Ngesa- apho umntu?

Ngesa- - inxalenye imilenze eliphezulu, equka amathambo amabini yaye lingqongwe amalungu amabini. Abafundi badla ukubhidanisa indawo igxalaba kunye ziyenza njani kwi komzimba womuntu. Ukuze uqonde, cinga isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi kwesebe isabelo eliphezulu kungayanyaniswa yengalo.

nokwakheka

Kwi-avareji, ikhonkco isikolo aqalile yokufunda ikhosi komzimba womntu. Oku umdla kakhulu kwaye ngexesha elinye i candelo ebanzi eziphilayo, esifunisa ezikumgangatho ophezulu nokugqwesa ulwazi. Human Anatomy - isayensi eqwalasela isakhiwo lomzimba, imisebenzi yayo, nobomi jikelele.

Malunga indawo zengalo yomntu, xelela layout okanye owakhiwe sabheka elimele. Ekubeni ingqalelo ngononophelo igama, indawo, uhlobo kunye nenjongo ithambo, kulula ukuqonda isakhiwo imilenze zabantu eliphezulu - iingalo.

imisipha skeletal zinika ukuhamba, leyo ziqhotyoshelwe amathambo. Ujonge le ngesa-, apho kukho ezininzi ezahlukeneyo iintlobo esiqwini izihlunu, baqonde ukuba ningathini na esandleni ihamba. zokurhwaqela kwezihlunu negalelo inhliziyo luvo, kwizinto zibekwe luvo yengalo.

Ngesa-: phi? lwamathambo photo kwabantu

Ngoko ke, ithiyori kancinane. Ngomhla umbuzo apho zengalo yabantu, iya kunceda ekuphenduleni sabheka yokwakheka okanye uyilo skeleton. Ingalo ithambo - omnye amacandelo nemilenze yabantu, anendima ebalulekileyo nokushukumisa ngesandla. Ukuba ngenyameko owafunda amathambo umfanekiso, kulula ukubona apho emagxeni kunye nengalo.

Ukususela igama uyakwazi ndiyaqonda ukuba ingalo eliphezulu ibekwe ngezantsi kwethambo umkhono, oko eyandulelayo, kunye kunye zenza isiseko nemilenze yabantu. Ukuze siqonde kwendlela ezakhiwe ngayo kwesebe eliphezulu, kuyimfuneko ukuhlola amathambo eyenza naye.

amathambo ngesa-

Inxalenye kwisiphelo eliphezulu - ngesa-, apho amathambo amabini, kukho isakhiwo ngokwanelisayo elula. Ezidala amathambo elide tubular: i ulnar kunye ziqu, nganye eneyazo isakhiwo yayo ethile.

Into ekufuneka uyazi ngesakhiwo amathambo tubular elide:

1. Siqulathe diaphysis, metaphysis kunye epiphysis. Diaphysis - avareji inxenye evuthelweyo wethambo, nto leyo iba zezindlu okanye imilo elingunxantathu. Metaphysis - umsantsa phakathi diaphysis kunye epiphysis. Epiphysis - a isiphelo eqinileyo, kufuneka ukudibanisa ukuya entlanganweni.
2. Ngomhla epiphysis yi umphezulu articular ehlanganiswa intlala articular.
3. Epiphyses ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo ye-ithambo kunokuba proximal (phezulu) kunye distal (ngaphantsi).
4. It ndinobo metaphyseal kunye intlala kubekwe phezu kwalo, kukho ukukhula amathambo elide ubude.
5. Epiphysis kwethambo cancellous kunye diaphysis - compact.

Umzimba radius kunye ulna ngokumila olunxantathu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba imiphezulu ezintathu. Inxalenye ngaphambili ithambo zijonge phambili, emva - umva. indawo iqela lesithathu kwi embindini kunye ulna iyahluka.

Ubume ulna

Siye safumanisa ukuba yengalo - oku apho kukho amathambo ezimbini ezinde eqhagamshelwe macala omabini omzimba. Iqela lesithathu ibizwa medial ulna waza wajika ngaphakathi, ngokunjalo udini lwalo.

Le ulna ise kwinxalenye olungaphandle ingalo, ekuthiwa indawo medial. Ngokomzekelo, xa siqwalasela ilungu kumacala asekhohlo nasekunene, zengalo lasekhohlo iqulethe ulna ekhohlo ilungelo - ekunene. Ngamanye amazwi, le ulna kwi yengalo inxalenye Ucikicane.

Le epiphysis yokwaleka ye-ulna Ebubanzini epiphysis proximal le radius yaye kubandakanywa naye usebenzisa trochlear notch, nto leyo anqongophele ngenxa ligqudu ezimbini: coronal kunye ulna. Kwicala engaphakathi inkqubo coronoid na cut iphiramidi, eyenzelwe intloko iphiramidi. Umchiza ile articular intlala komhlaba kunye neefom i engqinibeni enika flexion kunye nokwandiswa zengalo.

Le epiphysis esezantsi, icala, ithinasi epiphysis distal le embindini kunye kanga usebenzisa achazwe apha joint, aze emva koko angene entlanganweni esihlahleni.

Ubume wethambo iphiramidi ebonisa unxibelelwano

Ukuba ulna medially entle, umqadi akukho indawo ephakathi: oko kwicala elingaphakathi ingalo, oko kukuthi, akhiwe distally ... Umzekelo, ezi ziyenza ekhohlo (apho ulna ekummandla ekhohlo) iqulethe ithambo ekunene iphiramidi. Ngamanye amazwi, embindini ibekwe ecaleni ubhontsi.

Icala lesithathu radius kuthiwa osecaleni, yajika phandle. epiphysis Upper iquka intloko kumgongxo encinane iziko, ilungiselelwe Uyamano condyle le ihumerus. Le ulnar epiphysis distal siqulathe ngokusika evela ngaphandle Uyamano yintloko ulna.

Connect ngesa-

Indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa indlela eziwafaka kunye nye ezakhiwe emathanjeni olude yengalo. Amalunga ukuvumela ukuhamba umgama ngeenxa zonke ulna. Bone Ungasa kwicala waya egxalabeni ngaphakathi okanye engaphandle esihlahleni kunye joint engqinibeni ngaso kunye.

Xa ufaka radius intshukumo ichaza i pewa degrees 140 ulna. Noko ke, wona, nangona intshukumo encinane, nengalo brush, imali iyonke degrees 220 ukuya 360 of motion. Ukuba nokwenzeka ujikelezo enjalo likuvumela ukuba wenze umntu iindidi intshukumo ye imilenze eliphezulu.

Indawo ebalulekileyo ngokusebenzisana ngesa- ithatha inwebu interosseous owakhiwa ngayo imicu collagen. Oku ibekwe phakathi crests ze embindini kunye ulna amathambo ayigcine ngendlela a agcine intshukumo.

Ihlombe kunye ngesa-

Wowe abantu zamagxa indawo zokwazisa ephazamisa kuqala, ukufunda komzimba womuntu. Isibakala sokuba bonke babeqhele ukuya yokucinga ye egxalabeni, xa iyeza ekuthiwa ibhanti igxalaba okanye umbhinqo. Ke apho emagxeni nengalo eliphezulu apho? Gxalaba - ephezulu umlenze isabelo egxalabeni ukuya entlanganweni engqinibeni, apho ihumerus liqhagamshelaniswe namathambo yengalo.

Le radius igxalaba liqhagamshelene inxalenye osecaleni kumphezulu articular ukuba imilo ukulenza. Le intloko condyle le ihumerus. Nge ulna kwegxalaba inxulumanisa inxalenye medial ezenza unit ihumerus. Coronal kunye olecranon zifakiwe kwibloko ngaphambili nangesemva ngokulandelelana. Ngaphezu icandelo fovea amalungiselelo kwelo xa kufakwa flexion engqinibeni okanye ukwandiswa iquka waso.

ngesa-

Apho ngesa- yomntu, sele siye kuqwalaselwa. Makhe sihlolisise oko izihlunu inxaxheba kule icandelo nemilenze. Kuxhomekeka iintshukumo ezenziwe izihlunu ngesa- lungohlulwa lube:

• pronator - ukwenza intshukumo kwirediyasi icala ngaphakathi;
• insoles - ngokuvumela umgama ukuya ngaphandle move;
• ukugoba kunye extensors brush;
• ukugoba kunye extensors neminwe.

Amaqela kwemisipha okhankanywe ziye zadityaniswa iindidi ezimbini eziphambili ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yabo: ngaphambili nangesemva.

Izihlunu ngaphambili ngesa-

imisipha sobuKristu ukuba ezi ziyenza - oku apho embindini kuzotywe ngaphakathi. Eli qela nayo iquka flexor. Umphezulu inwebu izihlunu zomzimba izihlunu sobuKristu iqala kunye epicondyle medial ye emagxeni. layers kwemisipha Deep baqala amathambo ngesa- kunye ndizayo therebetween. Pronator eqhotyoshelwe kule radius.

Muscle inyama kufutshane ihumerus abuthethileyo ngakumbi kufuphi esihlahleni kunye yokuqamba imelwe isikakhulu imisipha.

Umphezulu lilele izihlunu ngaphambili zezi:

1. Pronator ngeenxa - ababandakanyekayo flexion le ingalo inyuke, ize nayo inegalelo ukujikeleza yayo ngaphakathi (wesundu wajika phantsi).
2. Brachioradialis imisipha - inxaxheba supination kunye pronation kwe zengalo in flexion. It evela ithambo emagxeni kwaye ezisisigxina radius distal.
3. Flexor carpi radialis imisipha - ukuba babandakanyeke ayeguqa ibrashi kancinci iyajikeleza kuyo ngaphakathi.
4. Palmar longus - egobile le esihlahleni.
5. Flexor carpi ulnaris - inxaxheba ekuziseni brush kwi eshukumayo lukwazi ngayo.
6. flexor befunda iminwe - libandakanyeka flexion phalanges ephakathi.

Umaleko ezinzulu izihlunu ngaphambili thaca flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum profundus kwezihlunu kunye pronator quadratus kwezihlunu. Ngesa-, apho kukho izihlunu ezininzi ababandakanyekayo intshukumo ezisekupheleni dexterity eliphezulu kwaye ibangela ezahlukeneyo izinto azenzileyo.

izihlunu elingasemva ngesa-

Iqela diff izihlunu ngesa- kwenza insoles kunye extensors. Umphezulu inwebu esiqwini izihlunu luquka izihlunu:

1. Iphiramidi ebonisa extensor elide brush - libandakanyeka flexion ye zengalo kwi engqinibeni kunye esihlahleni ukwandiswa.
2. extensor Mfutshane brush iphiramidi ebonisa unxibelelwano - libandakanyeka ulwandiso esihlahleni nokuxhwilwa.
3. Extensor digitorum.
4. Extensor ngomnwe encinane.
5. Ulnar extensor brush - obandakanyeka ukuthinjwa kwisihlahla ukuya engqinibeni kunye ukwandiswa yayo.

maleko anzulu izihlunu zengalo ngomva zimelwe instep, izihlunu elide (ababandakanyekayo ukuthwala ubhontsi), elifutshane elide extensor nocikicane index extensor.

Imithambo-luvo ye ngesa-

Ngesa-, apho kukho izihlunu ezininzi kwaye yindawo ingxingwa luvo. Cinga imizwa eziphambili ibekwe kule ndawo, kunye nemisebenzi yazo;

• Musculocutaneous - amasebe awo zisendaweni engqinibeni, ngezantsi yehlele ngohlobo luvo osecaleni cutaneous. Innervate isikhumba yengalo.
• Amanqaku angumndilili - amasebe ibekwe ngengqiniba phambi izihlunu yengalo. Innervate amalungu esandleni, izihlunu ubhontsi.
• Ulna - ebekwe ecaleni kwemithambo ulnar inikeza ulnaris flexor carpi. Ngezantsi yahlulwe yangamacandelo ukuba innervate entendeni kunye macala ngaphakathi langaphandle.
• cutaneous Medial - inikeza eluswini ziyenza njani, oko evela intambo medial.
• Imitha - isebe ngokunzulu eli-luvo innervates izihlunu extensor le yengalo.

Ukophuka ngesa-

Amathambo ezi ziyenza abasakwazi ibhityile, ukuze nje aphule nkqu iingozi ezincinane.

Ukophuka ngesa- lungohlulwa lube iintlobo:

1. Ukwa olecranon - kwenzeka kubangelwe kukuhla, nto leyo eza phezu engqinibeni, okanye ngenxa unciphiso elibukhali kwi esineendidi. Luphawulwa izaliswe Tint oluhlaza, iintlungu elibukhali ngexesha intshukumo, deformation okanye izandla uqhelile.
2. Umonakalo inkqubo coronoid - kuvela ngenxa ukuwa phezu uyibhekise bent. Izikhalazo malunga ukudumba, umda sentshukumo neentlungu.
3. Ukwaphuka inxalenye proximal wethambo - na unobangela ziyakweyela engqinibeni imisipha.
4. Ukwaphuka le ulnar okanye ithambo iphiramidi ebonisa unxibelelwano - zenzeka ngenxa negalelo ngqo. Iimpawu eziphambili lisanda, iintlungu etsolo intshukumo encinane.
5. Ukwaphuka zombini amathambo zengalo - luphawulwa ukubana amathambo eyaphukileyo ukuhlangabezana zabo.

Kunini Ukophuka kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukunika uncedo kwixhoba kuqala. Ukuba ezinjengokwaphuka uvulekile, kufuneka sizame iyalilungisa ngokwakho. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba ngokuyimfuneko akasakwazi ezimbini amalungu: esihlahleni kunye uyibhekise. Ukuze wenze oku, unako imbande, ingafiki kwelinye icala isandla, ukusuka apho ithambo ababambelela ngaphandle.

Ngesa- - i icandelo ebalulekileyo esiphelweni eliphezulu, ebonelela yokuhamba esandleni kunye ezahlukeneyo izenzo.