Amajoni "aseburhulumenteni bama-Islam". Intlangano yama-Islamist

Kuza kube yimhla, inhlangano yesigebengu inobungozi kunazo zonke ehlabathini kukuba iqela elithi "State Islamic" (IG). Nsuku zonke inani labaxhasi balo likhula, kwaye ubukhulu bemimandla elawulwa yiyo yanda. Makhe sijonge kwizinto ezibangela le ngxaki kwaye sifumane ingozi enokuthi abavukeli belizwe "lamaSulumane" bathwala ihlabathi.

Imvelaphi yentlangano

Emva kokuchithwa kuka-Saddam Hussein ku-Iraq ngo-2003, leli lizwe liye libe liziko lezona zinto eziphambili ze-Islamic extremism. Imibutho yamaSilamsi amaninzi , ngokukodwa ngohlobo lwamaSunni, lwaqala ukusebenza kwintsimi yalo, ivakalisa injongo yabo yokulwa neMelika, amaShiites kunye namaSirayeli. Enye yeqela elinamandla kunazo zonke yayingu-Ansar al-Islam, ekhokelwa ngu-al-Zarqawi, owathi waqaphela njengengxenye ye-Al Qaeda.

Imbali ye-IG ibalwe phantsi ukususela ngo-2006, xa kwakhiwa isimemezelo esithi "I-Islamic State of Iraq" ngokusungulwa kwenxalenye ye-cell yase-Iraq yase-Al-Qaeda kunye namanye amaqela amaSulumane. Isiko salo mbutho saqatshelwa ngumzi waseMosul, kwaye inkokheli yokuqala yayiyi-Abu Abdullah al-Baghdadi. Ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala zokuba khona, umbutho uye wabandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yemikhosi kunye nemisebenzi yamaphekula e-Iraq. Ukususela phakathi koMeyi 2010, emva kokufa kwe-predecessor, intloko yeqela yayiyi-Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi enegama le-emir.

Ukuza eSiriya

Okwangoku, emva kwemfazwe yombutho eSiriya phakathi koMongameli uAsad kunye nabalweli-mbuso bakhe, kubandakanywa nabalandeli bamaSilamsi, ngo-2011, eli lizwe liye laba ngumthombo wokungazinzi kuloo ndawo. Imikhosi eyahlukeneyo yaqala ukukhupha apha.

Iqela elikhokelwa ngu-Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi alizange lihlale lingenalo. Ngokumalunga nokufika eSiriya, lamkela igama elitsha ukususela ngo-Apreli 2013: "I-Islamic State of Iraq neLevant". Oku kwavutha umsindo phakathi kweenkokheli zase-Al-Qaeda, ngokukodwa, umlandeli we-Usama bin Laden Ayman al-Zawahiri. Emva koko, eli qela liye lacatshangwa lilawulwa yi-Al-Qaeda inhlangano, kwaye eSiriya sele sele isebenze enye iseli - "Ngaphambi kweNusra."

Okwangoku, i-IGIL yalawula inxalenye enkulu yeSiriya. Ngomnyaka ka-2014, phantsi kwegunya lakhe kwakuyinxalenye enkulu yendawo yaseSiriya kunanoma yiphina inxalenye yempikiswano, kuquka urhulumente wase-Assad.

Ikhefu lokugqibela kunye ne-Al Qaeda

Emva kokuba u-al-Baghdadi wenqaba ukuphulaphula umnxeba we-al-Zawahri ukuba abuyisele ama-ambassade akhe e-Iraq, ngoFebruwari 2014 ubukhokheli be-Al-Qaeda bhengeze ikhefu elipheleleyo kunye ne-IGIL kwaye esi sakhiwo asikho ukuhlulwa. Ukongezelela koko, inzondo yaqala phakathi kwe-IGIL kunye neseluncedo esisemthethweni sase-al-Qaeda, inhlangano yase-Front-Al-Nusra. Ngethuba lempikiswano phakathi kwabo, malunga nama-1800 amajoni abulawa ngamacala amabini.

Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqala kokusetyenziswa kwemimandla yomoya ngumbutho weNtshona, izikhundla zokulwa phakathi kwe-IGIL kunye ne "Front of An-Nusra" ziquka isivumelwano malunga nezenzo ezidibeneyo.

Ukumenyezelwa kwe-caliphate

Emva kwemisebenzi yempi ephumelelayo kwisigqibo sokuqala sonyaka ka-2014, ama-ambassador e-State of Islamic State yase-Iraq kunye neLevant bathatha indawo eninzi eSiriya nase-Iraq, kunye nezixeko ezininzi, kuquka noMosul noTikhrit, beza kufuphi neBaghdad. Ekuvukeni kweempumelelo ezinjalo, inkokeli yabo u-Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi phakathi no-2014 yamemezela i-caliph.

Oku kwakuyisiganeko esibalulekileyo, kuba isihloko sesiKhalifi sasithetha ibango lokuba likhulu ngaphezu kwehlabathi lonke lamaSilamsi. Owokugqibela, owayenxibe esi sihloko, wayengummeli wendlu ka-Osman uAbdul-Majid II, owayenqatshelwe ngo-1924. Ngaloo ndlela, u-al-Baghdadi wathi ulandelelwano oluvela kwiSultan Empire wase-Ottoman kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, kwintsimi eyayilawulwa yiyo. Ngelo xesha, waxhasa imbono yokudala i-world caliphate.

Kule nxu lumene, kwagqitywa ekubeni kususwe umnxeba wendawo kwigama lombutho, kwaye ngoku kwaziwa ngokuba ngu: "I-State of Islamic".

Ukuxabana kwama-air of coalition kuma-militants IG

Ebona ingozi ebhekiswe kwihlabathi ngamagorha e-State of Islamic, amazwe amaninzi aseNtshona, kuquka i-US, i-Australia, iBrithani neFransi, wagqiba ekubeni athathe amanyathelo athatywayo ngokusongela ugxininiso. Ukususela ngoJuni ngo-2014, la magunya awenza ukuhlaselwa komoya kwimimandla yeengcipheko kwimimandla yeSiriya nase-Iraq. Ngexesha lokuqhubhisa ibhomu, u-Caliph al-Baghdadi walimala kakhulu, owafa ngo-Matshi 2015. Ngokwezinye iinguqulelo, akafanga, kodwa wafa kuphela. Umlandeli wakhe ngu-Abu Ala al-Afri, owaye wabulawa ngoMeyi 13, 2015.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamaKurds

Iqela elithi "i-Islamic State" lihlupheke kakhulu, njengoko likholelwa, liyanqotshwa kwimbali yalo ekulweni namaKurds kwisixeko saseKoban, esenzeka ukususela ekuqaleni kwekwindla 2014 ukuya kuJanuwari 2015. Nangona i-anti-militants ikwazi ukuwubamba esi sixeko ngokukhawuleza, kamva yagqitywa kuyo. Ukususela ngoFebruwari 2015 kude kube ngoku, kukho iimfazwe zeedolophu ezikufutshane.

Kodwa nangona kukho inani lokungaphumeleli nokufa kweenkokheli zabo, ama-Islamic state of war continue to control the territories, kwaye okwangoku ayingozi nje kuphela kwingingqi, kodwa kwihlabathi lonke.

Ukusasazwa kwe "State of Islamic" kwezinye iindawo

Nangona "ilizwe lamaSulumane" lalingabonakaliswa yiliphi ilizwe ehlabathini, emva kokumenyezelwa kwe-caliphate kunye nempumelelo ebalulekileyo yempi yalo mhlangano, amaqela amaphekula amaSulumane ajikeleze umhlaba wonke ajoyina, athiwa amaphondo "oLungelelwano".

Okokuqala, i-IG fighters yakwazi ukufumana indawo eLibya. Emuva ngo-Ephreli 2014, bathabatha iidolophu zeDern kunye neNophalia, kwaye ngeli xesha bazingca iSirte. Ngaloo ndlela, eMntla Afrika "imeko yamaSulumane" yaqala ukuqiniswa. I-Libya emva kokuchithwa kweGadidafi ichithwe yimfazwe yombutho phakathi kwe-General Congress yeSizwe kunye nePalamente. I-IG igcina iindawo ezincinci apho, zilindele ukuphuhliswa kweentlanzi phakathi kwembambano yokubambisana.

Omnye wabokuqala ukujoyina i-IG "I-Movement Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan", ekhokelwa yiNkokheli ye-Usmon Ghazi. Lo mbutho usebenza ikakhulu e-Afghanistan nasePakistan. Emuva ngo-2014, uMphathiswa weMicimbi yangaphakathi yase-Uzbekistan wazisa uluntu malunga nalokhu.

Ngelo xesha, iqela lase-Egypt lamaSulumane i-Ansar Beit al-MacDis lathi ngokujoyina "urhulumente wamaSilamsi".

Emva kokuba uShiite aqhube eYemen kunye nemfazwe yombutho apho, i-al-Qaida kwi-Peninsula yase-Arabia (AQAP) ngasekupheleni kwebusika ka-2015 yabhengeza ukuba yayiqhekeza ubudlelwane kunye nenhlangano yomzali kunye nokufungela "ikhaliph" ka-al-Baghdadi. Okwangoku, i-ACAP ilawula indawo ebalulekileyo eYemen.

Ngasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ka-2015, intlangano engummangalelwa uBoca Haram, owawunqumla umhlaba enyakatho yeNigeria waza wenza imfazwe yangempela kunye nomanyano wamazwe, wazibiza ngokuthi "iPhondo laseNtshona Koloni yeSizwe samaSulumane".

Ukongezelela, ama-Islamic state state militants amisele ukuhlala kwabo e-Afghanistan nasePakistan. Amanye amaqela aseTaliban awela ngaphesheya kweG. Ngamanye amabutho aseTaliban, "ilizwe lamaSulumane" laqala ukulwa.

Ngaloo ndlela, umbuzo wokuba indawo yamaSilayam ifumaneka ingayi kuba nempendulo enye ye-syllabhu, ekubeni amasebe awo ahlukeneyo ahlakazekile kwihlabathi lonke.

I ngcamango

"Isizwe samaSulumane" sishiye kwimbono encinci ye-Sufism ne-Wahhabism, edlala indima ehamba phambili e-al-Qaeda. Ngaloo nto, yayinako ukuphumelela abangaphezulu kwabasekeli, okwangokwemvelo, ngenxa yokuba ininzi yabantu baseSiriya ne-Iraq, i-Sufism ne-Wahhabism ayifumananga. Iinkokheli IG zidlala ngokuchanekileyo kule nto, zizibiza ngokwazo ngamacaliph of all Sunnis.

Kodwa ininzi yamaphetheli "kwimeko yamaSulumane" ayingabemi bendawo, kodwa abameli bezinye iiArabhu. Kukho amavolontiya amaninzi avela eYurophu nakwiRashiya, ngokukodwa abaphambili balwela iIkkeria.

Izenzo zamaphekula "kwilizwe lamaSulumane" ngokumalunga nabachasi kunye nabemi bendawo banenkohlakalo kakhulu. Ukuxhatshazwa kunye nokubulawa kwabantu kudla rhoqo.

Iinjongo ze-"State Islamic"

Iinqununu zaseburhulumenteni bamaSulumane zivakalisa ngokucacileyo ukuba injongo yabo ephambili yehlabathi kukuba kusekwe i-caliphate yehlabathi. Kodwa ngelo xesha, ama-militants nawo athetha ngemisebenzi yekusasa elisondeleyo. Ezi ziquka ukutshatyalaliswa kwintsimi eyayingummandla wase-Ottoman, i-Peninsula yase-Arabia, i- Asia ephakathi kunye neCaucasus. Abadlulileyo baye bathetha ukuba basebenza ekudalweni kwezixhobo zenukliya.

Amazwe ajikeleze ihlabathi kufuneka ahlangane nokulwa nobugandlo, i-IG, kuba apho "indawo yamaSilamsi" ikhona, imfazwe nokufa kuza.