Zebhayoloji Russian kanye bakufumeneyo

zebhayoloji Russian baye benza igalelo elikhulu kakhulu kwinzululwazi ehlabathini. Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha malunga amagama amakhulu, ufanele wazi wonke umntu unomdla enezityalo nezilwanyana. zebhayoloji Russian, kunye iibhayografi neempumelelo apho uya kufunda, ukuphembelela isizukulwana esitsha ukufunda eli isayensi umdla.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Le ndoda kumaxesha Soviet, kufuneka akukho intshayelelo. Noko ke, ngoku bonke bathi Pavlov Ivan Petrovich (iminyaka yobomi - 1849-1936) wadala imfundiso umsebenzi ngaphezulu luvo. Ukongeza, wabhala lothotho lwamaphepha kwi amalungu ka yokwetyiswa nokuhamba kwegazi. izazinzulu yokuqala Russian bawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel impumelelo entsimini iindlela zokwetyisa Yena.

Ukuhlolwa izinja

Abaninzi khumbula eksperimenti bakhe izinja. Kule ndaba, wadala iikhathuni ezininzi neziqhulo kwilizwe lethu, kunye nakwamanye amazwe. Qho xa sithetha nethuku, khumbula inja Pavlov kaThixo.

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich sele ngo-1890 waqalisa ukuba bazibandakanye ukuhlola kwezi zilwanyana. Wasebenzisa neendlela zotyando ukuya ukususa yonke izinja phandle emphinjeni. Xa isilwanyana uqala esidla, nesisu abazange bayifumane ukutya, kodwa incindi esiswini ukusuka fistula wadala yalwa.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, experiments Pavlov baba zintsonkotha ngakumbi. Waqeqesha izinja ukuhlangabezana ngendlela ethile kwizinto zangaphandle, njengokuba Iringa intsimbi ukuthi asenza ngalo lokondla kungekudala. Ngenxa oku, isilwanyana yasekelwa nje yokudala conditioner: ukutya kubonakala kwangoko emva kocingo. Nokuba ngaphandle kokubona ukutya, inja uqalisa ivelele fistula incindi esiswini.

Faka ubuchule Pavlova

Uphawu Pavlova Indlela kukugcina yokuba ezinxulumene neenkqubo engqondweni umsebenzi nokomzimba. Iziphumo zophando ezininzi iye yaqinisekisa ubukho yale mbalelwano. umsebenzi Pavlov kaThixo, echaza indlela apho kukho ukwetyisa, ndininikile okuqhubela ukuvela indlela entsha nenzululwazi - amalungu msebenzi ngaphezulu luvo. Ivan Petrovich iminyaka engaphezu kwama-35 yobomi bakhe kule ndawo ethile.

Origin, uqeqesho

-Nzulu elizayo wazalelwa Ryazan, Septemba 14, 1849 izinyanya zakhe kwimigca koomama zooyise, ababingeleli, bachitha ubomi babo kwiCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya. Pavlov waphumelela kwisikolo Ryazan bokomoya 1864, emva koko bangena sabefundisi lo mzi, apho kamva wathetha ufudumale olukhulu. Xa kunyaka ophelileyo, ndafunda umsebenzi Sechenov "ikhaliphe ebuchotsheni." Wajika phezu ubomi bakhe elizayo.

impumelelo Pavlova

umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wapapasha ngo-1923, yaye ngowe-1926 urhulumente waseSoviet wakha kufuphi iLeningrad Station Biological. Apha Pavlov yaqala uphando yakhe endle zobuchopho umsebenzi kunye nokuziphatha yemfuza iinkawu (anthropoids). Ngaphezu koko, uye wasebenza kwizibhedlele zabagula ngengqondo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Pavlov kwicandelo ulwazi yobuchopho bobabo phantse igalelo inkulu ngonaphakade. Ukusebenzisa iindlela zenzululwazi kule Isazinzulu yenziwe inzululwazi ukuze aqonde nzulu malunga ukugula ngengqondo, kwakunye ukuba achaze iindlela awanyange. Academician, ukuba inkxaso kurhulumente waseUSSR, kwafuneka ukufikelela kwizibonelelo eziyimfuneko ukuze isifundo. Oku wamvumela ukuba enze kwesayensi.

Iikulya Ilyich Mechnikov

zebhayoloji Great Russian evela ehlabathini lonke - nto Ivan Petrovich Pavlov kunye iikulya Ilyich Mechnikov. Ngomhla wokuqala kwezi sele ndinixelele. Khawenze umfundi kunye yesibini.

Mechnikov iikulya Ilyich (iminyaka yobomi - 1845-1916) - eziphilayo odumileyo Russian kunye sezifo. Ngowe-1908 yena wawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel Medicine kunye Physiology Prize (ngokudibeneyo kunye noPawulos Ehrlich). Eli bhaso libaluleke kangaka Mechnikov efunyenwe impumelelo entsimini sifo zendalo.

-Nzulu elizayo wazalwa kule lali, ibekwe kufuphi eKharkov, Meyi 3, 1845. Ngowe-1864, Mechnikov iikulya Ilich waphumelela kwiYunivesithi eKharkov ze ngoko baqeqeshwa kwi-amasebe neeyunivesithi Munich, Göttingen kunye Giessen. Mechnikov kwakhona waya eItali, apho wayefunda embryology. Wamela ithisisi yakhe zobugqirha ngo-1868. Ukususela 1870 ukuya 1882 wasebenza zezenzululwazi e Odessa. Apha, kwi Novorossiysk University, waba unjingalwazi zezilwanyana. Scientist kudityaniswe zokufundisa umsebenzi zenzululwazi ngempumelelo. Ngowe-1886, kunye ne-NF Gamaleia esehlela kwisikhululo bacteriological, ngowokuqala eRashiya. Le Isazinzulu waya Paris ngo-1887, yaye kunyaka kamva isimemo uLouis Pasteur waqalisa ukusebenza kwiziko lakhe, apho eya elabhoratri. Ukususela ngo 1905 iikulya Ilyich Mechnikov waba usekela mlawuli zeli ziko.

Eyokuqala usebenza Ili Ilicha wabhala kwi invertebrate Zoology (coelenterates kunye iziponji), kwakunye embryology yokuzivelela. Enakho theory fagotsitelly (imvelaphi eziphilayo multicellular). Le Isazinzulu wafumanisa le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa phagocytosis, leyo kukufakwa iiseli eziphilayo kwiseli enye okanye amasuntswana ngokuthi ziiphagocytes - iiseli ezikhethekileyo, eziquka, umzekelo, ezinye iindidi iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi. Ngokusekelwe kulo mbono, Metchnikoff yaye omnye - zophando oluthelekisayo komtshiso oko.

Kukho imisebenzi emininzi yabhalwa Iley Ilichom in ngeebhakther. Yena azamile phezu kwakhe, ngenxa elibonakalisa ukuba Vibrio cholerae yeyona arhente causative ikholera zaseAsiya. Iikulya Ilyich wafa ngoJulayi 2, 1916 eParis.

Ziziphi ezinye zezinto eziphilayo Russian ifanelwe ingqalelo na? Sinikezela ukuhlangabezana namnye wabo.

Aleksandr Onufrievich Kovalevsky

Le enye ingcali yenzululwazi enkulu Russian, ogama igama Awukwazi ukusho. Kovalevsky-nzulu, wasebenza kwi-Imperial Academy of Sciences, academician engaqhelekanga.

Wazalwa Kovalevskiy Aleksandr Onufrievich ngo-1840, ngomhla we-19 Novemba. Yena wafumana imfundo yamabanga ekhaya, waza waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe kwimeko zenjineli Railway. waphuma Aleksandr Onufrievich ngo-1859 yaye ababhalise e St Petersburg University (Department of Natural Sciences). Kweli thuba ukususela 1860 ukuya ngo1862 wafundiswa ngezakhe Kovalevsky, Carius kunye Bunsen eHeidelberg, ngoko e Leydig Kvenshteta, Luschka kunye nolovane e Tübingen.

Ngowe-1862, Kovalevskiy uAleksandr Onufrievich waphumelela kuqeqesho e St. Petersburg University, nolwathi lwalandelwa ukukhuselwa wenkosi kunye theses zobugqirha. Ngowe-1868 Kovalevsky waba unjingalwazi zezilwanyana. Ngeli xesha wayesebenza kwiYunivesithi Kazan.

Kwithuba ukususela 1870 ukuya 1873 ziquka uhambo oluya Algiers kunye kuLwandle Olubomvu ngenjongo zesayensi. Ngowe-1890, emva kokuba omnye uhambo aphesheya, wonyulwa lilungu Imperial Academy of Sciences, waza wawongwa isihloko academician engaqhelekanga. Ngowe-1891 wathabatha ngusihlalo histology kwidolophu yakowabo St. Petersburg University.

Uninzi umsebenzi sisazinzulu eyayinikelwe embryology, ingakumbi ezingenamqolo. Ndayichitha 1860s, uphando wafumanisa maleko intsholongwane kwezi eziphilayo. Kovalevsky uphando kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye ingqalelo kwinkcazelo amalungu phagocytic kunye secretory in ezingenamqolo.

UNikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

Lo mntu fanele ukuba imfundiso sifo yezityalo, kwakunye imvelaphi yazo lamaziko zehlabathi. Vavilov uNikolay Ivanovich wafumanisa umthetho utshintsho njengelifa izinto kunye kuthotho homologous. Le ndoda iye yaba negalelo elikhulu nasekufundweni iintlobo eziphilayo. Wadala ingqokelela onomtsalane iimbewu zezityalo ezahlukeneyo ehlabathini. Le enye ingcali yenzululwazi lowo balizukisa igama lizwe lethu.

Origin Vavilov

Vavilov uNikolay Ivanovich wazalelwa eMoscow ngoNovemba 25, 1887 kwintsapho yesibini guild zabarhwebi kunye nani kawonke Vavilov Ivan Ilyich. Le ndoda oyinzalelwane abalimi. Phambi revolution ka-1917, wasebenza njengomlawuli inkampani "ukususa kunye Vavilov", benza namalaphu. Postnikova Aleksandra Mihaylovna, unina ingcali yenzululwazi, kuye kwaba artist usapho-mgawuli. A bomzi Ivana Ilicha wayenabantwana-7, kodwa ezintathu lafela ebuntwaneni.

Study nokufundisa

imfundo Primary UNikolai wafumana isikolo yorhwebo waza waqalisa ukuya kufunda Moscow Agricultural Institute. Wagqiba esikolweni ngo-1911, emva koko waqhubeka kusebenza zeli ziko kwiSebe yokulima zabucala. Vavilov ngo-1917 waqalisa ukuba abathethise kwiYunivesithi Saratov, yaye ukususela ngowe-1921 uye wasebenza Petrograd. Bonke-Union Institute of Plant UNikolai sasinga de 1940. Exhaswa ngu iminyaka kwi-1919-20 isifundo, wachaza zonke izityalo ezilinyiweyo yommandla iVolga kunye kwimpuma iVolga.

uhambo Vavilov kaThixo

UNikolai Vavilov engama-20 (ukususela 1920 ukuya 1940) kwakhokelela hambo ku dyondza utyani Central Asia, lweMeditera, kunye nabanye. On omnye wabo waba ngowe-1924 e Afghanistan. Izixhobo sisiphumo lizakuvumela izazinzulu ukufumanisa imvelaphi kunye nokwanda izityalo ezilinyiweyo. Oku kuya lula kakhulu umsebenzi ngakumbi zezityalo kunye abalimi. Ukuqokelelwa izityalo eqokelelweyo Explorer kuquka ngaphezu kwamawaka 300. Iisampulu. Oku zigcinwa vir.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Vavilov ngo-1926 waphumelela uLenin yemisebenzi ezisingelwe ukuya omzimba awazalelwa kuyo izityalo olinywayo, kwakunye nomthetho we kuthotho homologous, sivule. Wafumana amabhaso kunye iimedali eziliqela. Noko ke, nxamnye iimfundiso ngephulo kuphehlelelwa umfundi wakhe NJL Lysenko kwaye zixhaswa ideologues iqela. Kuye sibhekiswe ngophando yemfuza. Ngowe-1940, imisebenzi zemfundo Vavilov yapheliswa ngenxa yoko. Amangalelwe ngayo ngabom waza wabanjwa. -Nzulu enkulu Yayenzelwe ubomi nzima kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Wafa entolongweni e Saratov yindlala ngo-1943.

kwimo sesayensi

iinyanga 11 zophando waqhubeka nxamnye naye. Ngeli xesha izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama-400 Vavilov wabiza ngemibuzo. UNikolai Ivanovich, emva kokufa, wakhanyela nokuba lingcwaba enye. Waza ke wangcwatywa kunye namanye amabanjwa. Vavilov ngo-1955 yaye kwisimo, zonke iirhafu imisebenzi ngokuchasene revolution, ziye isusiwe. igama lakhe ekugqibeleni zibuyiselwe kwi-USSR Academy of Sciences.

Alexander Leonidovich Vereshchaka

zebhayoloji Modern Russian abonise isithembiso enkulu. Ngokukodwa, AL Vereshchaka, esithatha impumelelo ezininzi. Kokuba azalelwe Khimki, ngoJulayi 16, 1965. Vereshchaka - yesazi Russian, unjingalwazi, ugqirha wenzululwazi yebhayoloji, kwakunye esihambelanayo ilungu Russian Academy of Sciences.

Ngowe-1987 waphumelela Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology. Ngowe-1990, enye ingcali yenzululwazi waba ngugqirha ngo-1999 - unjingalwazi MIIGAiK waya ilabhoratri ukubayinxalenye Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ngokusekelwe eMoscow ukusukela ngo-2007.

Vereshchaka Alexander Leonidovich yi oyingcali kwicandelo Oceanology kunye Geo. Enakho 100 amaphepha enzululwazi. impumelelo yayo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa ubuchule mihla xa eliJongene kunye geoecology efana nezithuthi chibi swi "Mir" (ngaphezu kwama-20 ekufakeni hambo 11).

Vereshchaka ngumdali yemodeli inkqubo kolwandle i (-ntathu). Waba umba eziphila umda (bentopeligiali), kumiwa ngabantu izilwanyana ezithile ezinxulumene elisezantsi. Ngokuhlanganyelana kunye noogxa bamanye amazwe, uye wadala indlela nokucacisa indima nano- zaselwandle kunye microbiota (prokaryotes, archaea kunye eukaryotes) usebenzisa inkqubela zakutshanje yemfuza eziphilayo. Ukuyiphi ukufunyanwa kunye abalinganiswa iintsapho ezimbini Shrimp, kwakunye iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-50 intlanzi kunye osikwa yinimba.

Rosenberg Gennady Samuilovich

Le Isazinzulu wazalelwa Ufa ngo-1949. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengoko engineer, kodwa kungekudala waqalisa ukulawula elebhu, zibekwe kwi-Institute of Biology of the Bashkir yeSebe of the Academy of Sciences. Gennady Samuilovich Rosenberg bafudukela e Togliatti ngo-1987, apho wafika wasebenza njengoko ngumphandi oyintloko kwi-Institute of Ecology of iVolga Basin. Ngowe-1991, umphengululi phila ziko.

Enakho uphuhliso zabafaki analysis ubuchule kunye nolwakhiwo eziphila. Kwakhona wadala inkqubo uhlahlelo kwimimandla ezinkulu zemvelo.

Ilyin Yury Viktorovich

Le Scientist wazalelwa Asbest ngoDisemba 21, 1941 Nguye eziphilayo ezinto eziphilayo 1992 kunye academician of Russian Academy of Sciences. Impumelelo enkulu layo, ngoko sisazinzulu elingene ibali eneenkcukacha ngakumbi ngaye.

Yuriy Viktorovich ilin ligxininisa izakhi emolekyuli ezinto eziphilayo. Ngowe-1976, i-nzulu kuthwalelwa phandle umntu ezinezakhi zemfuza mobile dispersirovannyh ukuba izakhi eukaryotic luhlobo olutsha. Ukubaluleka kwalo kufunyanwa lalilikhulu kakhulu. Yaba zofuzo yokuqala mobile kwezilwanyana, ezinako ukubona. Emva koko, oososayensi baqalisa ukufunda izinto transposable eukaryotic. Wadala ingcamango indima zofuzo dispersirovannyh zazivelela mobile, mutagenesis kunye carcinogenesis.

Zinaida Sergeevna Donets

zebhayoloji Great Russian - ukuba akukho amadoda kuphela. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubalisa abaphengululi ezifana Zinaida Sergeevna Donets. Ngaba Doctor of Sciences, unjingalwazi zezilwanyana kunye eziphilayo Yaroslavl State University.

Ngowe-1953, Donets Zinaida Sergeevna wagqiba uqeqesho kwi Kiev State University, emva kwexesha wayekhusela inkosi yakhe kunye ubugqirha. Ukususela ngo-1978 asebenza kwi Yaroslavl State University. Zinaida S. sele usebenza isifundo ngemvelo kunye nezilwanyana lweentshulube zentlanzi iVolga isitya. It iphethe iimpapasho ngaphezulu kwe-100 kwiijenali zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo.

Kakade ke, zikho nezinye zebhayoloji zelizwe lethu, ufanelwe ingqalelo. Sasidla ngokuthetha ngendlela yenzinto ezinkulu abaphandi yaye kubalulekile ukukhumbula kuphela.