Cape Canaveral. Usondele Iinkwenkwezi

Cape Canaveral, Florida - nantsi ngokubhengezwa pad iphambili East irula lomqolo - isithuba ephambili United States port.

phakathi umoba

Ziwela ngenkulungwane ye-16 kunxweme Florida, baseYurophu wamnika igama Cape Cañaveral, leyo ukusuka ngeendlela Spanish "Jer umoba." Emva kokuba ukugxothwa kwabantu bomthonyama - izizwe Indian timakua, Calusa kunye Seminole - lahlala phezu kumazwe Cape saa iifama, kwaye kunxweme - ababambisi beentlanzi, abaqokeleli Shrimp.

Phakathi kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, ivelayo inkqubo isithuba America baqalisa emhlabeni iimvavanyo ngezikhali. Ukususela ngo-1948, siye saqalisa ukwenza umsebenzi phezu ngokuhlanganisa isikhululo yomkhosi wamanzi "Banana River" (US Navy) kunye indalo ineziseko zayo ye US Air Force base nokuvavanywa iziko. Le ntlambo andinyulanga ngengozi. labantu ezabanjwa kunye kufutshane Atlantic Ocean ukunciphisa ingozi kokusingqongileyo xa kuthe kwakho ukusilela uqala sub-Orbital.

Ukuba ufumana Cape Canaveral (spaceport) kwimephu, wawabetha iindawo inkululeko kunokuba eliphantsi - 28 ˚ N Thelekisa: Baikonur - 45 ˚ N Oku kuqinisekisa amathuba ongezelelweyo:

• Ukuphumeza lo uqina yokuqala cosmic usebenzisa amandla agciniweyo of njengokujikeleza komhlaba.
• Ukunyuka ubunzima payload rocket ukuya kwi-30%.
• Uqoqosho yokubasela iyunithi imveliso orbit.

uqala kuqala

Inqanawa yokuqala isithuthi launch isigaba-ezimbini eCape Canaveral wathumela esibhakabhakeni ngoJulayi 1950. Okunika irula isithuthi "Bumper 2" ivumela ukufikelela irekhodi ngexesha ukuphakama - 400 km. Kodwa ukuzama ukuba ayizise orbit le Isathelayithi yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu ngoDisemba 1957 yasilela - kukuqhushumba le iitanki amafutha watshabalalisa rocket umthuthi "Vanguard TV-3" imizuzwana ezimbini emva kokuqala. Ngowe-1958, ukusebenza isifundo isithuba sangaphandle kwaye ukudala isiseko lwenzululwazi nobugcisa ikhokele arhente ntsha urhulumente wezwe - NASA.

Ukusebenza kwindawo sungula ezimbaxa kunye nezinto ezimbi kutyhileka: Cape Canaveral sigcwele iinkanyamba ezinamandla kunye izulu. izakhiwo ezinemigangatho yokuqala zaye ngokuyinxenye yatshatyalaliswa ziintlekele zendalo, kwaye ilungiselelo ngumbane kwafuneka Shell phandle i amashumi ezongezelelweyo ezigidi zeerandi.

Cape Canaveral - Spaceport okanye Force Base?

Ngowe-1962, i-Arhente yeSizwe sele iqalisile ukwakha izibonelelo zalo lokwazisa, eyaziwa ngokuba Launch Centre, yaye ukususela ngoNovemba 1963 (emva kokubulawa ngumongameli lama-35 le-USA), ukuba igama la Kennedy Space Centre. Xa zizonke, lo ekapa yaye isiqithi eliselumelwaneni Merritt Island, nelayanyiswe izibonelelo eziqhelekileyo yayakhelwe pads ngaphezu mathathu.

Eendaba amaninzi spaceport eCape Canaveral kuthiwa, enyanisweni, iiyunithi ezimbini yolawulo ngoweqela-arhente zikarhulumente ezahlukeneyo. Zonke uqala lwenziwa de 1965 kunye Air Force base. Eyona idumileyo lo msebenzi:

• Launch ka isathelayithi yokuqala American (1958).
• ICandelwana le-Orbital yokuqala American (1961) kunye Orbital (1962) ukuphapha ngusomajukujuku.
• Launch abasebenzi yokuqala American ababini (1964) kunye ezintathu (1968) abantu.
• Ukufundwa imizimba yasezulwini inkqubo solar izikhululo oluzenzekelayo omncane.

Ukusuka "Gemini" kwi "Space Shuttle"

inkwenkwezi phezulu oyindumasi Centre. Kennedy iye yasungula kuthotho iziphekepheke swi "Gemini" kunye oosomajukujuku ezimbini ebhodini. Zizonke moya isithuba 12 zenziwa kulo msebenzi. Eyona mpumelelo iphambili yaba spacewalk ngusomajukujuku E. White.

Cape Canaveral amkhapha phezu ukusabela oosomajukujuku abaye batyelela satellite endalo Umhlaba. Yonke into iqala kwi ukulungiselela inkqubo kunye nokuphunyezwa moya alawulwayo ukugaleleka phezu kwenyanga ( "Apollo") pads ukwenziwa kwe Centre.

Ngenxa yoko, nathi, waqalisa uhambo lwabo nakwabakufuphi-Earth indlela ezintlanu American "Shuttle" - kwisiphekepheke. Ukususela 1981 ukuya ku-2011, 135 iinqwelo kwenziwa. Kunikelwa orbit 1.6 thous. Iitoni payloads kunye nezixhobo, yaqhuba uphando abaninzi, ukulungiswa kunye umsebenzi wofakelo.

Namhlanje nangomso

Ukususela ngo-2011, Cape Canaveral uthwala uqala swi. Ngokunxulumene ukuncipha mali kwiinkqubo indawo osebenza oko kuxhaswa izikhuseli zokuqalisa ezine kuphela. Icandelo izakhiwo ezintsha ze zaphuculwa ukubaleka abathwali ezintsha. Umzekelo, ukufakelwa LC-39A (ixesha lokuqala ukusukela-2011) ilungiselela ukuthumela uthotho rocket Falcon 9FT isithuba. Februwari-Matshi 2017 amathathu isiqalo ebimiselwe yona.

Umsantsa kwamaqhina kwezoqoqosho kunye Russia kushukumisa umbuzo ezinye iiprojekthi ogcwele US. Kuya kusiba uphuhliso ezibalulekileyo arhente kwindawo esekhusini. Ngenxa yoko, iiprojekthi Dragon kunye Falcon-9 ukusuka Injongo kwinkampani SpaceX lokunciphisa uxhomekeko loshishino kumacandelo Russia. Ngelo xesha NPO "ENERGOMASH" kuqinisekiswa ukulungela yayo ukubeka in US kwisithuba seminyaka emibini 14 irula injini RD-181 ngokwesivumelwano kuso ngaphambili.