelane ukusuka inxalenye enye intetho "ebhadlileyo" kunye isimaphambili kunye nengeyiyo ezimbi. Ngaloo ndlela, iyunithi esivelisa ku pair ilizwi 'ngengqiqo ". Ngenxa yoko, le Isichazi "ebhadlileyo" ukhandwa isimamva formative - ichn- ukusuka isibizo 'pedagogy'. Le slvo livela yesibizo kuqamba elula "umfundisi". Ngaloo ndlela, iyunithi okuvelisa (enekona) yale ulandelelwano yi isibizo "umfundisi". chain Derivational yile ilandelayo:

Utitshala <= pedagogy <= ebhadlileyo <= nepedagogichno

Yenza umxokelelwane umsebenzi wokwakha "razgrimirovatsya" isenzi.

Thina ukuphumeza amanyathelo ngokungqinelana algorithm:

1. ifomu esithi - "razgrimirovatsya".
2. Khetha affixes: ixesha-makeup-Irova-Th-xia. Isimaphambili: ingcambu ezahlukeneyo: -grim -, ekubumbeni isimamva isenzi - irova- kwaye ancamathisele -t imilo elingenammiselo, postfix-xia.
3. Indlela Ukuveliswa: prefixal-nesimamva.
4. Thina ukuchaza intsingiselo lwesemantiki yesenzi "razgrimirovatsya": ndiyisuse makeup wakhe.
5. Indlela Igama ukwakhiwa - platformers-Isimamva, oko kuthetha ukufuna isakhiwo elula kweyunithi morphemic. Ngokuphukela isenzi "razgrimirovatsya" ukhandwa ukubuya yesenzi "ukwenza-up blocker" kunye isimaphambili ezahlukeneyo ixabiso phambi inyathelo ukurhoxiswa. Ngenxa yoko, isenzi ejoliswe kumenzi "ukwenza-up" - ukusuka non-ukubuyiselwa yesenzi "ukwenza phezulu." Odala elithi "abumba" isenzi non-uvumelane sendaweni yesibizo "makeup", yona enekona bokulandelelana. chain Derivational imele scheme ilandelayo:

makeup <= ukwenza up <= makeup <= razgrimirovatsya

Sifanele sinikele ingqalelo

Ekwenzeni amatyathanga derivational Kucetyiswa ukuba anikele ingqalelo bokuqonda zilandelayo:

• akufuneki ibe Ukuveliswa edidekile nohlalutyo formative. Iinjongo yokugqibela ukuchonga iintlobo ngelizwi elifanayo. Umzekelo: ndigila - uyabaleka - wabaleka. Nangona le njongo zohlalutyo chain derivational iiyunithi ezintsha lungelelanisa;
• sisiseko element intetho-elisanda aquka affixes ngaphezu kwezo ekhuthazayo. Hi xikombiso, ku pair formative: ebusika <= ebusika ukuvelisa isiseko ibandakanya enye imise - ingcambu - zim-, ngelixa isiseko yegama kufanelekile iquka yingcambu - zim- kunye isimamva - n.
• ngababini intetho elibonisa umntu okanye isilwanyana, inkunzi nemazi, ukuvelisa elifutshane, njengoko umthetho, oko ngesibizo obudoda. Umzekelo: Weaver <= oyimfakamfele womluki; Washington <= goose;
• ngababini, kuquka iindawo ezahlukeneyo zentetho - nesenzi, ebonisa isenzo nje, kwaye sisibizo okanye isiphawulo, ebonisa umqondiso, avela lizwi ngokubanzi isibizo. Umzekelo: endala <= ebudaleni, eziko <= omnikelo;
• izenzi zochazo inxalenye eyintloko ukhandwa non-returnable. Umzekelo: ukuba bafundise <= ukufunda, ukutshata <= batshate;
• elithi isenzi rhoqo esebenza ilandelayo nkqubo: non-esukela isenzi ekususeni imperfective <= perfective izenzi kunye isimaphambili <= isenzi kunye isimaphambili isimamva imperfective: bukela <= kwimboniselo <= imboniselo, uhlwayela <= kuhlwayela <= zaseivat s;
• kwi Ukuveliswa lwezihlomelo kwi unit sokuvelisa kuyoze ngayo idla asilogama: elungileyo <= okulungileyo, ekhawulezileyo <= ngokumba kodwa.

Ukusebenzisa izichazi ekulungiseleleni ngemixokelelwane derivational

Nokuba ukuthobela lokuzoba algorithm imixokelelwane engqongqo derivational maxa wambi kubangela iingxaki ezithile. Kule meko kufanelekile ukusebenzisa isichazi-magama. Kukho iintlelo ezikhethekileyo, ngoncedo apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuba ukhethe enye ifomu ingcambu phantse naziphi na iimpawu zentetho. Bona zingamakhamandela ilizwi-yakheka banikwa - imizekelo units a non-esukela kunye nazo zonke yamathumba awo. Khankanya ubuchule kunye neentlobo yokwakha form.Takzhe kweelwimi uyakwazi ukufumana iingcebiso ukuba ukwenza njani nomxokelelwane ngelizwi-ukubunjwa ukuya izinto intetho ethile.

Iifom nesimo ibekwe ncwadana zilandelelana ngokwe-alfabhethi. Uhlelo kakhulu epheleleyo i "ILizwi-ukuyilwa Dictionary ulwimi Russian" imithamo 2.

Ukusebenzisa izichazi-inceda ngemixokelelwane ukwakha, kwaye ikhuthaza nokwenziwa isigama esitsha.