Ziziphi iintlobo iintsholongwane: amagama kunye neentlobo

Omdala ephilayo emhlabeni. abameli balo ukuba baye basinda kuphela kangangamawaka ezigidi zeminyaka, kodwa kufuneka amandla ukuze atshabalalise zonke ezinye iimboniselo zehlabathi. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga yintoni na le ntsholongwane.

Thetha malunga nesakhiwo yabo, imisebenzi, ubize ezinye iintlobo luncedo kwaye kuyingozi.

Ukufunyanwa kwe iintsholongwane

Masiqalise ukhenketho wethu kummandla we micro-eziphilayo ingcaciso. Yintoni na 'bacterium "?

Eli gama livela kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'wand ". isigama wakhe wokufunda kuqaliswa kwi-Christian Ehrenberg. Oku amagciwane non-nuclear, eziquka iseli enye ningabi ngabayenza core. Ngaphambili, babesaqhubeka ngokuba "prokaryotes" (non-nuclear). Kodwa ngowe-1970 kwakukho kwahlukahlukana Archaea kunye eubacteria. Noko ke, kude kube ngoku ngokufuthi ukuthini kule kota yonke prokaryotes.

izifundo zesayensi ngeebhakther, ezo ntsholongwane. Izazinzulu zithi ukuba ngoku kukho malunga namawaka alishumi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo. Noko ke, kukholelwa ukuba ngaphezu kwesigidi iintlobo.

Anton Levenguk, a semvelo Dutch, eziphilayo kunye nelungu le-Royal Society, ngo-1676, kwileta eya UK ichaza inani lenyama, awathi wafumanisa. Umyalezo wakhe kwafaka uluntu yokothuka, wathunyelwa ikomiti eLondon ukuze kabini-hlola data.

Emva kokuba Neemiya Gryu iye yaqinisekisa ulwazi, Leeuwenhoek waba ngumphengululi odumileyo, novulindlela eziphilayo zilula. Kodwa ke amanqaku wabhekisela kubo njengoko "animalkuli".

bakhe waqhubeka yi Ehrenberg. Yiyo le ngumphandi elitsha elithi "bacterium" mihla ngo-1828.

Robert Goch waba olululo eziphilayo. Yena postulates emisebenzini yabo Cya zizifo ngezifo, nokuchonga ezinye kubo njengoko abaqambi. Ngokukodwa, Goch wafumanisa igciwane ebangela isifo sephepha.

Ngaphambi kokuba ukufunda nje kuphela ngendlela ngokubanzi, ukuba emva 1930, xa neemicroscope electron yokuqala, inzululwazi wenze sitsibe kweli cala iye yamiselwa. Eyokuqala iqala olunzulu ukufunda ubume ezincinane. Ngowe-1977, i-nzulu American Karl Veze esahlula prokaryotes kwi archaea neentsholongwane.

Ngoko ke, singatsho ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba olu qeqesho kuphela kanye ekuqaleni lophuhliso. Ngubani owaziyo ukuba bangaphi ngakumbi ezifunyaniswe elinde kuthi kule minyaka izayo.

isakhiwo

Zifakwe ntwenini na iintsholongwane, 3 iklasi sele uyazi wazibonela. Abantwana bafunda ubume ezincinane eklasini. Makhe sijonge kancinane kwesi sihloko ukubuyisa ulwazi. Ngaphandle kwalo, besiya kuba nzima ukuxoxa ngongoma zilandelayo.

Isambuku iintsholongwane yenziwa iseli enye kuphela. Kodwa ke ifomu eyahlukileyo.

Isakhiwo kuxhomekeke indlela yobomi empilo lesi silwanyana. Ngoko kukho cocci (ingqukuva), zeClostridium kunye eletha (intonga-Y), spirochetes kunye vibrios (kwemicimbi), ngohlobo iityhubhu, iinkwenkwezi kunye tetrahedrons. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba isixa ubuncinane izondlo kwi iintsholongwane bume badla ukwandisa indawo komhlaba. Bekhula imfundo. Iinzululwazi zizibiza ezi excrescences "prostheca".

Ngoko ke, emva kokuba ufumene ukuba, yintoni na iintlobo iintsholongwane, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukusombulula ubume babo yangaphakathi. Kweseli eziphilayo yokuba neseti rhoqo kwezakhiwo ezintathu. izinto ezongezelelweyo ungahluka, kodwa ingundoqo iya kuhlala injalo.

Ngenxa yoko, iintsholongwane ngasinye isakhiwo amandla ngokuyimfuneko langoku (nucleotide) organelles non-inwebu onoxanduva protein kudibaniso evela acid (i ribosome) kunye protoplast. Yokugqibela kuquka kukho icytoplasm kunye ndizayo cytoplasmic.

Ukusuka nodlame zangaphandle impembelelo iseli inwebu likhuselwe kwiqokobhe, equka eludongeni philisi kunye isiciko. Ezinye iintlobo nabo wafumana zolwakhiwo ezibalulekileyo ezifana villi kunye misila. Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe ukunceda iintsholongwane ukuba ngempumelelo ukuhamba esithubeni, ukuba ukunika ukutya.

lokugaya

Emva sizicingele phandle nawe, yintoni na le ntsholongwane, iintlobo zokutya ziyacaca. Ezi Cya bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini - heterotrophic kunye autotrophic. Owayesakuba iquka amakhalane leyo ukuqhubekekiswa izinto ezifumaneka ngaphandle. Bathi nje ukusebenzisa imichiza esele zenziwe yi umzimba "umnini". Akwazi ngokwabo ukuvelisa iikhompawundi eyaneleyo ezingaphiliyo.

Ingakumbi kubalulekile ujonge iintsholongwane heterotrophic. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kufuneka inani elithile kwezinto. Umzekelo, inegciwane fastidiosus zifumaneka kuphela umchamo, njengoko unako ukufumana carbon kuphela ye-acid. Malunga ezi Cya ngokweenkcukacha kuza kuxoxwa kamva.

Ngoku kuyimfuneko ukuba zihlale phezu iindlela wemvula amandla kwiseli. Le inzululwazi yanamhlanje uyazi ezintathu kuphela. Magciwane asebenzisa photosynthesis, nokuphefumla okanye ukubila.

Photosynthesis ingakumbi, babe nokuba ukusetyenziswa oksijini ngaphandle inxaxheba yelungu. Ngaphandle kokuba kwakusidla ebomvu, eluhlaza kunye geliobakterii. Iveza bacteriochlorophyll. Kuba photosynthesis oxygenic kufuna yiklorofili rhoqo. Ezi ziquka prochlorophyta kunye icyanobacteria.

into eyaba kwenziwa kutshanje. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa Cya apho ukusabela kwiseli usebenzisa hydrogen eziveliswa kubola ngenxa yamanzi. Kodwa loo nto bonke. Ngenxa yesi simo, umntu kufuneka abe nenani le uranium esikrwada, hayi ngenye indlela ukufumana isiphumo kuyimfuneko.

Kwakhona, amanzi anzongonzongo yolwandle yehlabathi, kwaye kukho nwe iintsholongwane phansi yayo, ezithwala amandla kuphela ngokusebenzisa umbane.

buphindwe

Ngaphambili kwi yintoni na iintsholongwane. Iintlobo yokuzala ezi zinto ziphilayo, siya ngoku.

Kukho iindlela ezintathu ezi zidalwa ziyanda inani labo.

Le ukuzala kwifomu likumgangatho lolu neyantlukwano cross ulwandiso.

Xa ukuzala inzala ezifunyenwe transduction, conjugation kunye nenguqu.

Beka emhlabeni

Eku sunguleni, siza bana phandle yintoni na le ntsholongwane. Ngoku kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthetha malunga nendima eziyidlalayo kwindalo.

Abaphandi bathi iintsholongwane - yeyona izinto zokuqala eziphilayo ukuba avele emhlabeni wethu. Kukho zombini iintlobo aerobic kunye anaerobic. Ngoko ke, izidalwa elilodwa olunye-bayakwazi ukuphila kwiintlekele ezininzi ezenzeka kunye Umhlaba.

Inzuzo ukuqina iintsholongwane na esesibhakabhakeni nitrogen nokwenziwa. Bona inxaxheba ukuyilwa lokuchuma komhlaba, ukutshatyalaliswa iintsalela enezityalo nezilwanyana ezifileyo. Ukongeza, i-micro-eziphilayo inxaxheba kuphuhliso kwezibonelelo izimbiwa kwaye banoxanduva lokugcina ioksijini kunye carbon dioxide emoyeni-langa sethu.

biomass Zizonke prokaryotes imalunga namakhulu amahlanu ezigidi iitoni. Igcina ngaphezulu kwe asibhozo ekhulwini phosphorus, nitrogen kunye carbon.

Noko ke, kweli hlabathi kukho luncedo nje kuphela, kodwa ke iintlobo izifo virus. Balala izifo ezininzi obulalayo. Umzekelo, nesifo phakathi kwabo, iqhenqa, isibetho, negcushuwa, anthrax, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kodwa abo phantsi kwemiqathango ethile ekhuselekileyo ubomi babantu, inokuba isoyikiso ngelixa kuncitshiswa kwinqanaba sifo.

Kukho kwakhona neebhaktiriya ezosulela izilwanyana, iintaka, intlanzi kunye nezityalo. Ngoko, hayi kuphela Cya aba ngumtya nethunga izidalwa kuphuhliswa ngakumbi. Okulandelayo siza kuthetha ntoni na iintsholongwane, kwakunye nangabameli beSebe eluncedo kule hlobo ezincinane.

Bacterium nabantu

Sele sibonile ukuba yintoni bacterium, bakhangeleka njani, bayazi ukuba benze njani. Ngoku kuyimfuneko ukuba uthethe ngendima yabo umphefumlo womntu mihla.

Okokuqala, kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, sisebenzisa ubuchule enkulu iintsholongwane acid acidosis. Ngaphandle kwezi Cya ibiya ekutyeni kwethu okanye kefir okanye iyogurt, okanye netshizi. Ukongeza, ezi zinkampani kwakhona uxanduva inkqubo igwele.

Kwezolimo, iibhaktheriya ezisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezimbini. Kwelinye icala, zinceda balahle zokhula ezingafunekiyo (eziphilayo phytopathogenic ezifana imichiza), enye - lwezinambuzane (kwiseli entomopathogenic njengoko izinambuzane). Ukongezelela, abantu bafunda ukuba ukudala isichumiso yebhaktiriya.

Kwakhona, angenziwa ezisetyenziselwa iinjongo zomkhosi. Ngoncedo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo wadala ezibulalayo izikhali. Ukuze benze oku, ngexesha nje kuphela iintsholongwane, kodwa ubuthi secreted ngabo.

Le ndlela isayensi ngoxolo isebenzisa kwiseli ukuba uphando yemfuza, ezinto, ubunjineli yemfuza ezinto eziphilayo. Kunye amalinge ngempumelelo algorithms kuyondelelaniswe iivithamini zidalwe, iiprotheni kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze umntu.

Igciwane ezisetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo. Ngoncedo ezincinane yi ores aphuculweyo kunye nokucocwa yamanzi kunye nemihlaba.

Kwakhona, oosonzululwazi bathi iintsholongwane ezenza lo microflora kwisiqwenga wamathumbu yabantu, ibe ngokuba umzimba eyahlukileyo kunye neenjongo zalo kunye nemisebenzi enomahluko. Ngokutsho izibalo labaphandi, ngaphakathi umzimba ngayo malunga obunzima buyikhilogram enye, le Cya!

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla sijongene yonke kunye iintsholongwane izifo. Ngokutsho manani, inani eliphezulu ngamathanga akhiwe kwi izibambo of iitroli ivenkile, ilandelwe yi mouse computer kwikhefi ye-intanethi, kunye kuphela eyesithathu ujongana zangasese zikawonke-wonke.

Le ngxoxo ilandelayo ijonga ngoko iintsholongwane elungileyo nje ayimfuneko ukuze umntu ukuze likwazi ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo emzimbeni.

iintsholongwane inenzuzo

Ngoxa esikolweni afundiswa, ezo ntsholongwane. 3 iklasi wazi zonke iintlobo icyanobacteria kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo olunye-ezineseli, ubume babo kunye nokuzala. Ngoku siza kukhe sithethe ngayo kwicala lokwenziwa komsebenzi umba.

Kwisiqingatha senkulungwane eyadlulayo, akukho namnye wacinga malunga nalo mba, njengoko imeko microflora ethunjini. Yonke into ukuze. Power lemvelo kwaye esempilweni, ubuncinane hormone elwa, ngemichiza ezikhutshwayo ngaphantsi kokusingqongileyo.

Namhlanje, izimo ukutya kakuhle, ntshikilelo, dysbiosis kwemfuneko zintsholongwane kunye nemiba enxulumene baya kwizikhundla phambili. oogqirha njani ukunikela ukulwa nalo?

Enye neempendulo eziphambili - kukusetyenziswa probiotics. Esi ezintsonkothileyo ekhethekileyo kwakhona ikoloni emathunjini iintsholongwane siyingenelo zabantu.

ungenelelo olo mibuthoinganceda zihlandlo ezingemnandi ezinjalo, ezifana komzimba ukutya, ukunyamezelana lactose, ukuphazamiseka nesiqephu zesisu kunye nezinye izifo.

Makhe ndachukumisa ngoko ke iintsholongwane eziyingenelo, kwakunye ufunde ngeziphumo zabo kwimpilo.

Kakhulu ngokucokisekileyo bafunda kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kuba nempembelelo entle emzimbeni womntu kukho iintlobo ezintathu ezincinane - acidophilus, eletha Bulgarian kunye bifidobacteria.

I ezimbini zokuqala zenzelwe ukukhuthaza inkqubo omzimba wakho kwaye zinciphisa ukukhula ezinye iintsholongwane eziyingozi ezifana igwele, E. coli, njalo-njalo. Bifidobacteria banoxanduva ukwetyisa of lactose, imveliso iivithamini kunye nokunciphisa cholesterol.

iintsholongwane inimical

Eku sunguleni, siza kuthetha ntoni na le ntsholongwane. Iintlobo namagama kwala magciwane zixhaphakileyo eyinzuzo zaye uchazwe apha ngasentla. Le ngxoxo ilandelayo ijonga kwi "iintshaba kwiseli" umntu.

Ngoko okokuqala zonke masifumanise iimpawu iintsholongwane izifo. eziphambili izixhobo zabo nxamnye izidalwa eliphezulu kakhulu - ngu ubuthi. Ukusebenzisa izinto ezifanayo Abulala iiseli eziphilayo, leyo olwaye lwamfimfitha. Oko kukuthi inani elikhulu enezityalo nezilwanyana ngenxa ezahlukeneyo iintsholongwane.

Kukho abo eziyingozi umntu, kukho bezifo zezilwanyana okanye izityalo. Abantu baye bafunda ukusebenzisa yamva, ingakumbi, ukulawula ukhula nezinambuzane khadi.

Ngaphambi kokuba sijonge ukuba yintoni na iintsholongwane eziyingozi kukuba ukumisela iindlela zabo. Kodwa kukho into enye enkulu kakhulu. Naziphi na Cya leyo kudluliselwa nge iimveliso zingcoliswe kwaye zimdaka, iindlela emoyeni kunye umfowunelwa, emanzini, umhlaba okanye impovane.

Into embi kukuba iseli enye kuphela, ibetha indawo evumayo umzimba womntu uyakwazi kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa ukuze basasaze eneentsholongwane million eziliqela.

Xa sithetha ngento na iintsholongwane, isihloko ebangela isifo kwaye siyingenelo kunzima ukwahlula olutheni. Ngesayensi, ibhekisela Cya usebenzisa amagama Latin. Xa parlance eqhelekileyo igama iingqiqo abstruse indawo - "E. coli", "activators" ikholera, unkonkonko, isifo sephepha kunye nabanye.

Amanyathelo othintelo nokuthintela zezifo kweentlobo ezintathu. Le ugonyo okugonya ziphazamise iindlela transmission (zokubopha igozi, neeglavu) kunye yedwa.

Baphi na iintsholongwane kwi lomchamo

Abanye abantu bazama ukukhangela emva iimvavanyo zabo zempilo kunye yokupasa eklinikhi. rhoqo unobangela neziphumo ezibi kuba phambi ezincinane kwi iisampulu.

Yintoni na iintsholongwane kwi umchamo, siza kuxubusha kancinane emva koko. Ngoku umi khona yodwa apho, enyanisweni, kubonakala kukho izidalwa olunye-elilodwa.

Ngokusesikweni, umntu umchamo wawuqalekisa. nokuba kungabikho naziphi na izinto kwamanye amazwe. Ekuphela kwendlela yokubangela iintsholongwane lodwa - endaweni nokususwa kwenkunkuma evela emzimbeni. Ngokukodwa, kule meko iya kuba urethra.

Ukuba uhlalutyo lubonisa ukuba imali encinane inclusions ezincinane kwi umchamo, yonke imihla yonke into ILUNGILE. Kodwa ukwanda isalathisi ngaphezu imida yokwakha, data ibonisa uphuhliso kule inflammations kwinkqubo enzala. Oku kunganxulunyaniswa pyelonephritis, prostatitis, urethritis kunye nezinye izifo ezingemnandi.

Ngoko ke, umbuzo wokuba yintoni na iintsholongwane esinyini engachanekanga ngokupheleleyo. Cya musani awele ukhetho kulo mzimba. Izazinzulu ziye kude kangaka ichonge yezizathu ekhokelela ubukho izidalwa single-ezineseli kwi yokuchama.

• Okokuqala, oko kakubi.
• Okwesibini, izifo kwenkqubo genitourinary.
• Okwesithathu, ukungahoywa kococeko lomntu buqu.
• Okwesine, sinciphise sifo, isifo seswekile kunye nenani nezinye izifo.

Iintlobo bacterium lomchamo

Ekuqaleni kweli nqaku kusithiwa magciwane enkangala zifumaneka kuphela kwimeko izifo. Siye wathembisa ukukuxelela into le ntsholongwane. Amagama ziya kunikwa kuphela ezo iintlobo ezithi zifumaneke kakhulu kwiziphumo zovavanyo.

Ngoko ke masiqale. Lweeprogram ezingezoze - ummeli izinto anaerobic, gram-HIV igciwane. Kufuneka ibe kwinkqubo yokwetyisa yabantu. Ukubakho ngawo umchamo ibonisa iintsilelo. Loo mcimbi kakhulu, kodwa ke ezimbi intsimbi ukuba nzulu ezibandakanya ngokwayo.

Proteus naye bemi endalo phecana zesisu. Kodwa phambi kwayo umchamo lubonisa ukwahluleka imveliso ye endleni. Le ephilayo akufumana ukutya umchamo kuphela ngale ndlela. Makuboniswe ukuba ubukho oluninzi inkunkuma ukutshisa imvakalelo Serratia kwi ukuchama esezantsi esisu kunye buhlungu kunye ulwelo olunombala emnyama.

efana kakhulu igciwane edlulileyo Enterococcus fekalis. Kuwela ngendlela enye umchamo, Akwandise ngokukhawuleza kwaye iphathwa nzima. Ukongeza, magciwane Enterococcus ukumelana ukuba uninzi antibiotics.

Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku siza he yokuba iintsholongwane ezinjalo. Babethetha malunga nesakhiwo zabo, ukuzala. Niyazi amagama kwezinye iintlobo eziyingozi kunye luncedo.

luck ezilungileyo kuwe, abafundi abathandekayo! Khumbula ukuba ucoceko lobuqu yokuthintela ilungileyo.