Acetylcholine - a excitation neurotransmitter luvo. Acetylcholine: omsebenzi osemqoka, iimveliso, iimpawu

передатчик нервного возбуждения в ЦНС, окончаниях парасимпатических нервов и вегетативных ганглиях. Acetylcholine - samaza luvo kwi CNS excitation, ke kwalapho parasympathetic kunye ganglia yawo. Iqhuba imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zobomi. imisebenzi efanayo amino acids, histamine, dopamine, serotonin, adrenaline. Acetylcholine yenye zidlulisele ukubetha ubalulekileyo ebuchotsheni. Makhe sihlolisise lo mba ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu.

Overview

Isiphelo ifayibha apho acetylcholine neurotransmitter adlulisele kuye, ebizwa cholinergic. Ukongeza, kukho izinto ezizodwa ngalo esinxibelelana. Zibizwa ngokuba nezamkeli cholinergic. Ezi zinto ke iimolekyuli iiproteins esimbaxa - nucleoproteins. отличаются тетрамерной структурой. ezenza Acetylcholine kwahluka isakhiwo tetrameric. Bona zibekwe phezu olungaphandle plasma (postsynaptic) ndizayo. Ngokwemvelo zabo, ezi molecule enziwe owahlukeneyo.

Kwizifundo zonyango, yaye sisetyenziselwa iziyobisi iinjongo zonyango "Acetylcholine chloride" thaca isisombululo ngenaliti. Eminye imithi ezisekelwe le nto ayifumaneki. Kukho ntonye beziyobisi: "Miohol", "Atsekolin", "Tsitoholin".

Ukwahlukanisa protein choline

Ezinye molecule ibekwe luvo postganglionic cholinergic. Lo ngummandla izihlunu agudileyo, intliziyo, amadlala. Zibizwa receptors m-cholinergic - muskarinochuvstvitelnye. Nezinye iiproteni ibekwe leesynapse ganglion kunye nezigqeba neuromuscular somatic. Bona kuthiwa n-cholinergic receptors - nikotinochuvstvitelnymi.

ichazwe

Ulwahlulo phezulu reactions Okukodwa ngenxa ukuba kwenzeka xa ezi usebenzisana iinkqubo kwemichiza kunye acetylcholine. , в свою очередь, объясняет причины некоторых процессов. Oku, ucacisa ukuba kutheni ezinye iinkqubo. Umzekelo, zokucutha, secretion lokuwandisa esiswini, kunye nezinye kwamadlala amathe, bradycardia, njalo njalo kunye pupillary constriction. Muskarinochuvstvitelnye phantsi kwempembelelo kwi iiprothini kunye nokuhla zihlunu skeletal kunye njalo njalo. Nikotinochuvstvitelnye phezu sesichengeni molecule. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izazinzulu ndiqalile ukwahlula receptors m-cholinergic kwi laseMelika. Okufundwa namhlanje indima kunye zalapha ekhaya kwabo M1 kunye M2 iimolekyuli.

Ingakumbi isiphumo

не избирательный элемент системы. Acetylcholine - oku ibingelilo ilungu le nkqubo yonyulo. Xa ezingafani, nto ichaphazela zombini nge zenzeko esisikelwe kunye n-iimolekyuli. umdla Muskarinopodobnoe na impembelelo ukuba usebenzisa acetylcholine. воздействие проявляется в замедлении сердечного ритма, расширении кровеносных сосудов (периферических), активизации перистальтики кишечника и желудка, сокращении мышц матки, бронхов, мочевого, желчного пузыря, интенсификации секреции бронхиальных, потовых, пищеварительных желез, миозе. esizibonakalisa sehlise izinga intliziyo Le isiphumo, komlomo kwemithambo yegazi (peripheral), ukusebenza motility wamathumbu kunye nesisu, zesibeleko kwezihlunu, bronchus, isinyi, inyongo isinyi, kukuqinisa netuwa inyumoniya, umbilo, namadlala yokwetyisa, myositis.

constriction lo umfundi

ISetyhula iris kwemisipha innervated yi kwimicu postganglionic kwi luvo oculomotor, uqala ngaxeshanye licuthwe ndivuma ciliate. Kulo mzekelo, kukho nemisipha Zinn ekhululekile. Ngenxa yoko spasm yokuhlala. Constriction lo umfundi, ngenxa yempembelelo acetylcholine, ngokuqhelekileyo sikhatshwe ukuncipha kuxinzelelo intraocular. Le ndlela ibangwa ukwandiswa inxalenye lweShell emisele Schlemm kwaye naphezu izithuba imvelaphi fontanovyh miosis kwaye flattening iris. Oku kuphucula yayikukuphuphuma nencindi esuka embindini iziselo amehlo.

на основе других подобных ему веществ используются при лечении глаукомы. Bakwazi ukunciphisa uxinzelelo intraocular njengoko acetylcholine, imixube ezisekelwe kwezinye izinto ezifanayo esetyenziswa ukunyanga iglaucoma agalelwa. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, iquka arhente anticholinesterase, cholinomimetics.

protein Nikotinochuvstvitelnye

обуславливается его участием в процессе передачи сигналов с преганглионарных нервных волокон на постганглионарные, находящиеся в вегетативных узлах, и с двигательных окончаний на поперечнополосатые мышцы. Nikotinopodobnoe yesenzo acetylcholine okubangelwa inxaxheba yakhe inkqubo umqondiso transduction ukusuka preganglionic luvo postganglionarnae ukuba kwiindawo kwezityalo kunye neziphelo injini esihlunwini striated. Xa amathamo ephantsi impahla isebenza samaza bokuvukelwa nokomzimba. , то может развиться стойкая деполяризация в районе синапсов. Ukuba acetylcholine ngokukhula, elo nxeba depolarization gqolo leesynapse kule ndawo. Kwakhona kukho ithuba uvimba ukudluliselwa excitation.

CNS

играет роль передатчика сигналов в различных мозговых отделах. Acetylcholine emzimbeni isebenza samaza njengomqondiso kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho. Maxa kungomlinganiselo omncinci ngayo Unganciphisa, kwaye amakhulu - inkqubela zosasazo zobuchopho kade. Utshintsho nethe inokuba negalelo ukuphazamiseka ebuchotsheni. психотропной группы. Abamelene, leyo uthelekiswa acetylcholine - qela amachiza psychotropic. Xa libanda Inokwenzeka lunyhasho imisebenzi eziphezulu luvo (iziphumo hallucinogenic njl).

i Yindibanisela acetylcholine

Oku kwenzeka xa kukho icytoplasm of kwalapho. Stocks into akhiwe kwiitheminali presynaptic ngohlobo maqampu. Livela yokuba isakhono isenzo esikhokelela kokukhutshwa acetylcholine ukusuka ezininzi "njengezingxobo" ezilikhulu emqhokrweni zobuchopho. Substances kukhululwa vesicles ubopheleleke inwebu postsynaptic kunye iimolekyuli ezithile. Oku kwandisa permeability walo sodium, calcium kunye potassium ion. Isiphumo ithuba excitatory postsynaptic. Umphumo acetylcholine anqongophele ngenxa haydrolisis yayo ebandakanya atsetilholiesterazy enzyme.

Physiology molekyuli nicotinic

inkcazelo owavela ekubhobhozeni intracellular nekhono zombane. receptor Nicotinic waba ngowokuqala, leyo wakwazi ukubhala imisinga ayahamba ijelo elinye. Xa urhulumente olusithabazi kudlula ion therethrough K + kunye Na +, ukuba kubeke divalent isiXhosa. Kulo mzekelo conductivity ijelo okuvakaliswa ixabiso rhoqo. Ixesha karhulumente evulekileyo, Noko ke, izenzo iimpawu kuxhomekeke amandla ombane isicelo kwi-receptor. Ngaphezu koko, le yokugqibela yazinza ngethuba lenguqu ukusuka depolarization le hyperpolarization ndizayo. Ukongeza, kukho desensetizatsii nesenzeko. Oku kwenzeka emva kokuba isicelo elide acetylcholine kunye nezinye bachasene ephungula receptor uvakalelo kunye nokwandisa ixesha yejelo karhulumente evulekileyo.

ukuvusa zombane

iibhloko Dihydro-β-eritroidin receptors nicotinic ebuchotsheni nemithambo ganglia phezu uphuhliso impendulo cholinergic. Kananjalo ebonakala sendiselane sendiselane aphakamileyo intshongo eziFihliweyo-enombhalo. Ezinobuzaza αBGT receptors zemithambo kwi Hippocampus babe susceptibility aphantsi acetylcholine, ngokungafaniyo izinto αBGT-lukhuni. NoKwenziwa ngokutsha kwezinto ebesezisetyenzisiwe kunye uyakhetha nokhuphiswano ochasene yokuqala izenzo metillikakonitin.

ahlobene ezithile anabeziina bandiqumbise isiphumo lokuvula ukuvumbulula iqela αBGT-receptor. Le conductivity umjelo ion liphezulu ngokwaneleyo. Ezi ezenza kwahluka iimpawu ombane-oxhomekeke ezizodwa. Obschekletochny ngoku ngoncedo amaxabiso depolarization e. enokubakho ezibonisa kunciphiso ion kucanda ngamajelo.

Le meko ke ngoko ilawulwa ezinomthamo Mg2 + of izinto isisombululo. Oku, eli qela yohlukile receptors iseli kwezihlunu. Le yokugqibela musa akayi naluphi na utshintsho ion yangoku ukunyenyisa amaxabiso ze ndizayo isakhono. Ngoko ke receptor N-imethyl-D-aspartate, ukuba permeability usisizalwane Ca2 + beengxenye, ibonisa imeko umva. Njengoko ukwandisa umthamo hyperpolarizing ukwandisa umxholo lwamaxabiso kunye ion Mg2 +, ion ngoku izinto zitshintshile.

Amanqaku iimolekyuli muscarinic

ezenza M-cholinergic ziphantsi serpentivnyh eklasini. Ukuba adlulisele eyenza ngokuthi heterotrimeric G-iiprothini. Group receptor muscarinic sele ichongiwe ngenxa impahla yabo ukudibanisa muscarine alkaloid. Ngokungangqalanga, le iimolekyuli ichaziwe kule nkulungwane yama-20 ekufundeni kwimiphumo curare. iimviwo ngqo eli qela laqala kwiminyaka 20-30. leminyaka emva kokuchaza umchiza njengoko acetylcholine neurotransmitter, obubonelela ukubetha apha leesynapse neuromuscular. proteins M ziyasebenza phantsi kwempembelelo muscarine bavala yi atropine, n-activated iimolekyuli phantsi kwempembelelo inicotine nomoya kuvalwe curare.

Emva inani elikhulu iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela ziye zafunyanwa kuzo zombini amaqela receptor. Le synapse neuromuscular iqulethe molecule Nicotine kuphela. receptors Muscarinic afumaneka iiseli kwamadlala kunye nemisipha, kwakunye - kunye n-holinoretseptorami - kwi-luvo ye CNS kunye ganglia uvaleke.

imisebenzi

receptors Muscarinic ilifa isethi yonke iipropati ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, ukuba ibekwe ganglia lokuzimela kwaye wahlukana kubo imicu postganglioznyh, eyenzelwe ukuba ejolise amalungu. Oku kubonisa ukuba receptors inxaxheba usasazo kunye neziphumo kwezwi parasympathetic. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, kuquka yindibanisela zezihlunu agudileyo, vasodilatation, ukwanda secretion unamadlala, ukunciphisa izinga intliziyo. okuzenzela CNS Cholinergic, aba bakhoyo kuhlanganiselo interneurons kunye leesynapse muscarinic bebekelwa ikakhulu kwi neuron, Hippocampus, isiqu nuclei, striatum. Kwezinye iindawo zifumaneka amanani amancinane. Ii-m-cholinergic engundoqo kuchaphazela ummiselo ubuthongo, inkumbulo, ukufunda kunye nengqalelo.